【优秀硕博论文】从功能对等的角度看汉语旅游语篇的英译外国语言学及应用语言学

硕士学位论文MASTERDISSERTATION论文题目从功能对等的角度看汉语旅游语篇的英译外国语言学及应用语言学ONENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFFETHEORY完成日期二零零九年六月ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTHISTHESISHASFINALLYBEENBROUGHTINTOBEINGAFTERSEVERALMONTHSPAINSTAKINGEFFORTSALTHOUGHITISIMPOSSIBLETOTHANKSALLWHOINONEWAYORANOTHERHAVEASSISTEDTHEAUTHORINTHECOMPLETIONOFTHISTHESIS,MANYWHOSEHELPHASBEENINVALUABLEAREHIGHLYAPPRECIATEDTHETHESISCOULDNOTHAVEBEENDONEWITHOUTTHEMFIRSTOFALL,IESPECIALLYOWEMYTREMENDOUSGRATITUDEANDRESPECTTOMYSUPERVISORASSOCIATEPROFESSORLUOLINQUAN,WHOSESUPPORTANDGUIDANCEHAVEACCOMPANIEDMEDURINGTHEPASTTWOYEARS,ESPECIALLYDURINGTHEWHOLEPERIODOFWRITINGTHISTHESIS,POINTEDMEINTHENEWDIRECTIONANDHELPEDMEAVOIDMANYAPITFALLSHEHASSCRUPULOUSLYEXAMINEDTHEFIRSTANDTHESECONDMANUSCRIPTSOFMYTHESISANDGIVENHISEXTREMELYVALUABLEANDINSPIRINGCOMMENTSFURTHERMORE,IAMALSOGRATEFULTOPROFESSORHANZHONGHUA,PROFESSORWANGDAWEI,PROFESSORZHENGLIXIN,PROFESSORYUANYONGFANG,ASWELLASALLTHEOTHERTEACHERSOFTHEFOREIGNLANGUAGESCOLLEGEOFSHANGHAIMARITIMEUNIVERSITYWITHTHEIRHELPIHAVEBENEFITEDIMMENSELYDURINGMYPOSTGRADUATESTUDYIAMDEEPLYINSPIREDBYTHEIRKNOWLEDGEANDPERSONALITY,WHICHIBELIEVEWILLBENEFITMEALLMYLIFEMYGRATITUDEALSOGOESTOMYBELOVEDPARENTS,WHOHAVEBEENINVALUABLESOURCESOFUNSELFISHLOVE,SUPPORT,KINDNESSANDENCOURAGEMENTNOTONLYINTHEWRITINGOFTHISTHESIS,BUTALSOALONGMYWHOLELIFEPATHFINALLY,IAMGRATEFULTOALLMYDEARFRIENDSFORTHEIRSUPPORTANDUNDERSTANDINGTOMEWHICHMAKETWOYEARSOFMYPOSTGRADUATESTUDYSUCHASWEETMEMORY摘要随着中国经济的迅速发展，越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游，旅游业日益受到重视和发展，相应的旅游宣传也日益增多。英译旅游资料成为外国旅游者了解中国的重要手段，因而提高其翻译质量对于传播中国文化、从而促进国际交流具有重要意义。目前汉语旅游资料的英译已取得了很大的进步，但是仍存在一些不足。本文作者通过分析功能对等理论，认为该理论不仅对于指导旅游资料的汉英翻译，特别是文化信息的传递具有一定的指导作用，而且能够帮助译者提高旅游资料翻译的质量。本论文由六个章节组成。第一章导言部分简要介绍了论文的研究背景，研究目的及研究方法。第二章文献综述介绍了尤金奈达的功能对等理论及国内学者对汉语旅游文本英译中理论方面的研究以及对功能对等理论的应用。第三章介绍了旅游，旅游文本的概念，并进一步阐述了旅游文本的分类及功能。第四章第五章是论文的主体部分，将功能对等理论从理论的角度与实践的角度同汉语旅游文本的英译相结合，以期达到目标语读者与源语读者相对等的反应。通过对大量实例分析，作者从旅游景点名称和旅游文本两个角度提出了在不同情况下要采取不同的翻译方法，如直译法、音译法、增词法、对比法、改编法。第六章是论文的结语部分，这一部分由两个小节组成。作者首先总结了论文的主要内容，指出运用恰当翻译理论与翻译方法来处理旅游资料中的文化信息。最后，作者指出当前国内对汉语旅游文本英译的研究仍存在不足之处,研究结果也不尽人意，这方面还需要更艰苦的努力和更深入的研究。本论文初步探讨了汉语旅游文本英译这一领域,作者衷心希望这篇论文能对汉语旅游文本英译工作做出一点贡献。