外文翻译--机械设计与制造业.doc

MachineDesignandmanufacturingMachinedesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneedsItisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermofitssize,shapeandconstrictiondetails，butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture，marketinganduseoftheproduct.Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmachinedesignaretypicallycalleddesigners，ordesignengineers.MachinedesignisbasicallyacreativeactivityHowever，inadditiontobeinginnovative，adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing，kinematics,dynamics，materialsengineering，strengthofmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.Asstatedpreviously，thepurposeofmachinedesignistoproduceaproductwhichwillserveaneedformanInventions，discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdonotnecessarilybenefitpeople；onlyiftheyareincorporatedintoadesignedproductwillabenefitbederivedItshouldberecognized，therefore，thatahumanneedmustbeidentifiedbeforeaparticularproductisdesignedMachinedesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentstoenvisionadesignofaproduct，toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhowtheproductistobemanufacturedItisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsofengineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequationsTherearenofactsorequationswhichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesignOntheotherhand，anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision.Forexample，ifadecimalpointismisplaced，anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynotfunctionGooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk，knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstatedThusadesignermusthavepatience，sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpendedCreatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethnistasideThisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas，techniquesandattitudesAdesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold，provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporatedNewdesignsgenerallyhave“bugs”orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedoutbeforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesignscanbeenjoyedThusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct，butonlyathigherriskItshouldbeemphasizedthat，ifadesigndoesnotwarrantradicalnewmethods，suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesakeofchangeDuringthebeginningstagesofdesign，creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithoutagreatnumberofconstraintsEventhoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise，itisusuallyeasytoeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsrequiredbymanufacturingInthisway，innovativeideasarenotinhibitedQuiteoften，morethanonedesignisdeveloped，uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachotherItisentirelypossiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasadstinginoneoftherejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.PsychologistsfrequentlytalkabouttryingtofitpeopletothemachinesoperateIt,isessentiallytheresponsibilitythedesignengineertostrivetofitmachinestopeopleThisisnotaneasytask，sincethereisreallynoaveragepersonforwhichcertainoperatingdimensionsandproceduresareoptimumAnotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbeabletocommunicateideastootherpeopleifthey，tobeincorporatedInitially，thedesignermustcommunicateapreliminarydesigntogetmanagementapprovalThisisusuallydonebyverbaldiscussionsinconjunctionwithdrawinglayoutsandwrittenmaterialTocommunicateeffectively，thefollowingquestionsmustbeanswered：（1）Doesthedesignreallyserveahumanneed?（2）Willitbecompetitivewithexistingproductsofrivalcompanies?（3）Isiteconomicaltoproduce?（4）Canitbereadilymaintained?（5）Willitsellandmakeaprofit?Onlytimewillprovidethetrueanswerstotheprecedingquestions，buttheproductshouldbedesigned，manufacturedandmarketedonlywithinitialaffirmativeanswersThedesignengineeralsomustcommunicatethefinalizeddesigntomanufacturingthroughtheuseofdetailandassemblydrawingsQuiteoften，aproblemwilloccurduringthemanufacturingcycleItmaybethatachangeisrequiredinthedimensioningortolerancingofapartsothatitcanbemorereadilyproducedThisfallsinthecategoryofengineeringchangeswhichmustbeapprovedbythedesignengineersothattheproductfunctionwillnotbeadverselyaffectedInothercases，adeficiencyinthedesignmayappearduringassemblyortestingjustpriortoshippingTheserealitiessimplybearoutthefactthatdesignisalivingprocessThereisalwaysabetterwaytodoitandthedesignershouldconstantlystrivetowardsfundingthatbetterwayInthedevelopmentofmanufacturingplans,computer-aidedprocessplanningcanbethepreparationofthousandsofprocessesandprocessingProcesstoselectthebestprocessingprogramIntheworkshop,thedistributedintelligenceofthisformtothemicroprocessortocontrolmachinetools,automaticcontrolforloadingandunloadingmaterialsPreparationandworkshoponthecurrentstateofthecollectionofinformations.However,theseseparatereformsarestillfarfromenough.WhatweneedisacommonsoftwareEndedbeforetheterminalfromalltheautomationcontrolsystem.Ingeneral,thecomputercanprovideawiderangeofintegrated,timelyandaccurateinformationcanbeministriestoimproveDoorsbetweentheexchangeandcommunication,theintroductionofmorestringentcontrol,andoftentoenhancetheoverallqualityofthewholesystemAndefficiency.Forexample,toimproveexchangeandcommunicationwillmeanthatthedesignofbettermanufacturability.NCprogrammersandprocessequipmentdesignershavetheopportunitytoputforwardtheviewsofproductdesigners,andviceversa.Thuscanreducethetechnicalaspectsofthechange,andthenecessarychangesforthosewhocanmoreeffectivelytodealwith.Thecomputercannotonlychangemorequicklyonthedetailsofthemake,butalsocanchangethenthedatatotellusers.Theuseofup-to-datedataontheproductioncontrolprocesscanbeapointofordertodevelopbetterandmoreefficientproductionProgress.Thus,expensiveequipmentcanbebetterutilizedtoimprovethepartsintheproductionprocessofthedeliveryofEfficiencyandreducethecostoftheproductsProductqualitycanbeimproved.Forexample,notonlycanimprovethedesignaccuracy,butalsoenablesqualityassurancePermittheuseofdesigndatadepartments,toavoiderrorsduetoamisunderstanding.Canmakepeoplebetteraccomplishtheirwork.Byavoidingthelengthycalculationandwritethework-Thisinformationisnottofindthetime-thecomputernotonlymakespeopleworkmoreeffectively,butalsoLiberatethemtodoonlytheworkofmancando:tothinkcreatively.ComputerIntegratedManufacturingwillalsoattractnewtalentintothemanufacturingsector.Wastoattracttalentedpeoplefromthereasonforthisisthattheyhopethatamodern,technologicallyadvancedenvironment.Inmanufacturingengineering,CAD/CAMequipmenttoreducetheprocessdesign,NCprogrammingandthepreparationoftheProcessRequired.Moreover,speeduptheresponsespeed,whichwilleventuallybeoutsidethecurrentprocessingoftheworkcommissionedfrominternalstafftocomplete.机械设计与制造业机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它是一个广阔的工程技术领域，不仅要研究产品在尺寸、形状和详细结构等方面的基本构思，还要考虑产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的有关问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创新性，还必须在机械制图、运动学