外文文献-起重机工作需要很多科技

CRANEWORKNEEDSMORETECHNIQUE起重机工作需要很多科技THEINVENTIONOFCRANEHASGREATLYINCREASEDPEOPLESWORKEFFICIENCYPEOPLECANUSECRANETOHANDLEWITHHUGEARTICLESWHICHUSEDTOBETAKENALONGTIMETODO,ESPECIALLYINASMALLARETHEBRIDGETYPEHOISTCRANEISREQUIREDTOHANDLEWITHHUGEACCESSORYORHUGEDEVICETHEBIRTHWORLDWIDEINDUSTRYEARLYPOSTWARYEARS,THECRANEINDUSTRYCAMETOANAIMOSTCOMPLETESTANDSTILLBYTHEENDOFTHEDECADE,HOWEVER,CRANECONSTRUCTIONHADDIVERSIFIEDANDSPREADAROUNDTHEWORLDANDTHEINDUSTRYSEEMEDINFUSEDWITHNEWFOUNDENERGYTHATLEFTITFLOURISHINGASNEVERBEFORELIGHTWEIGHTCRANESTHATARRIVEDONSITEREADYFORUSECAMETODOMINATECONSTRUCTIONSITESASPEOPLEREALISEDTHEADVANTAGESOFNOTHAVINGTODISMANTLETHEMBETWEENJOBSTHESENEWDESIGNSDIDAWAYWITHTHENEEDTOHAVEOTHERLIFTINGEQUIPMENTASSISTINGDURINGRIGGINGABIGCONTRASTTOTHECUMBERSOMERIGGINGOFPREVIOUSDESIGNSBUT,BEFOREALLTHISCOULDHAPPENCAMETHEHORRORSOFTHESECONDWORLDWARBY1940OFEUROPEWASCOMPLETELYCAUGHTUPINTHECONFLICTBYTHETIMETHEWARENDED,EUROPEANDOTHERPARTSOFTHEWORLDHADBEENSUBJECTEDTOEXTRAORDINARYPOLITICAL,ECONOMICANDSOCIALCHANGESTHATWOULDAFFECTTHEENTIREFABRICOFSOCIETY,INCLUDINGTHECONSTRUCTIONANDCRANEINDUSTRIES,FORMANYDECADESTOCOMEINTHEUS,STEAMLOCOMOTIVESWERESTARTINGTOBEREPLACEDBYDIESELBY1953MORETHAN50PERCENTOFALLLOCOMOTIVESWOULDBEDIESELDURINGTHEWARTHEMASSPRODUCTIONOFEXCAVATORS,SCRAPERSANDCRANESCONTINUED1940,FOREXAMPLE,SAWTHEWLAUNCHTHENEWLORAINMOTOCRANESERIESTHISCONSISTEDOFTHREECRANESWHICH,FORTHEFIRSTTIMEINHISTORY,WEREMOUNTEDONCHASSISBUILTBYTHECRANEMANUFACTURERITSELFITHESMALLESTCRANE,THEMC2,COULDLIFT76TONNES,THEMC299TONNESANDTHEMC3135TONNESTHESECRANESWEREDELIVEREDTOTHEARMYBYTHETHOUSAND,ANDWEREALSOMOUNTEDONPORTALSFORUSEASHARBOURCRANESTHEMC4MODELTHEWARHAD,OFCOURSE,TAKENITSTOLLONTHENUMBEROFABLEBODIEDMENAVAILABLETOWORKINTHECRANEINDUSTRYANDTHEREWASASERIOUSSHORTAGEOFGOODCRANEDRIVERSATTHEW,NEWCOMERSWERETAUGHTCRANEOPERATIONSOVERATWODAYCOURSEPRESENTEDBYACBURCH,ANEXPERIENCEDMECHANICANDGRADUATEOFTHENAVALACADEMY,ANDLKJENKINSTHESETWOGENTLEMENWEREPROBABLYTHEORIGINATORSOFOPERATORTRAININGASWEKNOWITTODAYASTHEYHADACTUALLYDESIGNEDTHEMOTOCRANE,BOTHKNEWITINSIDEOUTANDWEREPLEASEDTOPASSONTHISKNOWLEDGEWHENTHEJAPANESENATIONALRAILWAYSCOMMITTEDITSELFTOBUYINGTHEPROTOTYPEOFAMACHINEDESIGNEDTOREMOVERAILWAYCLIPS,THETIDETURNEDTHEMACHINEWORKEDSPLENDIDLYANDIVLASUOTADANOTOUREDJAPANSHOWINGON35MILLIMETREFILMJUSTWHATITCOULDDOHECOLLECTEDNUMEROUSORDERSFORTHEMACHINEALONGTHEWAYANDATTHESAMETIMESEEMSTOHAVEBEENANEARLYPIONEEROFTHECOMPANYVIDEOSSOBELOVEDBYTODAYSMARKETINGPROFESSIONALSOTHERCOUNTRIESWEREALSOBUILDINGNOTEWORTHYCRANESITALY,INPARTICULAR,WASDEVELOPINGINTOASOURCEOFINNOVATIVEIDEASFORTHEINDUSTRYIN1948INLEGNANO,NEARMILAN,CARLORAIMODIBUILTHISFIRSTSLEWINGTOWERCRANE,ACLASSICTOPSLEWERTHECOMPANYWASORIGINALLYESTABLISHEDIN1863ASAFOUNDRYANDHAD,UNTILMAKINGITSCRANEDEBUT,BUILTMACHINESANDCOMPONENTSFORTHEMILLWRIGHTANDOTHERINDUSTRIESTHEREWASNOWAWORLDWIDEBOOMINCONSTRUCTIONANDTHISATTRACTEDTHEATTENTIONOFSPECIALISTEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERS,MANYOFWHOMFOLLOWEDTHELAUNCHOFCRANERANGESWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFCONCRETEMIXINGEQUIPMENTTHISCOMBINATIONOFEQUIPMENTWASSUPPLIEDINAVARIETYOFFORMSREICH,IBAGANDLIEBHERR,FOREXAMPLE,SUPPLIEDCRANESANDCONCRETEMIXINGMACHINESDESIGNEDTOBEUSEDTOGETHERIMPORTANTSLEWINGTOWERCRANEMANUFACTURERTHEBRIDGETYPEHOISTCRANECARCONSISTSOFPROTMOTEDORGANIZATION，THECARFRAME，THECARMOVEMENTORGANIZATION，HOISTINGMECHANISMSANDSOONITSOPERATIONSTRUCTUREISCOMPOSEDOFREDUCER，THEDRIVINGWHEELGROUP，THEDRIVENWHEELGROUP，THETRANSMISSIONSHAFTANDSOMECONNECTFITTINGTHECOREOFTHISSTRUCTUREISTHEDESIGNOFTHEREDUCERTHISBRIDGETYPEHOISTCRANEISBEUSEDTOTHEHYDROELECTRICPOWERSTATIONITISINSTALLEDINTHEEXPANDEDWORKSHOPOFFENGMANWATERANDELECTRICITYSTATIONITISUSEDTOINSTALLING,EXAMININGANDREPAIRINGTHEWATERTURBINEGENERATORSETANDITSACCESSORIALEQUIPMENTSTHEEQUIPMENTSINTHEWATERANDELECTRICITYSTATIONARELARGEORMEDIUMSIZETHESEEQUIPMENTSHAVEAHIGHREQUESTONTHELOADOFBRIDGETYPEHOISTCRANE,SOTHEYALSOHAVEAHIGHREQUESTONTHECAPABILITYOFTHEREDUCERGRABBRIDGEBRIDGECRANEISRUNNINGONTHEELEVATEDTRACK,THECARDRIVENBYTHELIFTINGOFMATERIALSCRAWLGRABABRIDGECRANEBRIDGELAYINGONBOTHSIDESALONGTHEELEVATEDTRACKONTHEVERTICALRUN,LIFTINGTROLLEYALONGTHEBRIDGEINLAYINGTHETRACKONTHEHORIZONTALRUN,ARECTANGULARSCOPEOFWORK,YOUCANMAKEFULLUSEOFSPACEBELOWTHEBRIDGELIFTINGMATERIALFROMGROUNDEQUIPMENTHINDEREDGRABBRIDGECRANESWIDELYUSEDINPOWERPLANTS,MEICHANG,ANDOTHERNEEDSOFBULKMATERIALHANDLINGOFTHEOCCASION,BECAUSEOFTHEHEAVYEQUIPMENT,TRANSPORTATIONDIFFICULTIESINSTALLATION,TESTINGTHEQUALITYOFTHEIRPRODUCTSINGENERALNEEDINTHEFIELDTHEREFORE,CONTROLEQUIPMENTREQUIREMENTSFORWIRING,SMALLSIZEANDPORTABILITYANDTHEUSEOFFIXEDSITECONDITIONS,ALSOCALLEDARANDOMTESTINGEQUIPMENTMANUALCONTROLFUNCTIONSTOENSURETHESAFETYOFOPERATIONWITHTHELIFTINGOFTHETRANSPORTREQUIREMENTSOFTHEMECHANICALCONTROLCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVE,MOREANDMOREADVANCEDMEANSOFCONTROLATPRESENTTHEDOMESTICBRIDGECRANECONTROLSYSTEMREQUIRESPEOPLEATTHESCENETOCONTROL,CONTROLMETHODSAREBACKWARDINSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCRANE,THEMOSTDIRECTCONTROLOVERTHEUSEOFCONTROLLERS,CARRUNNING,LORD,VICEHOOKUPGRADE,DROPPEDWEIGHTSANDSPEEDCRANEWORKNEEDSMORETECHNOLOGYCONSTRUCTIONOFTOWERCRANESARETHEMAINVERTICALTRANSPORTATIONEQUIPMENTANDALSOAMEASUREOFCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESANDEQUIPMENTSTRENGTHOFTHEIMPORTANTLOGO,INTODAYSINCREASINGLYCOMPETITIVECONSTRUCTIONMARKET,TOMEETTHECONSTRUCTIONNEEDSOFMANYCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESHAVEBOUGHTTHETOWERCRANEWITHTHETOWERCRANEATTHECONSTRUCTIONSITEOFTHEWIDELYUSEDBYTHETOWERCRANEACCIDENTALSOCAUSEDMOREANDMORETOPEOPLESLIVESANDPROPERTYBROUGHTABOUTGREATLOSSESACCORDINGTONATIONALSTATISTICS,THEDEPARTMENTSCONCERNED,THETOWERCRANEACCIDENTRATEREACHED277PERCENTITSSECURITYPROBLEMISSTILLTHEURGENCYOFTHECONSTRUCTIONLOOSETRAINING,TESTINGANDOVERSIGHTREQUIREMENTSFORTHEPEOPLEWHOWORKAROUNDCONSTRUCTIONCRANESHAVEFOSTEREDAFALSESENSEOFSECURITYINOURINDUSTRYTHERECENTDEADLYTOWERCRANECOLLAPSEATACONGESTEDNEWYORKCITYBUILDINGSITESHOULDBEAWAKEUPCALLFORUSTOQUESTIONANDSTEPUPOURCURRENTSAFETYPRACTICESTRAININGANDTESTINGISKINGWHENITCOMESTOSAFETYBUTTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYISPUTTINGUNQUALIFIEDPERSONNELINTHESEATSOFCONSTRUCTIONCRANES,EVENWITHTODAYSTESTINGINMANYPLACES,NOEXPERIENCEISNECESSARYAFTERPASSINGASTANDARDIZEDTESTONEWEEKOFSTUDYWILLGIVESOMEPEOPLEENOUGHKNOWLEDGETOPASSACERTIFICATIONEXAMINATION,ANDTHENTHEYCANJUMPINTOTHECABOFACRANEIMAGINETHATACOMMERCIALAIRLINEPILOTHADTHESAMETRAININGASACERTIFIEDCRANEOPERATORHOWWOULDYOUFEELTHENEXTTIMEYOUDECIDEDTOFLYINCALIFORNIA,ITTAKESMOREHOURSOFTRAININGTOWIELDAPAIROFSCISSORSINAHAIRSALONTHANTOOPERATEPOTENTIALLYDANGEROUSLIFTINGMACHINERYHOWDOESTHISMAKESENSERIGGERSANDSIGNALPERSONSALSONEEDSTANDARDTRAININGANDTESTINGTOENSURESAFETYUNDERTHEHOOKEMPLOYERSUSUALLYALLOWANYCRAFTTOSIGNALACRANEONAJOBSITE,DESPITEBESTPRACTICESTHATREQUIREONLYQUALIFIEDPEOPLEDOSOHOWISITTHENTHATUNCERTIFIEDANDUNTRAINEDPEOPLEAREALLOWEDTOSIGNALANDRIGUNDERTHEHOOKOFALICENSEDORCERTIFIEDOPERATORTOWERCRANESAREPARTICULARLYRISKYASURBANSITESBECOMEMORECONGESTED,ANDTHERISKOFACATASTROPHICEVENTISVERYHIGHDURINGCLIMBINGOPERATIONSYETMOSTTOWERCRANECLIMBINGCREWSARETRAINEDINANONTRADITIONALMANNER,VIASECONDHANDKNOWLEDGETHATHASBEENPASSEDDOWNOVERTIMETHEPROBLEMWITHTHISTYPEOFHANDMEDOWNKNOWLEDGEISTHATITCHANGESOVERTHEYEARS,LEAVINGOUTSMALLBUTIMPORTANTDETAILSALONGTHEWAYTHIS“OSMOSIS“OFKNOWLEDGELEADSCREWSTODEVELOPTHEIROWNTRICKSFORCLIMBINGCRANES,OFTENFORSAKINGBASICSAFETYINANATTEMPTTOSAVETIMEANDENERGYINMANYCASES,THEREARENOSAFETYDEVICESORALARMSTOWARNOFASERIOUSPROBLEMCLIMBINGCREWSARESUBJECTEDTOPRESSURESTHATAFFECTSAFETYCRITICALDECISIONMAKINGITISNOTUNCOMMONFORCLIMBSTOCONTINUEWITHDAMAGEDORLEAKINGHYDRAULICSYSTEMS,OUTOFADJUSTMENTORJAMMEDGUIDEROLLERS,OFTENWORKINGINTHEDARKANDFOREXTENDEDHOURSTHIS“MACGYVER“METHODOFCLIMBING,WHEREEVERYJUMPBECOMESANEWADVENTURE,SHOULDNOTBETHENORMCLIMBINGFRAMEDESIGNSVARYAMONGMANUFACTURERS,BUTTHEOPERATIONALSTEPSARESIMILARINPRINCIPLETHECLIMBINGPROCESSISRELATIVELYSTRAIGHTFORWARD,WITHAMIXTUREOFPHYSICALWORKANDTECHNICALPROCEDUREITISNOTCOMPLEXITISMOREABOUTKNOWINGTHEPROPERSEQUENCEOFWHATNEEDSTOBEDONEANDTHENFOLLOWINGTHESTEPS,ONEBYONE,MAKINGSUREEACHSTEPHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYCOMPLETEDBEFOREMOVINGONTOTHENEXTITISESSENTIALTHATEVERYONEKNOWEXACTLYWHATISGOINGONANDWHATTHEDANGERSAREATEVERYSTAGEWHENTHESENEEDSARESATISFIED,CRANEOPERATIONSSHOULDBECARRIEDOUTINSTRICTACCORDANCEWITHTHEMANUFACTURERSINSTRUCTIONS,ENGINEERINGPRINCIPALSANDGOVERNMENTALLAWSBUTINDUSTRYSTAKEHOLDERSANDLAWMAKERSNEEDTOSTEPUPTHEIRLAXSTANDARDSTOPROTECTTHEPUBLICNEWYORKCITYRESIDENTS,WHOHAVESEENTHEIRHOMESTURNEDINTODUSTANDDEBRIS,WOULDBESHOCKEDATTHEWAYTHEINDUSTRYDEALSWITHTHESEISSUESTHATSWHYTHEINDUSTRYNEEDSSTANDARDIZEDTRAINING,TESTINGANDOVERSIGHTFORTHISWORK,INCLUDINGAPRACTICALASSESSMENTOFCOMPETENCETECHNICIANSSHOULDHAVEMODELSPECIFICTRAININGDIRECTLYFROMTHEMANUFACTURER,ALONGWITHALEVELOFPRACTICALEXPERIENCEINSPECTORS,TOO,SHOULDBEREQUIREDTOHAVESPECIFICTECHNICALTRAININGTHEYSHOULDBEINDEPENDENTFROMALLASPECTSOFINSTALLATIONANDMAINTENANCETOALLOWFOROBJECTIVEDECISIONSKEYPERSONNELONERECTIONCREWSSHOULDHAVESTANDARDTRAININGANDTESTING起重机工作需要很多科技起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。战后的前几年，世界性的工业诞生了，起重机行业几乎完全停止。然而到这个年代末，起重机的建造变得多元化并传播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃发展似乎整个工业注入了新能源。轻型起重机投入到工作地点并准备作为主要机械，因为人们意识到了在工作间不用拆除他们的的优点。这些新的设计也不再需要其他起重设备协助操纵相比以前在安装前要进行繁琐的设计。但是，在这一切之前发生了恐怖的第二次世界大战。到1940年，欧洲完全陷入了战争中。到战争结束后的几十年来，欧洲和世界其他地区发生了巨大的政治，经济和社会变化，将影响整个社会结构，包括建造业和起重机行业。在美国，蒸汽机已开始改为柴油机到1953年超过百分之五十的机车将使用柴油机。战争期间，挖掘机，铲运机和起重机的大规模生产在继续。例如1940年，看到THEW推出新的LORAINMOTOCRANE系列。这其中包括三种起重机，是历史上首次自身安装了底盘的起重机。最小的MC2，起重量达76吨，MC2起重量为99吨，MC3起重量为135吨。这些起重机许多被用于军队，有的还安装在港口用作港湾式起重机（在MC4型）。当然，这场战争已经削弱了能在起重机行业工作的健壮的男人的数量，并且优秀的起重机司机严重短缺。在THEW，一位毕业于美国海军学院的经验丰富的技工ACBURCH和LKJENKINS进行了为期两天的起重机业务课程的教授。这两位绅士好比是我们今天所知的“经营者培训”的创始人。他们实际上已设计了动力起重机，都深深地了解起重机，并很高兴传授这方面的知识。当日本国家铁路公司致力于采购一种旨在搬动钢轨扣板的原型机，潮流逆转。该设备工作极为出色。IVLASUOTADANO环游日本，用35毫米的电影展示该设备的强大用途。沿路上，他获取了大量订单。同时，他好像成为当今市场营销专家所宠爱的公司影像传播的先驱其他国家也在大力发展起重机。特别是意大利，逐渐发展成为该行业的创新基地。1948年CARLORAIMODI在米兰附近的LEGNANO，首次建造了回转塔式起重机，一种经典的顶端回转起重机。公司最初成立于1863年，在生产起重机之前，是一间铸造厂并为技工和其他行业生产机械设备。当时全球建筑业空前繁荣，吸引了专业设备制造商的注意。其中许多公司在推广起重机后，推出了混凝土搅拌设备。提供了多种不同组合，例如，REICH，IBAG和LIEBHERR设计开发了起重机与混凝土搅拌设备一起使用的组合。桥式起重机小车运行机构设计主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。桥式抓斗起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行，由起重小车带动抓斗抓取物料的一种桥架型起重机。桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。桥式抓斗起重机广泛应用于电厂、煤厂等需要散料装卸的场合，由于该设备笨重，运输安装困难，对其产品质量检测一般需要在现场进行。所以要求控制设备接线方便，体积小便于携带。又由于使用现场条件不动，还要求检测设备有随机手动控制功能，以保证运行时的安全。随着对起重运输机械控制要求的不断提高,控制手段也越来越先进。目前国内的桥式起重机控制系统都需要人在现场进行控制，控制方式都比较落后。在中小型起重机中,大都采用控制器直接控制大、小车运行,主、副钩提升、下降重物及调速。塔式起重机是建筑施工垂直运输的主要设备，也是衡量一个建筑施工企业装备实力的重要标识，在当今竞争日益激烈的建筑市场，为满足施工需要，很多施工企业都购置了塔式起重机。随着塔式起重机在施工现场的广泛使用，由塔式起重机引发的伤亡事故也越来越多，给人民的生命财产带来重大损失。据国内有关部门统计资料表明，塔式起重