关键词汉语旅游文本功能对等动态对等文化信息读者反应ABSTRACTWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFCHINASECONOMY,MOREANDMOREFOREIGNTOURISTSCOMETOTRAVELINCHINAASANEFFECTIVEMEDIUMTOPUBLICIZECHINA,ENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYSIGNIFICANTTOPROMOTINGTHECHINESETOURISMINDUSTRYTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHETRANSLATIONOFTOURISMMATERIALSMAYCONTRIBUTETOTHESPREADINGOFCHINESECULTURE,ANDTHUSENHANCEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNICATIONALTHOUGHGREATIMPROVEMENTHASBEENMADEINRECENTYEARS,THETRANSLATIONWORKSTILLLEAVESMUCHTOBEDESIREDTHISTHESIS,ASATENTATIVESTUDYOFEXPLORINGEFFECTIVEWAYSFORTRANSLATINGTOURISMMATERIALS,ESPECIALLYTRANSMITTINGCULTURALMESSAGESINTHEM,ISINTENDEDTOHELPIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHEENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMMATERIALSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCETHEORYTHEWHOLETHESISCONSISTSOFTHEFOLLOWINGCHAPTERSCHAPTER1ISTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHERESEARCHBACKGROUNDOFTHETHESIS,ASWELLASTHEAIMANDDATACOLLECTIONANDRESEARCHMETHODOLOGYCHAPTER2DEALSWITHTRANSLATIONTHEORYTHEAUTHORFIRSTGENERALIZESNIDASFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCETHEORY,ANDTHENINTRODUCESTHETHEORYOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSBYCHINESESCHOLARSFORYEARSCHAPTER3GIVESTHEDEFINITIONOFTOURISMANDTOURISMTEXTS,THECLASSIFICATIONANDFUNCTIONSOFTHETOURISMTEXTSCHAPTER4ANDCHAPTER5ARETHEMAINBODYOFTHETHESIS,WHICHANALYZESTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSINTHEPERSPECTIVEOFBOTHTHEORYANDPRACTICETOGETEQUIVALENTRESPONSESBETWEENTHESOURCELANGUAGEREADERSANDTHETARGETLANGUAGEREADERS,THUS,ACHIEVINGTHETRANSLATIONGOALOFSPREADINGCHINESECULTURETHEANALYSISOFALARGEAMOUNTOFEXAMPLESOFTOURISMTEXTSPROVIDESTHEMETHODSOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSTRANSLATIONLITERALTRANSLATION,TRANSLITERATIONAMPLIFICATION,ANALOGYANDADAPTATIONCHAPTER6ISACONCLUSIONMADEUPOFASUMMARYANDLIMITATIONSANDFURTHERSUGGESTIONSTHEAUTHORPOINTSOUTTHATITISESSENTIALTOAPPLYTHEAPPROPRIATETRANSLATIONMETHODTOACHIEVETHEFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEBETWEENTHESLREADERSANDTLREADERS,ANDTHATTHERESEARCHESONTRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSARESTILLQUITEINADEQUATEANDAREFARFROMSATISFACTORYTHISAREAREQUIRESGREATERSTRENUOUSEFFORTSANDMOREPROFOUNDSTUDIESINTHECOURSEOFWRITINGTHISTHESIS,THEAUTHORHASCOMETOREALIZETHATGREATEFFORTSSHALLBEMADEINTHISFIELDINCHINAHAVINGMADEATENTATIVEPROBEINTOTHISFIELD,THEAUTHORSINCERELYHOPESTHATHERTHESISWILLMAKEALITTLECONTRIBUTIONTOTHETRANSLATIONSTUDYOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSKEYWORDSCHINESETOURISMTEXTSFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEDYNAMICEQUIVALENCECULTURALMESSAGESREADERSRESPONSECONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS摘要ABSTRACTCONTENTSCHAPTER1INTRODUCTION111RESEARCHBACKGROUNDOFTHETHESIS112AIMOFTHERESEARCH213DATACOLLECTIONANDRESEARCHMETHODOLOGY2CHAPTER2LITERATUREREVIEW321INTRODUCTIONTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFETHEORY3211DYNAMICEQUIVALENCETHEORY4212FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCETHEORY522THEORIESONTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTS9CHAPTER3INTRODUCTIONTOTOURISMTEXTS1231DEFINITIONOFTOURISM1232TOURISMTEXTS13321CLASSIFICATIONOFTOURISMTEXTS13322BASICFUNCTIONSOFTOURISMTEXTS1433CRITERIAFORTRANSLATIONSOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTS16CHAPTER4THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFETHEORYINTHECHINESETOURISMTEXTS1741THREEPRINCIPLES17411NATURALLANGUAGE17412PRIORITYOFMEANINGOVERFORM17413AROUSINGEQUIVALENTRESPONSES1842CONSIDERATIONOFTHEDECODINGABILITYOFTLREADERS1943ROLESOFTRANSLATORS22431TRANSLATORASAREADER22432TRANSLATORASACOMMUNICATOR23CHAPTER5APPLICATIONOFTHEFETHEORYTOTHECHINESETOURISMTEXTS2751TRANSLATIONOFNAMESOFTOURISTSITES27512LITERALTRANSLATION28513TRANSLITERATIONLITERALTRANSLATION2952METHODSOFTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTS36521DIFFICULTIESINTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTS36522METHODSINTRANSLATINGTHECHINESETOURISMTEXTS365221AMPLIFICATION365222ANALOGY415223ADAPTATION42CHAPTER6CONCLUSION4561SIGNIFICANTFINDINGSOFTHETHESIS4562IMPLICATIONSOFTHETHESIS4763LIMITATIONSOFPRESENTSTUDYANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURESTUDIES48BIBLIOGRAPHY50CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION11RESEARCHBACKGROUNDOFTHETHESISTOURISMHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTINDUSTRYUNDERGOINGRAPIDGROWTHONAGLOBALSCALE,ANDCHINAISOFNOEXCEPTIONWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFCHINASECONOMYANDITSOPENINGUPEFFORT,MOREANDMOREFOREIGNERSBEGINTOBEINTERESTEDINTHISMYSTERIOUSEASTERNCOUNTRY,WHICHISFAMOUSFORITSBEAUTIFULSCENICSPOTSASWELLASABUNDANTCULTURALRELICSTOBETTERUNDERSTANDCHINA,THEMOSTPOPULARANDEFFECTIVEWAYTHEYCHOOSEISTOTRAVELINCHINAITSHOULDBEACKNOWLEDGEDTHATTHEREAREMANYWELLTRANSLATEDTOURISMTEXTS,WHICHCONTRIBUTETOTHESPREADOFCHINESECULTUREHOWEVER,THEQUALITYOFSOMEENGLISHVERSIONSOFTOURISMTEXTSARESTILLFARFROMSATISFACTORYITSHOULDBEPOINTEDOUTHEREISTHATTHISKINDOFPROBLEMCANNOTBEIGNORED,