对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术 英文原版+中文翻译

ADVANCEDSPACETECHNOLOGYFOROILSPILLDETECTION1ADVANCEDSPACETECHNOLOGYFOROILSPILLDETECTIONMARALHZEYNALOVA,RUSTAMBRUSTAMOVANDSAIDAESALAHOVAABSTRACTENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION,INCLUDINGOILSPILLISONEOFTHEMAJORECOLOGICALPROBLEMSNEGATIVEHUMANIMPACTSDEMANDSTODEVELOPAPPROPRIATELEGISLATIONSWITHINTHENATIONALANDINTERNATIONALFRAMEWORKFORMARINEANDCOASTALENVIRONMENTASWELLASTHEONSHOREPROTECTIONSEVERALSEAS,FORINSTANCETHEMEDITERRANEAN,THEBALTICANDTHENORTHSEASWEREDECLAREDASSPECIALAREASWHERESHIPDISCHARGESARECOMPLETELYPROHIBITEDSATELLITEMONITORING,LUKOILINTHISREGARDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONOFTHECASPIANSEAHASAPRIORITYSTATUSFORAZERBAIJANASACLOSEDWATERBASINECOSYSTEMTHISAREA,ASAHIGHLYSENSITIVEAREAINTHEWORLDREQUIRESPERMANENTECOLOGICALMONITORINGSERVICESWHEREOILANDGASFROMTHESUBSURFACEOFTHECASPIANSEAISDEVELOPINGALMOSTMORETHANACENTURYTHISSTATUSOFTHECASPIANSEAISEXPECTEDTOBERETENTIONATLEASTFORTHECOMINGFTYYEARSREMOTESENSINGISAKEYINSTRUMENTFORSUCCESSFULRESPONSETOTHEONSHOREANDOFFSHOREOILSPILLSIMPACTSTHEREISANEXTREMENEEDFORTIMELYRECOGNITIONOFTHEOILSPILLEDAREASWITHTHEEXACTPLACEOFLOCATION,EXTENTOFITSOILCONTAMINATIONANDVERICATIONOFPREDICTIONSOFTHEMOVEMENTANDFATEOFOILSLICKSBLACKSEAREGIONISEXPECTEDTOHAVEADRAMATICINCREASEINTHETRAFCOFCRUDEOILMAINLYFROMTHECASPIANREGIONTHEMAINREASONFORTHESECHANGESISTHEGROWTHOFOILINDUSTRYINBOTHKAZAKHSTANANDAZERBAIJANTHEREALSUBSTANTIALCHANGESINTANKERMOVEMENTSANDROUTSARENOTCLEARTILLNOWANECESSITYFORACONTINUOUSOBSERVATIONOFTHEMARINEENVIRONMENTCOMESAFOREWHENCLARIFYINGTHETENDENCIESOFCHANGESINTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHEPARTICULARLYDANGEROUSPOLLUTINGSUBSTANCESASWELLASTHEBEHAVIOROFDIFFERENTKINDSOFPOLLUTINGSUBSTANCESINTHEDETECTEDAREAIE,CREATIONOFASYSTEMFORMONITORINGTHEPOLLUTIONLASTOYANOVANDGDBALASHOV,UNISPACEIII,VARNA,BULGARIATHEEXPLORATIONOFGEOLOGICALANDOILPRODUCTIONSTARTEDINTHESHELFOFTHECASPIANSEAALONGTIMEAGOTHECASPIANSEAISAHIGHLYSENSITIVEREGIONONECOLOGICALANDBIODIVERSITYPOINTOFVIEWOILDUMPSANDEMERGENCYOILSPILLHAVEANEXTREMELYBADINUENCEONTHEMARINEANDEARTHECOSYSTEMANDCANLEADTOTHEECOLOGICALBALANCECERTAINLYTHEGENERALISSUEOFOILANDGASPIPELINESAFETYINCLUDESASPECTSOFNATURALDISASTERSANDPROBLEMSRELATEDTOTHEENVIRONMENTAFTERSUCCESSFULCONSTRUCTIONOFTHEBAKUTBILISICEYHANOILPIPELINEANDBAKUTBILISIERZRUMGASPIPELINETHESEASPECTSESPECIALLYBECAMEVERYIMPORTANTFORAZERBAIJANANDDENITELY,FORTHEREGIONTHEBAKUTBILISICEYHANCRUDEOILEXPORTPIPELINECOMPRISESAREGIONALCRUDEOILEXPORTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,APPROXIMATELY1750INOVERALLLENGTHGENERALLY,OILSPILLMONITORINGINTHEOFFSHOREANDONSHOREISCARRIEDOUTBYMEANSOFSPECIALLYEQUIPPEDAIRBORNE,SHIPSANDSATELLITESOBVIOUSLY,DAYLIGHTSANDWEATHERCONDITIONSLIMITMARINEANDAERIALSURVEILLANCEOFOILSPILLSADVANCEDSPACETECHNOLOGYFOROILSPILLDETECTION2KEYWORDSSPACETECHNOLOGYSPACEIMAGEOILSPILDETECTIONINTRODUCTIONGENERALLY,OILSPILLAGEISCATEGORIZEDINTOFOURGROUPSMINOR,MEDIUM,MAJORANDDISASTERMINORSPILLNEITHERTAKESPLACEWHENOILDISCHARGEISLESSTHAN25BARRELSININLANDWATERSNORLESSTHAN250BARRELSONLAND,THEOFFSHOREORCOASTALWATERSTHATDOESNORPOSEATHREATTOTHEPUBLICHEALTHORWELFAREINCASEOFTHEMEDIUMSPILLTHESPILLMUSTBE250BARRELSORLESSINTHEINLANDWATERORFROM250TO2500BARRELSONLAND,OFFSHOREANDCOASTALWATERWHILEFORTHEMAJORSPILL,THEDISCHARGETOTHEINLANDWATERSISINEXCESSOF250BARRELSONLAND,OFFSHOREORCOASTALWATERSTHEDISASTERREFERSTOANYUNCONTROLLEDWELLBLOWOUT,PIPELINERUPTUREORSTORAGETANKFAILUREWHICHPOSESANIMMEDIATETHREATTOPUBLICHEALTHORWELFARESATELLITEBASEDREMOTESENSINGEQUIPMENTINSTALLEDINTHESATELLITEISUSEDFORMONITORING,DETECTINGANDIDENTIFYINGSOURCESOFACCIDENTALOILSPILLSREMOTESENSINGDEVICESINCLUDETHEUSEOFINFRARED,VIDEOANDPHOTOGRAPHYFROMAIRBORNEPLATFORMSINTHEMEANTIMEPRESENTLYANUMBEROFSYSTEMSLIKEAIRBORNERADAR,LASERUORESCENCE,MICROWAVERADIOMETER,SAR,ERS1,ERS2,ENVISATANDLANDSATSATELLITESYSTEMSAREAPPLIEDFORTHESAMEPURPOSESCURRENTLYMORETHANADOZENSATELLITESAREINTHEORBITPRODUCINGPETABYTESOFDATADAILYDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHESESATELLITES,MAJORCHARACTERISTICSOFSENSORSCANBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWSSPATIALRESOLUTIONOFSENSORSRANGESFROM1METEREGIKONOSTOSEVERALKILOMETERSEGGEOSSATELLITESENSORSCOMMONLYUSEVISIBLETONEARINFRARED,INFRAREDANDMICROWAVEPORTIONSOFELECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUMSPECTRALRESOLUTIONOFSATELLITEDATARANGESFROMSINGLEBANDRADARSATTOMULTIBANDSEGMODISWITH36BANDSTEMPORALRESOLUTIONREPEATTIMEVARIESFROMSEVERALTIMESADAYEGMETEOSATTHEMAJORITYOFSATELLITESARESUNSYNCHRONOUSANDPOLARORBITING,CROSSINGTHEEQUATORATAROUND10AMLOCALTIMEDURINGTHEIRDESCENDINGPASSDIGITALDATAAREAVAILABLEINBOTHPANCHROMATICBLACKANDWHITEANDMULTISPECTRALMODESUSINGTHERECENTADVANCEDSPACETECHNOLOGY,THEFOLLOWINGMETHODOLOGYCANBEAPPLIEDFORTHEOILSPILLSDETECTIONSDEVELOPMENTOFOILSPILLDETECTIONMETHODSFORTHEPURPOSEOFPRACTICALOILSPILLSURVEILLANCERELATEDTOTHESPACEIMAGERYWITHAPPLICATIONOFANYWEATHERCONDITIONSADAPTATIONOFTHEOBSERVATIONTOOTHERSYSTEMSTOPREDICTTHEOILSPILLSPREADDIRECTIONANDOWRATECHARACTERISTICS,DETERMINATIONTHEPOLLUTANTCONTAMINATIONSDEVELOPMENTOFAPPROPRIATEDATAANDUSERINTERFACETHEREISANEEDFOREFFECTIVELYDIRECTSPILLCOUNTERMEASURESSUCHASMECHANICALCONTAINMENTANDRECOVERY,DISPERSANTAPPLICATIONANDBURNING,PROTECTIONOFSITESALONGTHREATENEDCOASTLINESANDTHEPREPARATIONOFR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