(doc)-外文翻译--现代模具制造技术工艺和发展前沿-其他专业

中文4411字英文资料MODERNMOLDMANUFACTUREANDDEVELOPMENTOFCUTTINGEDGETECHNOLOGYMATERIALSBASEDONTHEROLEOFMOLDINDIFFERENTWAYS,CANBESUMMEDUPMODERNPROCESSINGMETHODSFORMOLDREMOVALMETHOD,MOLDINGMETHODANDTHECUMULATIVETHREETYPESOFLAWREMOVALACTMOLDMATERIALWASREMOVEDANDTHENECESSARYFORMSFORMINGMETHODTHESAMETOTALAMOUNTOFMATERIALTHROUGHTHEFLOWOFMATERIALSANDGETTHEBODYCUMULATIVELAWBYTHEMATERIALCONTINUETOINCREASE,THEACCUMULATEDTHENECESSARYPHYSICAL11REMOVALOFMOLDPROCESSINGTHISISTHELARGESTMOLDMAKERFORACLASSOFMETHODS,INCLUDINGMACHINING,EDMEDM,WIRECUTTING,ELECTROLYTIC,ETC,CHEMICALPROCESSING,SUCHASCORROSIONCHARACTERIZEDBYTHESHAPESIZECOMPONENTSISREMOVEDFROMTHEBLANKMATERIALTOBEREDUNDANT111MACHININGABOUT90OFTHEMOLDBYMILLING,TURNING,GRINDINGANDOTHERMACHININGMETHODSTHEYAREMAINLYUSEDTOMOLDPARTSOFTHEFINALPROCESSINGAIDS,ASWELLASWORKINGPARTSOFTHEPREMOLDPROCESSINGANDFINALPROCESSING1HIGHSPEEDMACHININGANDMILLINGTECHNOLOGYBECAUSETHEMOLDCAVITYOFTENWITHALARGENUMBEROFFREEFORMSURFACES,THETRADITIONALHANDMADEHASBEENUNABLETOMEETTHENEEDSOFTHELINKAGEOFTHETHREEAXISORMULTIAXISCNCMILLINGMACHINECANSOLVETHEMAXIMUMEXTENTOFTHEPROBLEMINTHISREGARDTHEREFORE,CNCMILLINGANDPROGRAMMINGTOOLALSONATURALLYBECOMETHEFOCUSOFADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY2DIECUTTINGANDMULTIAXISJOINTCOORDINATEPROCESSINGMODEFORMINGTHEWORKSURFACEGRINDINGISATRADITIONALMETHODOFFINISHINGWITHAHIGHPRECISION,HIGHPERFORMANCEADVANTAGESOFDEGREESINTHEMOLDMANUFACTURE,DIECUTSHAPEISMAINLYUSEDRULEDSURFACEFINISHINGPUNCH,DIEPIECESANDEDMELECTRODESANDOTHERCOMPONENTSUSED3THEMOLDANDPOLISHINGAFTERSURFACEMACHINING,SURFACEROUGHNESS,REGARDLESSOFTHEIRSIZEMUSTBEPOLISHEDAGAINMOLDPOLISHINGMOLDCURRENTRESEARCHISSTILLMAINLYMANUALLYORWITHELECTRICORPNEUMATICEQUIPMENT,MANUALLYPOLISHED,LOWEFFICIENCY,LABORINTENSITY,ANDTHEQUALITYOFINSTABILITYCHINAHASIMPORTEDTHREEDIMENSIONALSURFACECANBEAUTOMATICDIEPOLISHINGOFTHENCINSTITUTEMOLDDEVELOPEDHUMANOIDINTELLIGENTAUTOMATICPOLISHINGTECHNOLOGYHASALSOBEENMADE,BUTFEWERAPPLICATIONSMOLDTHEFUTURERESEARCHWILLBETOWARDSTHESPECIALMODE,THECOMPOSITE,AUTOMATION,INTELLIGENTDIRECTIONEXTRUSIONDIE,SUCHASRESEARCH,STUDYMODEANDLASERPOLISHING,EDMPOLISHING,ELECTROCHEMICALPOLISHING,ASWELLASULTRASONICPOLISHINGCOMPOUNDPOLISHINGEQUIPMENTANDTECHNOLOGY112EDMMOLDPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYOFELECTRICITYMAINLYREFERSTOWIRECUTTING,EDM,PIERCINGANDELECTROLYSISPROCESSING1WEDMCUTTINGEDMSPARKDISCHARGEUSINGMETALMELTINGORVAPORIZATION,ANDMELTINGORVAPORIZATIONOFTHEMETALTOGETRIDOFINORDERTOACHIEVEAVARIETYOFSHAPESMETALPARTSPROCESSINGWIRECUTTINGFORPROCESSINGSMALLPRECISION,COMPLEXSHAPES,MATERIALS,SPECIALDIEPARTS,THEMORECOMPLEXSHAPES,SMALLPRECISIONDIES,CARBIDEDIESINPARTICULAR,ITSECONOMICEFFECTSHASBECOMEMORESIGNIFICANTMICROEDMANDWIRECUTTINGWALKINGISTHEMAINDEVELOPMENTOFHOTSPOTSINRECENTYEARS2CAVITYEDMEDMCAVITYFORMINGAREPLICATIONPROCESS,ITISTHEUSEOFSPARKDISCHARGEMETHODTOCOPYTHESHAPEOFTOOLELECTRODEINTHEBLANKMOLDCAVITYFORMEDEDMCAVITYMOLDINTODAYSMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYHASBEENTOOCCUPYTHEPOSITIONCANNOTBEIGNORED,ITCANBESINTEREDMETALBLOCKSANDSTEELINTHECONVENTIONALMETHODSOFPROCESSINGCANNOTBEPROCESSEDORTHESHAPEOFDIFFICULTPROCESSINGCOMPLEX,THESIZEOFTHEFINEWORK,THERIGHTCHOICEANDTHEUSEOFELECTRODESENABLESTHECOSTOFMOLDMANUFACTURINGMETHODTHANCONVENTIONALLOW40JAPANINVENTEDANEWEDMMETHOD,THATIS,INTHEPROCESSOFADDINGTHERIGHTAMOUNTOFLIQUIDMICROSILICAPOWDER,ORALUMINUMPOWDER,GRAPHITEPOWDERMAYBE,CANMAKEMANYTIMESMORETHANTHESURFACEOFPRECISIONCANBEIMPROVED,THECURRENTPROCESSINGMETHODSCORRESPONDINGEDMHASALSOBEENCOMMERCIALIZEDEDMTECHNOLOGYCANNOTBESEPARATEDFROMTHENEXTTHREETRENDS,NAMELY,HIGHSPEEDANDHIGHPRECISIONANDHIGHAUTOMATION3ELECTROCHEMICALMACHININGECMISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFELECTROLYSISTHEELECTROCHEMICALANODICDISSOLUTIONWILLBETHESHAPEOFTHECATHODETOOLFORCOPYINGONTOBLANKINTHEMOLDCAVITYOFMOLDPROCESSINGASSOONASTHEANODEANDCATHODEPARTSOFTHEFORMINGTOOLINSERTELECTROLYTE,THEEFFECTOFCURRENT,BETWEENTHEANODEANDCATHODEEXCHANGEOFCHARGEANDMATERIALS,THERESULTOFDISSOLUTIONOFWORKPIECEINTHISWAY,CANALSOBEPARTOFTHESURFACEAREACOVEREDBYTHEPROTECTIONLAYER,ONLYTOOTHERPARTSOFTHEPLACEOFTHEOXIDEPARTOFTHEMATERIAL113DIECAD/CAE/CAM1MOLDSOFTWAREINTEGRATION,INTELLIGENTMOLDSOFTWAREINTEGRATEDSOFTWAREMODULESREQUIRERELATIVELYCOMPLETE,WHILETHEFUNCTIONMODULEUSINGTHESAMEDATAMODEL,INORDERTOACHIEVECOMPREHENSIVEMANAGEMENTANDINFORMATIONSHARING,TOSUPPORTTHEMOLDDESIGN,MANUFACTURING,ASSEMBLY,INSPECTION,TESTINGANDPRODUCTIONMANAGEMENTOFTHEENTIREPROCESSTOACHIEVEOPTIMALBENEFITSSUCHASTHEUNITEDKINGDOMSDELEAMSERIESSOFTWAREINCLUDESSURFACE/SOLIDGEOMETRYMODELING,COMPLEXPHYSICALENGINEERINGGRAPHICS,INDUSTRIALDESIGNOFHIGHLEVELRENDERING,PLASTICMOLDDESIGNEXPERTSYSTEM,THECOMPLEXITYOFPHYSICALCAM,MODELINGANDCARVINGARTAUTOMATICPROGRAMMINGSYSTEM,REVERSEENGINEERINGSYSTEMANDONLINEMEASUREMENTOFCOMPLEXPHYSICALSYSTEMS2MOLDDESIGN,ANALYSISANDMANUFACTUREOFTHREEDIMENSIONALMOLDDESIGN,ANALYSIS,MANUFACTURINGTHREEDIMENSIONALANDREQUIREANEWGENERATIONOFPAPERLESSSOFTWARETOTHREEDIMENSIONALMOLD,INTUITIVEFEELTOTHEDESIGNOFMOLD,USINGTHREEDIMENSIONALDIGITALMODELCANBEEASILYUSEDINTHEPRODUCTSTRUCTUREOFTHECAEANALYSIS,TOOLINGMANUFACTURINGEVALUATIONANDCNCMACHINING,FORMINGPROCESS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,THENTHEUSEOFPHYSICALORCHEMICALMEANS,THEFACEOFTHESEDISCRETE,ANDTHEPOINTSEGMENTSFORMEDBYTHEACCUMULATIONOFTHEOVERALLSHAPEOFPARTS,THESPECIFICTHEMETHODISBASEDONTHREEDIMENSIONALCADMODELOFPARTS,AFTERTHEFORMATCONVERSIONOFITSLAYEREDSLICES,THECROSSSECTIONOUTLINEOFTHESHAPEOFEACHFLOOR,ANDTHENUSEALASERBEAMSELECTIVELYCURINGALAYEROFLIQUIDPHOTOSENSITIVERESIN,ORCUTTINGALAYEROFLAYEROFPAPERORMETALFOIL,ORLAYERSOFSINTEREDPOWDERMATERIALS,ASWELLASTHESOURCEOFTHESELECTIVEUSEOFJETINJECTIONLAYERSOFTHEMONGOLIANHOTMELTBINDINGAGENTSORMATERIALS,FORMINGTHEOUTLINEOFTHESHAPEOFTHECROSSSECTION,ANDTHENGRADUALLYINTOATHREEDIMENSIONALSTACKINGTHREEDIMENSIONALPARTS14DIESURFACETREATMENTTECHNOLOGYTHEMAINTRENDSARETHEINFILTRATIONOFASINGLEELEMENTTOTHEMULTIELEMENTCODIFFUSION,COMPLEXPERMEABILITYSUCHASTHETDMETHODDEVELOPMENTBYTHEGENERALSPREADOFTHECVD,PVD,PCVD,IONINFILTRATION,SUCHASTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFIONIMPLANTATIONTHECOATINGMAYHAVETIC,TIN,TICN,TIALN,CRN,ETCATTHESAMETIME,THEATMOSPHEREOFHEATTREATMENTBYMEANSOFHEATTREATMENTTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVACUUMHEATTREATMENTINADDITION,THECURRENTOFTHELASERENHANCEDGLOWPLASMANITRIDINGTECHNOLOGYANDELECTROPLATINGPLATINGANDOTHERANTICORROSIONTECHNOLOGYTOSTRENGTHENMOREANDMOREATTENTION15MOLDDETECTIONEQUIPMENTANDREVERSEENGINEERINGWITHTHESOPHISTICATED,COMPLEX,LARGESCALEMOLDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTESTINGEQUIPMENTHAVEBECOMEINCREASINGLYDEMANDINGTHEACCURACYOFPRECISIONMOLDSNOWHASUPTO23M,THEUSEOFMOREDOMESTICMANUFACTURERSAREITALY,THEUNITEDSTATES,JAPANANDOTHERCOUNTRIESOFTHEHIGHPRECISIONCOORDINATEMEASURINGMACHINE,WITHDIGITALSCANNINGSUCHASDONGFENGMOTORDIEFACTORYINITALYHASA3250MM3250MMCOORDINATEMEASURINGMACHINEANDDIGITALPHOTOGRAPHYOPTICALSCANNERS,THEFIRSTINTHEDOMESTICUSEOFDIGITALPHOTOGRAPHY,THESPACEOFTHREEDIMENSIONALOPTICALSCANNINGASAMEANSOFINFORMATIONACCESS,FROMTHEMEASUREMENTOFTHEPHYSICALREALIZATIONOFTHEESTABLISHMENTOFMATHEMATICALMODEL,THEOUTPUTENGINEERINGDRAWINGSTOTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFMOLDMANUFACTURING,THESUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEREVERSEENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONS16MODERNMOLDINDUSTRYTRENDS1DIECAD/CAE/CAMAREINTEGRATED,THREEDIMENSIONAL,INTELLIGENCEANDNETWORKDIRECTIONDIECAD/CAE/CAMTECHNOLOGYISTHEMOLDDESIGN,MANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTDIRECTIONOFTHEDETECTIONOFMOLDANDTHEWORKPIECEDIGITALIZATIONANDINTEGRATIONOFSOFTWAREFUNCTIONSMOLD,MOLDDESIGN,ANALYSISANDMANUFACTUREOFTHREEDIMENSIONAL,ANDDIEINDUSTRY,ASWELLASREVERSEENGINEERINGTOOLFORSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSNETWORKISTHEMAINTREND2TOTHEPRECISIONMOLDMANUFACTURING,HIGHEFFICIENCY,COMPLEXANDMULTIDIRECTIONPRECISIONCNCEDMMACHINEELECTRICSPARKFORMINGMACHINETOOLS,THREADCUTTINGANDWALKINGSPEEDWEDMWIRESERVICESHAVEBEENINTHEPROCESSINGEFFICIENCY,ACCURACYANDCOMPLEXPROCESSINGTOACHIEVEABREAKTHROUGHINELECTRICDISCHARGEMILLINGHASBEENABROADFORMOLDPROCESSING3RAPIDECONOMICMODELINGTECHNIQUESAREAPPLIEDRAPIDTOOLING,MAINLYFROMTHEFOLLOWINGFOURAREASTOACCELERATETHESPEEDOFMODELINGFIRST,IMPROVETHEPROCESSINGSPEEDSUCHASHIGHSPEEDMIRRORCUTIIISBASEDONRAPIDPROTOTYPINGRAPIDTOOLINGTECHNOLOGYTHIRD,CHOOSEFREECUTTINGMOLDMATERIALSUCHASALUMINUMALLOYTOSPEEDUPSPEEDTOOLINGFOURTH,THEUSEOFCOMPOSITEPROCESSING,MULTIPROCESSINGTOIMPROVEPROCESSINGEFFICIENCY4SPECIALPROCESSINGTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFURTHERTOWARDPRECISIONEDM,ANDMICROORIENTEDDIRECTIONELECTRODEINTHESIMPLIFIEDPREPARATION,SIMPLIFYINGTHEPROGRAMMINGANDOPERATION,IMPROVETHEPROCESSINGSPEEDASWELLASEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERSCONTINUETOREDUCECOSTSHAVEALSODONEACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFRESEARCHANDPRACTICE5AUTOMATICPROCESSINGTOOLANDDEVELOPMENTSYSTEMWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFNEWTECHNOLOGIES,THEREHASBEENATOOLOFFOREIGNAUTOPROCESSINGSYSTEMTHISISWHATCHINASLONGTERMDEVELOPMENTGOALSAUTOMATICPROCESSINGSYSTEMSHOULDDIETHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICSMORETHANTHERATIONALCOMBINATIONOFMACHINETOOLSWITHACCOMPANYINGPLATEPOSITIONINGFIXTUREORPOSITIONINGACOMPLETEMACHINERY,CNCTOOLLIBRARYACOMPLETESYNCHRONIZATIONOFFLEXIBLECNCSYSTEMQUALITYMONITORINGCONTROLSYSTEM6MOLDMATERIALSANDSURFACETREATMENTTECHNOLOGYHASDEVELOPEDRAPIDLYINTHEMOLDMATERIAL,ALARGENUMBEROFDEDICATEDTOTHEMOLDFORMINGPROCESSOFDIFFERENTMATERIALSHAVECOMEOUTINSUCCESSIONANDPUTINTOUSEINTHEMOLDSURFACETREATMENTISCONCERNED,THETRENDISBYTHEINFILTRATIONOFASINGLEELEMENTTOTHEMULTIELEMENTCODIFFUSION,COMPLEXPERMEABILITYSUCHASTHETDMETHODDEVELOPMENTBYTHEGENERALSPREADOFTHECVD,PVD,PCVD,IONINFILTRATION,SUCHASTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFIONIMPLANTATIONATTHESAMETIMEATMOSPHERICHEATTREATMENTBYMEANSOFHEATTREATMENTTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVACUUMHEATTREATMENTINADDITION,THECURRENTLASERENHANCEDGLOWPLASMANITRIDINGTECHNOLOGYANDELECTROPLATINGPLATINGANDOTHERANTICORROSIONTECHNOLOGYTOSTRENGTHENMOREANDMOREATTENTION资料翻译现代模具制造技术工艺和发展前沿根据对模具材料的作用方式不同，可把现代模具加工方法归纳为去除法、成型法和累加法三种类型。去除法模具材料被去除而得到所需形体成形法材料总量不变，通过材料的流动而得到所需形体累加法由材料不断地增多，累积得到所需形体。11模具的去除法加工这是最大的一类模具制造方法，包括机械加工、电加工电火花成形、线切割、电解等、化学腐蚀加工等。特征是，零件的形状尺寸是通过从坯料中去除多余材料而得到。111机械加工大约有90左右的模具主要由铣削、车削、磨削等机加工方法完成。它们主要用于模具辅助零件的最终加工以及模具工作零件的预加工和最终加工。（1）切削加工及高速铣削技术因为型腔模具往往带有大量的自由曲面，传统的手工制作已经无法满足需要，而三轴或多轴联动的数控铣床却可以最大程度上解决这方面的难题。所以，数控铣削加工及其编程技术也自然成为模具先进制造技术的重点。（2）模削加工及多轴联动坐标模成形磨削是工作型面精加工的一种传统方法，具有高精度、高效度的优点。在模具制造中，成形模削主要用于精加工直纹曲面凸模、拼块凹模及电火花加工用的电极等零件。（3）研模及抛光经机加工的工件表面，无论其表面粗糙度大小如何都必须进行再次抛光。模具的研模抛光目前仍以手动为主或借助电动或气动设备手动抛光，效率低、劳动强度大、质量不稳定。中国已经进口可实现三维曲面模具自动研抛的数控研模机。自行研制仿人智能自动抛光技术也取得了成果，但应用较少。今后模具研模将向着特种化、复合化、自动化、智能化方向发展。如挤压研模、激光研模和研抛、电火花抛光、电化学抛光、超声抛光以及复合抛光技术与工艺装备。112电加工模具的电加工技术主要指线切割、电火花成形、穿孔和电解加工等。（1）电火花线切割加工电火花切割加工是利用火花放电使金属熔化或汽化，并把熔化或汽化了的金属去除掉，从而实现各种形状金属零件的加工。线切割用于加工精密细小、形状复杂、材料特殊的冲模零件，愈是形状复杂、精密细小的冲模，特别是硬质合金模具，其经济效果愈显著。微细电火花加工和慢走丝线切割加工是近年来的主要发展热点。（2）型腔电火花加工型腔电火花加工是一种复制成形加工工艺，它是利用火花放电方法，将工具电极的形状复印在模具坯件上而形成型腔。型腔电火花加工工艺在当今模具制造业中已占据不容忽视的位置，用它可以在钢块及烧结金属中加工出用常规方法无法加工或难以加工的形状复杂、尺寸精细的工件，正确选择和使用电极可使模具制造费用比常规方法低40。