外文翻译--决策支持系统建筑学的演变-在古巴地理系统计划的编制和管理的申请.doc

英文原文EvolutionofDecisionSupportSystemArchitectures:applicationsforlandplanningandmanagementinCubaS.SegreraComputerScienceDepartment,NationalSugarCaneResearchInstituteCarreteraCAIMartnezPrietokm2,CiudaddeLaHabana,CubaR.Ponce-HernndezEnvironmentalandResourceStudiesProgram/DepartmentofGeography,TrentUniversityPeterborough,Ontario,CanadaandJ.ArciaComputerScienceDepartment,NationalSugarCaneResearchInstituteCarreteraCAIMartnezPrietokm2,CiudaddeLaHabana,CubaABSTRACTThemainobjectiveofthispapercentersonreviewingtheevolutionofDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)architectures,particularlyastheyapplytonaturalresources.Todayitisdifficulttoconceivetheexistenceofaruralplanningautomatedsystemthatdoesntincludespatialanalysisfunctionalityandthatdoesnotconsidertheintegrateduseofdifferentanalyticalmodules.Thiswiderrangeoffunctionsallowforsolvingproblemsfromresourceandenvironmentalmanagement.GeographicalInformationSystems(GIS),automatedlandevaluation,multi-criteriaparticipatoryanalysisindecisionmakingarebutthemostsalienttechnologiesinaDSS.DSShaveevolved；theirarchitecture,modeofimplementation,aswellastheirfunctionalityandtheincorporationofnewcomputationaltechniqueshaveadvancedlately.IntheparticularcaseofCuba,thefirststepsinmaterializingthisevolutionhavebegun.Atpresent,theNationalSugarCaneResearchInstitute(INICA)leadsaresearchprojectorientedtowardsthedevelopmentandbuildingofadedicatedDSSforsugarcanecropping.ThisisconceivedasanintegratedSDSS(SpatialDSS)tosupportdecision-makingandmultipleproblem-solvinginsuchafundamentalproductiveactivitysuchassugarcaneagricultureinCuba.Keywords:DSS,decisionmaking,interoperability,SpatialDecisionSupportSystem.1.INTRODUCTIONThereisavarietyofdefinitionsontheconceptofDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)inpublishedwork.TheDSSparadigmappearedattheendofthe70s.DSSweredevelopedforapplicationsindifferentfieldsofspecialization16.Someauthorslike17consideredaDSSasanycomputersystem,whichshouldsupporthumandecision-making.MostoftheexistentpublishedworkscoincideintheirunderstandingofDSSastoolstoaiddecision-makingwithproblemsthatarenotwellstructured.Thistypeofanalysis,demandingarecursivemechanismforiterationsisthejustificationforusingsoftwareandhardwarethatsupportsthesearchandselectionofthemostappropriatealternativesforthesolutionofexistentproblems(12,10and14).Ithasbeenpointedoutby30thatdecisionsupportsystemsshouldprovideintegrationandregenerationoftheinformation,supporttheexploratorynatureofthescientificdiscoveryprocessandallowthedevelopmentofalternativestoapplyinformationsystemtechnology,inordertoincreasetheeffectivenessofthoseresponsiblefordecisions,insituationswherethecomputercansupportandreinforcehumanjudgementinthefulfillmentoftasks,whichhaveelementsthatcannotbespecifiedbeforehand.Inthesesystemsdifferentmodulesarecombinedunderasoleinterface.Ithasbeenpointedout3,5,21,4,33and8thattheparadigmofintegrationinDSShasopenedupawiderangeofanalyticalpossibilitiesandpracticallylimitlessapplicationsareestablished,bytheuseofmodels,simulations,statisticalanalysis,imageprocessing,3-Dandtemporaldimensionvisualization,togetherwiththepossibilityofcodingexpertreasoningdigitally.Also,softwarecustomizationispossiblespecificallyconfiguredtorequiredscalesandapplications,toachieveaflexibleinter-operationalenvironment.Allthosecapabilitiescontributetotheintegrationofapowerfuldecisionmakingtoolforagriculture,whereitsuseinnaturalresourcepreservationandenvironmentalmanagementwillhaveunquestionablyprofoundpracticalbenefits.ThetermsintelligentDSSorexpertDSShavebeenintroducedtomakereferencetotheuseofartificialintelligencetechniquestoextendthecapacitiesoftheDSSinthesolutionofproblems(27y7).ThetrendintheevolutionoftheDSSparadigmleavesclearthatthefocusonrationalstaticanalysisisbeingleftinfavourofamoreiterative,complexandadaptativeparadigm(25).WhenthespatialcomponentisaddedtoDSS,thenspatialinformationmanagementispossibleevolvingintoSpatialDecisionSupportSystems(SDSS).SixcharacteristicsofDSShavebeenidentified5and13.Thesecharacteristicsare:1)explicitdesigntosolvesemi-structuredproblems；2)powerfuluserinterfaceandeasyuse；3)abilitytocombineanalyticalmodelswithdatainaflexibleway；4)abilitytoexplorethesolutionspacebuildingalternative；5)capacitytosupportvarietyofstylesindecisionmaking；and6)problem-solvinginaninteractiveandrecursiveway.Addedtothelistarethosecapacitiesandfunctions,whichdistinguishanSDSS:1)toprovidemechanismsforinputspatialdata；2)toallowtherepresentationoftherelationshipsandspatialstructures；3)toincludespatialandgeographicalanalysistechniques,and4)toprovideoutputsindifferentspatialforms,includingmaps.As18outlined,thistypeofDSSmakesanimportantcontribution,notonlytoadvancingtechnologybutalsotoincorporatingthespatialdimensioninthedecisionmakingprocess,whichhasgreatsignificanceinareasrelatedtoconservationandmanagementofnaturalresources.2.RELATIONSHIPBETWEENGISANDSDSSSDSSandGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)arecloselyrelated.SpecialistsdonotevenconceivetheexistenceofaSDSSwithouttheinclusionofGISelementsorcomponents.Someauthorslike26carriedoutananalysiswhereGIS,DSSandSDSSwerecompared.TheyhaveconcludedthataGISisabletobeaneffectivetoolindecisionmakingprocessandthereforeitshouldbeintegratedwithsoftwareabletocarryoutmodelmanagement.Thishasbeenachievedwithsuccess.Storage,queries,andvisualizationofspatialdatawithGISispossible,inspiteofithavingthemathematicalmodelingofthesesystemslimitedtosimplearithmeticoperationsandspatialoverlays.ThisdeficiencyrequiresofexternalmodellingroutineuseanditcanbecorrectedwiththeconstructionofSDSS.Ontheotherhand,5exposedGISlimitationsandwhysometimesitisnecessarytouseSDSSforagroupofproblems:1.ThecapacitiesofanalyticalmodelingfrequentlyarenotpartoftheGIS.2.Thegroupofvariablesorlayersinthedatabasecanbeinsufficientforcomplexmodels.3.Datahaveinsufficientscaleandresolution.Atthepresenttime,SDSSimplementationisnotconceivedwithoutconsideringGISintegrationinordertolinkitwiththegeospatialdataandwithagroupofanalyticalmodules,basedonmodelsofdiversetypesandorientations.Today,thereisanincreasinginterestinthedevelopmentofSDSS.Thesesystemsarecharacterizedbythespatialandgeometricrelationshipsofdatarepresentingobjectsandtheirpositioninthegeographicalspace.Toolsofspatialdecision,suchasGISandComputerAidDesign(CAD)donotincludetheanalyticalcapacitiesrepresentedbythemodulesmentionedabove,thereforetheyarenotabletoprovidecompleteanswerstosatisfytheneedsofmoderndecisionmaking.Theintegrationofalltheseautomatedtoolsinsideasingleworkingenvironmentandasingleusergraphicalinterfaceisdesirableifnotessential.However,manytechnicalproblemsshouldbesolved,andtheyarerelatedtodatamanagementanddatainter-operabilitybetweenmodules.Dataexchangeandtransfer,sharingofresultsandofparametersbetweenmodels,forasmoothdataflowandefficientinformationprocessing.Welldesignedandfunctionalinteroperabilitytasksareneededinordertosupportanefficientdecisionmakingprocess.Interoperabilityisthecapacitytoorganizeandtransferinformationamongmodelsandanalyticalmodulesandfunctionalcomponents,whichappearintegratedinasystem.InthecomponentsofaDSS,interoperabilityismeasuredbytheabilityofthesystemtoorchestratetheacquisition,transformationandpresentationoftheinformationduringthewholedecisionmakingprocess(32).3.ARCHITECTURESOFASDSSASDSS,fromthestandpointofitsoperation,requiresessentiallyof4modulesormajoroperationsstosupportdecision-making.Theseare:Datainput(e.g.imagesanddata),DatabaseManagement,AnalysisandPresentation.FivekeymodulesforSDSSarchitecturehavebeensuggestedby1.Theseare:1.ADatabaseManagementSystem.2.AnalyticalproceduresinaModelBaseManagementSystem.3.Ascreengenerator.4.Areportgenerator.5.Userinterface.ThecomponentsofaSDSSasdefinedby20are:1.DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS),whichcontainsthefunctionsofmanipulationofthegeographicaldatabase.2.ModelBaseManagementSystem(MBMS),whichcontainsthefunctionsformodeluseandmanagement.3.Dialoguegenerationandmanagementsystem,whichmanagestheinterfacebetweentheuserandtherestofthecomponentsofthesystem.Fortheprogrammer,thismodularstructurefacilitatesthedevelopmentofthesoftwareandfromtheusersperspectivetheSDSSappearsasseamlesslyintegrated.DifferentauthorshaveexaminedthehistoryandevolutionoftheDSS.Forinstance,28divideditin5stagesaccordingtotheevolutionoftheirarchitectures.ForthisanalysisthepatternSMP(Structures,MechanismsandPolicies)paradigmwasused,(23),beginningfromalgorithmsandsimpleprogramsandthefirstcomputersuntiltheemploymentofobject-orientation,sophisticatedcomputersandthearchitectureDSP(DecisionSupportProcessDecisionSupportSystem)withExecutableModelingLanguages(EML)(Figure1).ThistypeofDSSmodelhaspresents3majoradvantages:1.Itisindependentofthetypesofnecessarymodelsinthedecisionsupportsystem；makingtheDSPtobeportablethroughseveraldomainsofproblemsandtools.Figure1.DSParchitectureproposedby28.2.ItprovidesastableDSSarchitectureduetothefactthatnewtoolsandagentscanbeaddedwithouthavingtomodifythesuperiorlayersofthearchitecture.3.Itcreatesatoolintegrationenvironment.ADSParchitectureprovidesindependence,stabilityandintegration,threedesirableelementsthatmustbeincludedinageneraldesignofanAutomatedGeospatialDecisionSupportSystemforsugarcanePlanninginCuba(AGDSSP).ThebasicarchitectureofaSDSSleaningontheelementsthat13exposedonthedefinitionofthesesystems,wasshownby15inFigure2.Someofthedesignproblemswereexposedby2.ThefirstDSSpresentedsuchproblemsandshowedhowtheadvancesininformationtechnologieshaveinfluencedthecreationofmoreflexibledesignsfasterandmoreresponsivesystems.Theexaminationsprovidedby22,6,and19,indicatestheimportanceoftheobjectorientationparadigm,achievingbenefitsinthedesignofSDSS,andmakingthemmoreinteractivesystems(Figure3).Figure2.SDSSArchitecturesuggestedby15.AnintegratedfocusforDSSinrelatedareaswithconservationandnaturalresourcemanagementwassuggestedby10(Figure4).As25recognized,thisapproachcanonlybefe