FORMISTAKESINTRANSLATEDTOURISMTEXTS,WILLAFFECTPUBLICITY,OREVENSPOILTHEIMAGEOFOURCOUNTRYTHEPROBLEMISALWAYSCAUSEDBYTHETRANSLATORSIGNORANCEOFTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESBETWEENSOURCELANGUAGESLREADERSANDTARGETLANGUAGETLREADERSTHETRANSLATORSHOULDFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLETHAT1THETARGETTEXTSHOULDBETHECLOSESTNATURALEQUIVALENTTOTHESOURCELANGUAGETEXT2THETRANSLATIONSHOULDPRODUCETHESAMEEFFECTONTHETLREADERASTHEORIGINALPRODUCESONTHESLREADERASUCCESSFULTRANSLATIONSHOULDHAVETHEEFFECTTHATTHERECEPTORSOFTHETRANSLATEDTEXTCANUNDERSTANDANDAPPRECIATETHETRANSLATEDTEXTINTHESAMEWAYTHEORIGINALRECEPTORSUNDERSTANDANDAPPRECIATETHEORIGINALTEXTINTHISTHESIS,CHINESETOURISMTEXTSAREDEFINEDASBROCHURESANDPAMPHLETSFORTOURISMATTRACTIONS,GUIDEBOOKSOFCITIESORCOUNTRIESANDTOURISTADVERTISEMENTSWHICHSUPPLYBASICANDSUFFICIENTINFORMATIONONTOURISTDESTINATIONSWITHANAIMOFPUBLICIZINGANDPROMOTINGTHETOURISMPRODUCTSMOREDETAILSARETOBEILLUSTRATEDINCHAPTER312AIMOFTHERESEARCHTHISTHESISAIMSTOPROVIDEASYSTEMATICANALYSISONTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSUNDERTHEINSTRUCTIONOFNIDASFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEFETHEORYBYADOPTINGFETHEORYTOGUIDETHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTS,THEAUTHOROFTHETHESISTRIESTOFINDAWAYTOMAKETHETRANSLATIONUNDERSTANDABLE,READABLEANDENJOYABLEFORTLREADERS,THUSACHIEVINGTHEGOALOFSPREADINGCHINESECULTURETHETHESISALSOAIMSTOHELPTRANSLATORSIMPROVETHEIRTRANSLATIONCOMPETENCE,INTRODUCINGSOMESTRATEGIESANDSKILLSOFTRANSLATINGCHINESETOURISMTEXTSINTOENGLISHUNDERTHEINSTRUMENTOFFETHEORY13DATACOLLECTIONANDRESEARCHMETHODOLOGYCHINESETOURISMTEXTSCOVERALLTHEMATERIALSCONCERNINGCHINESETOURISMINDUSTRYANDTOURISMRESOURCESTHEFOCUSISBROCHURESANDPAMPHLETSFORTOURISMATTRACTIONS,GUIDEBOOKSOFCITIESORCOUNTRIESANDTOURISTADVERTISEMENTSINTRODUCINGSCENICSPOTSORCULTURALRELICSINCHINAINADDITION,SOMEDATAHASBEENDOWNLOADEDFROMTHEINTERNETAGREATNUMBEROFEXAMPLESPICKEDFROMTHESESOURCES,SUCCESSFULLYTRANSLATEDONESASWELLASUNSUCCESSFULLYTRANSLATEDONES,AREEMPLOYEDINTHETHESISGUIDEDBYFETHEORY,SEVERALTRANSLATIONPRINCIPLESAREPROPOSEDTHERESEARCHMETHODSUSEDINTHISPAPERAREMAINLYCOMPARATIVEANALYSISANDTHEORETICALANALYSIS,FOREXAMPLE,THECONTRASTIVEANALYSISBETWEENTLREADERSANDSLREADERSCHAPTERTWOLITERATUREREVIEWTHISPAPERTRIESTODISCUSSTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESETOURISMTEXTSINAPERSPECTIVEOF“FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE”ITISNECESSARYTOMAKEABRIEFBUTCLEARINTRODUCTIONOFNIDASTHEORYUNLIKETRADITIONALTRANSLATIONTHEORIESWHICHFOCUSONVERBALCOMPARISONBETWEENTHEORIGINALTEXTANDITSTRANSLATION,NIDASCONCEPTOFTRANSLATINGSHIFTSFROM“THEFORMOFTHEMESSAGE”TO“THERESPONSETOTHERECEPTOR”NIDA,19821INTERMSOFFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCETHEORY,THETHEORETICALBASISOFTHETHESIS,ITISNECESSARYTOHAVEABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTONIDAATFIRSTTHENITISAMUSTTOGOTHROUGHTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSOFITINORDERTOBETTERUNDERSTANDFETHEORY21INTRODUCTIONTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFETHEORYEUGENEANIDA,ADISTINGUISHEDAMERICANTRANSLATIONTHEORISTASWELLASALINGUIST,WASTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALONEAMONGTHECONTEMPORARYTHEORISTSINTHEFIELDOFTRANSLATIONINTHELASTCENTURYHEMADEGREATCONTRIBUTIONTOTHETRANSLATIONSTUDIESINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESBEFOREHISTHEORYWASINTRODUCEDINTOCHINAINTHE1980S,PEOPLEMAINLYFOCUSEDATTENTIONONTRADITIONALCHINESETRANSLATIONPRINCIPLES,ESPECIALLYYANFUSTHREECHARACTERPRINCIPLEOFTRANSLATION,IEFAITHFULNESS,EXPRESSIVENESSANDELEGANCESINCENIDASTHEORYISGROUNDEDSOLIDLYONCONTEMPORARYDEVELOPMENTSOFLINGUISTICS,COMMUNICATIONTHEORY,INFORMATIONTHEORY,SEMIOTICSANDANTHROPOLOGY,CHINESETRANSLATIONSCHOLARSTAKEGREATINTERESTINHISTHEORY马会娟,20031FROM1945TO1997,NIDAWROTEMORETHAN190ARTICLESANDPUBLISHED40BOOKS“FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE”ISONEOFNIDASMAJORCONTRIBUTIONSTOTRANSLATIONSTUDYITCOMESFROMTHECONCEPTOF“DYNAMICEQUIVALENCE”WHICHISPOSTULATEDINTOWAR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TEXTWHICHWOULDBEBESTEXPRESSEDINTHERECEPTORSLANGUAGENIDAEXPLAINSTHATITISESSENTIALTHATFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEBESTATEDPRIMARILYINTERMSOFACOMPARISONOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEORIGINALRECEPTORSUNDERSTANDANDAPPRECIATETHETEXTANDTHEWAYINWHICHRECEPTORSOFTHETRANSLATEDTEXTUNDERSTANDANDAPPRECIATETHETRANSLATEDTEXT2004116HECITESHISEXAMPLESFROMBIBLETRANSLATION,WHERETHEPHRASE“LAMBOFGOD”WOULDBERENDEREDINTO“SEALOFGOD”FORTHEESKIMOSBECAUSETHELAMBDOESNTSYMBOLIZEINNOCENCEINTHEIRCULTUREINTHISCASE,AFORMALEQUIVALENCEDOESNTMEANANYTHINGINADIFFERENTCULTURE,SOTHEFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEISNECESSARYONECANEASILYSEETHATNIDAREGARDSTHATBOTHSLREADERSANDTLREADERSAREOFGREATIMPORTANCEACCORDINGTONIDASFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEPRINCIPLE,TRANSLATIONCONSISTSINREPRODUCINGINTHERECEPTORLANGUAGETHECLOSESTNATURALEQUIVALENTOFTHESOURCELANGUAGEMESSAGE,FIRSTINTERMSOFMEANING,ANDSECONDLYINTERMSOFSTYLENIDA,196912HEREEQUIVALENTCANNOTBEUNDERSTOODINITSMATHEMATICALMEANINGOFIDENTITY,BUTONLYINTERMSOFPROXIMITYONTHEBASISOFDEGREESOFCLOSENESSTOFUNCTIONALIDENTITYEQUIVALENCETRANSLATIONREQUIRESEQUIVALENCEOFTHEORIGINALTEXTANDTHETRANSLATIONINLANGUAGEFUNCTIONINSTEADOFLANGUAGEFORMWHATSMORE,FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCEGIVESMOREFREEDOMANDFLEXIBILITYTOTHETRANSLATORMANYTRANSLATORSUSEDTOFOLLOWSTRICTFORMALEQUIVALENCEINORDERTOBE“FAITHFUL”TOTHESOURCETEXTSTHEIRFOCUSISONTHEFORMOFSOURCETEXTSTHEREFORE,THEIRTRANSLATIONISSOURCETEXTSORIENTEDASARESULT,THEREADERSMAYFINDTHETARGETTEXTSOBSCUREANDEVENUNINTELLIGIBLEFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISTHEEQUIVALENCENOTTIEDDOWNTOTHESOURCETEXTSFORM,BUTISMUCHWIDERITISMUCHMOREINTERESTEDINTHEMESSAGEOFTHETEXTTHETRANSLATORDOESNTHAVETOSTICKTOTHEFORMOFTHESOURCETEXT,ASLONGASTHEMEANINGISCONVEYEDTOTHETARGETREADER,HISTRANSLATIONISSUCCESSFULINORDERTOACHIEVETHECLOSESTNATURALEQUIVALENCE,THEFOLLOWINGPRINCIPLESFORPRODUCING“FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE”HADBETTERBEFOLLOWEDSERIOUSLYBYEVERYTRANSLATORORRESEARCHER1IFACLOSE,FORMALTRANSLATIONISLIKELYTORESULTINAMISUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDESIGNATIVEMEANING,ACERTAINCHANGESMUSTBEINTRODUCEDINTOTHETEXTOFTHETRANSLATIONORBTHELITERALTRANSLATIONMAYBERETAINEDANDAFOOTNOTEEXPLAININGTHELIKELYMISUNDERSTANDINGMUSTBEADDED2IFACLOSE,FORMALTRANSLATIONMAKESNOSENSE,IEISTOTALLYOBSCUREINDESIGNATIVEMEANING,CERTAINCHANGESMAYBEINTRODUCEDINTOTHETEXTUNLESSTHESOURCETEXTISPURPOSELYOBSCURE,INWHICHCASETHEOBSCURITYMAYBERETAINED,ANDAFOOTNOTEEXPLAININGTHENATUREOFOBSCURITYMAYBEVERYUSEFULANDINMOSTINSTANCESFULLYJUSTIFIED3IFACLOSE,FORMALTRANSLATIONISSOSEMANTICALLYANDSYNTACTICALLYDIFFICULTTHATTHEAVERAGEPERSONFORWHOMTHETRANSLATIONISBEINGMADEISVERYLIKELYTOGIVEUPTRYINGTOUNDERSTANDIT,CERTAINCHANGESAREWARRANTED,ALTHOUGHITMAYBEUSEFULTOINDICATETHENATUREOFSUCHCHANGESINANINTRODUCTIONORINFOOTNOTES4IFACLOSE,FORMALTRANSLATIONISLIKELYTORESULTINSERIOUSMISUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEASSOCIATIVEMEANINGOFTHESOURCETEXTORINASIGNIFICANTLOSSINAPROPERAPPRECIATIONFORTHESTYLISTICVALUESOFTHESOURCETEXT,ITISIMPORTANTTOMAKESUCHADJUSTMENTSASARENECESSARYTOREFLECTTHEASSOCIATIVEVALUESOFTHESOURCETEXT5THEMANNERINWHICHATRANSLATIONISTOBEUSEDHASASIGNIFICANTINF