日本发明了一种新的电火花成形加工方法，即在加工液中加入适量的微细硅粉末，或者铝粉、石墨粉均可，可以使表面精度提高数倍以上，目前这种加工方法对应的电火花机床也已经商品化。今后电火花加工技术离不开三种趋势，即高速度化、高精度化和高自动化。（3）电解加工电解加工是基于电解作用原理电化学阳极溶解将工具阴极的形状复印在模具坯件上来加工模具型腔的。即将作为阳极的工件和作为阴极的成形工具插入电解液，在电流的作用下，阳极和阴极之间发生电荷和材料的交换，其结果使工件溶解。利用这种方法，还可将工件表面的部分区域覆盖保护层，只对另外部分进行氧化而去处该部分的材料。113模具CAD/CAE/CAM（1）模具软件功能集成化、智能化模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国DELEAM公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。（2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如CIMATRON公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。（3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。114化学腐蚀加工化学腐蚀加工的原理是基于金属在酸、碱、盐溶液中的可溶性，即金属材料由于其材料微观区域之间的能差或材料与腐蚀溶剂之间的能差而发生溶解。金属原子释放电子后以离子形式从金属晶格中逸出，自由离子和腐蚀溶液中存在的阴离子及阳离子结合而消失。去除的金属离子与阴离子结合成为不溶性金属盐，这种不溶性金属盐必须用过滤或离心的办法从腐蚀溶液中分离出来。例如，蚀刻。12模具的成形法加工在很多情况下，需要应用特种钢、有色金属合金或非金属材料，由成形法来制造各种形状的模具型腔。成形法包括铸造、塑性成形等，它们的共同特征是零件的形状尺寸由坯件材料的转移而获得，在加工过程中，材料的量基本不变。121铸造法制模模具常用铸造工艺可分为三种类型，即砂型铸造、陶瓷铸造及实型铸造。具体使用哪一种类型取决于模具的尺寸、精度、所需的复制性以及要达到的表面质量。用浇注法制造模具的最大优点是浇铸完后几乎可以马上使用，后续加工量很少。122塑性挤压法制模（1）热压印法热压印法是将模块加热到锻造温度后，用预先准备好的模芯压人模块而挤压出型槽的方法。模芯可用零件本身或事先专门加工的模芯。（2）冷挤压法挤压模头具有要成形零件的外部形状，经过淬火、抛光，然后在连续增加的压力作用下，0110MM/MIN的速度强行挤入较软的退火钢块，这样在钢块中就形成了挤压模头复制的凹模型。这种工艺限于模头最大承受压力约3000MPA并受到退火后钢块屈服强度的限制。（3）超塑性挤压法超塑性挤压法是利用材料在超塑性状态下，以成形冲头将型腔挤压成形的方法。处于高塑性状态的材料挤压成型腔，表面光洁、尺寸精确材料变形抗力低，与冷挤压相比可降低挤压力约几十分之一此外，模具从设计到加工都得到简化，材料消耗减少，模具成本降低模具寿命高。13模具的累加法加工模具的累加法加工指零件形状是由不断地按一定指令添加材料、累计而得到，主要包括喷涂、电铸、激光快速原型制造等加工工艺。131金属喷涂在高温及低温下的金属喷涂，可用于小型实验性模具。高温喷涂（将固化金属加入到氧乙炔火焰中熔融），低温喷涂（将低熔点合金放人喷枪，在电热元件作用下熔化，并喷涂在模型表面），金属涂层的厚度为13MM。当涂层冷却下来后，将“母模”从模型上取下模型至少有2的斜度镶嵌到模架上的衬垫材料中，衬垫可以是低熔点合金，也可以是和铝粉混合在一起的环氧树脂，在结构发泡模具中，有时也将水泥用作衬垫材料。132电铸法电铸法也称电解沉积，即利用电化学阴极沉积原理，在模型阴极上电解沉积金属的办法来得到所要求的型腔。当将模型从沉积层上取出后，沉积层本身就形成了一个壳体将壳体加一层衬套增强后，就可以放入模板，即形成一个有效的成形元件。电铸法的优点是它可准确的复制表面即便是深窄型腔也可完成复制及其尺寸精度，并可用一个模型制作成几个相同的型腔。其缺点是较费时间，成本也较高。133快速原型法和快速制模RP/RT技术快速原型法是一种基于离散和堆积原理的制造技术。它将零件的CAD模型按一定的方式离散，成为可加工的离散面、离散线和离散点，而后采用物理或化学手段，将这些离散的面、线段和点堆积而形成零件的整体形状，具体的方法是依据零件的三维CAD模型，经过格式转换后，对其分层切片，得到各层截面的轮廓形状，然后用激光束选择性地固化一层层的液态光敏树脂，或切割一层层的纸或金属箔片，或烧结一层层的粉末材料，以及用喷射源选择性地喷射一层层的蒙古结剂或热熔性材料，形成各截面的轮廓形状，再逐步叠加成三维立体零件。14模具材料表面处理技术主要趋势是由渗入单一元素向多元素共渗、复合渗如TD法发展由一般扩散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、离子渗入、离子注入等方向发展可采用的镀膜有TIC、TIN、TICN、TIALN、CRN等，同时