英文翻译-rockbolts and cables 岩石锚杆和锚索

本科毕业设计论文英语翻译译文题目ROCKBOLTSANDCABLES岩石锚杆和锚索学生姓名专业勘查技术与工程班级学号指导老师指导教师职称教授2013年5月10日ROCKBOLTSANDCABLESROCKBOLTSANDDOWELSHAVEBEENUSEDFORMANYYEARSFORTHESUPPORTOFUNDERGROUNDEXCAVATIONSANDAWIDEVARIETYOFBOLTANDDOWELTYPESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOMEETDIFFERENTNEEDSWHICHARISEINMININGANDCIVILENGINEERINGROCKBOLTSGENERALLYCONSISTOFPLAINSTEELRODSWITHAMECHANICALANCHORATONEENDANDAFACEPLATEANDNUTATTHEOTHERTHEYAREALWAYSTENSIONEDAFTERINSTALLATIONFORMOREPERMANENTAPPLICATIONSORINROCKINWHICHCORROSIVEGROUNDWATERISPRESENT,THESPACEBETWEENTHEBOLTANDTHEROCKCANBEFILLEDWITHCEMENTORRESINGROUTDOWELSORANCHORBARSGENERALLYCONSISTOFDEFORMEDSTEELBARSWHICHAREGROUTEDINTOTHEROCKTENSIONINGISNOTPOSSIBLEANDTHELOADINDOWELSISGENERATEDBYMOVEMENTSINTHEROCKMASSINORDERTOBEEFFECTIVE,DOWELSHAVETOBEINSTALLEDBEFORESIGNIFICANTMOVEMENTINTHEROCKMASSHAVETAKENPLACETHEROCKBOLTANDDOWELAPPLICATIONSCANBEUSEDTOCONTROLDIFFERENTTYPESOFFAILURETHATOCCURINROCKMASSESAROUNDUNDERGROUNDOPENNINGSTHEMOVETOWARDSLARGERUNDERGROUNDEXCAVATIONSINBOTHMININGANDCIVILENGINNEERINGHASRESULTEDINTHEGRADUALDEVELOPMENTOFCABLEREINFORCEMENTTECHNOLOGYTOTAKEONTHESUPPORTDUTIESWHICHEXCEEDTHECAPACITYOFTRADITONALROCKBOLTSANDDOWELSEXPANSIONSHELLROCKBOLTANCHORSCOMEINAWIDEVARIETYOFSTYLESBUTTHEBASICPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONISTHESAMEINALLOFTHESEANCHORSTHECOMPONENTSOFATYPICALEXPANSIONSHELLANCHORAREATAPEREDCONEWITHANINTERALTHREADANDAPAIROFWEDGESHELDINPLACEBYABAILTHECONEISSCREWEDONTOTHETHREADEDENDOFTHEBOLTANDTHEENTIREASSEMBLYISINSERTEDINTOTHETHATHASBEENDRILLEDTORECEIVETHEROCKBOLTTHELENGTHOFTHEHOLESHOULDBEATLEAST100MMLONGERTHANTHEBOLTOTHERWISETHEBAILWILLBEDISLODGEDBYBEINGFORCEDAGAINSTTHEENDOFTHEHOLEONCETHEASSEMBLYISINPLACE,ASHARPPULLONTHEENDOFTHEBOLTWILLSEATTHEANCHORTIGHTENINGTHEBOLTWILLFORCETHECONEFURTHERINTOTHEWEDGETHEREBYINCREASINGTHEANCHORFORCETHESEEXPANSIONSHELLANCHORSWORKWELLINHARDROCKBUTTHEYARENOTVERYEFFECTIVEINCLOSELYJOINTEDROCKSANDINSOFTROCKS,BECAUSEOFDEFORMATIONANDFAILUREOFTHEROCKINCONTACTWITHTHEWEDGEGRIPSATTHEOTHERENDOFTHEROCKBOLTFROMTHEANCHOR,AFIXEDHEADORTHREADEDENDANDNUTSYSTEMCANBEUSEDINEITHERCASE,SOMEFORMOFFACEPLATEISREQUIRETODISTRIBUTETHELOADFROMTHEBOLTONTOTHEROCKFACEINADDITION,ATAPEREDWASHERORCONICALSEATISNEEDEDTOCOMPENSATEFORTHEFACTTHATTHEROCKFACEISVERYSELDOMATRIGHTANGLESTOTHEBOLTAWIDEVARIETYOFFACEPLATESANDTAPEREDORDOMEDWASHERSAREAVAILBABLEFROMROCKBOLTSUPPLIERSINGENERAL,THREADSONROCKBOLTSSHOULDBEASCOARSEASPOSSIBLEANDSHOULDBEROLLEDRATHERTHANCUTAFINETHEADISEASILYDAMAGEDANDWILLCAUSEINSTALLATIONPROBLEMSINATYPICLEUNDERGROUNDENVIRONMENTACUTTHREADWEAKENSTHEBOLTANDITISNOTUNUSUALTOSEEBOLTSWITHCUTTHREADSTHATHAVEFAILEDATTHEFIRSTTHETHREADATTHEBACKOFTHENUTUNFORTUNATELY,ROLLEDTHREADBOLTSAREMOREEXPENSIVETOMANUFACTUREANDTHEADDEDCOSTTENDSTOLIMITTHEIRAPPLICATIONTOSITUATIONSWHEREHIGHSTRENGTHBOLTSAREREQUIREDTENSIONINGOFROCKBOLTSISIMPORTANTTOENSURETHATALLOFTHECOMPONENTSAREINCONTACTANDTHATAPOSITIVEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOTHEROCKINTHECASEOFLIGHT“SAFETY”BOLTS,THEAMOUNTOFTENSIONAPPLIEDISNOTCRITICALANDTIGHTENINGTHENUTWITHACONVENTIONALWRENCHORWITHAPNEUMATICTORQUEWRENCHISADEQUATEWHERETHEBOLTSAREREQUIREDTOCARRYASIGNIFICANTLOAD,ITISGENERALLYRECOMMENDEDTHATATENSIONOFAPPROXIMATELY70OFTHECAPACITYOFTHEBOLTBEINSTALLEDINITIALLYTHISPROVIDESAKNOWNLOADWITHARESERVEINCASEOFADDITIONALLOADBEINGINDUCEDBYDISPLACEMENTSINTHEROCKMASSONEOFTHEPRIMARYCAUSESOFROCKBOLTFAILUREISRUSTINGORCORROSIONANDTHISCANBECOUNTERACTEDBYFILLINGTHEGAPBETWEENTHEBOLTANDTHEDRILLHOLEWALLWITHGROUTWHILETHISISNOTREQUIREINTEMPORARYSUPPORTAPPLICATION,GROUTINGSHOUDBECONSIDEREDWHERETHEGROUNDWATERISLIKELYTOINDUCECORROSIONORWHERETHEBOLTSAREREQUIRETOPERFORMA“PERMANENT”SUPPORTFUNCTIONTHETRADITIONALMETHODOFGROUTINGUPHOLEROCKBOLTSISTOUSEASHORTGROUTTUBETOFEEDTHEGROUTINTOTHEHOLEANDASMALLERDIAMETERBREATHERTUBE,EXTENDINGTOTHEENDOFTHEHOLE,TOBLEEDTHEAIRFROMTHEHOLETHEBREATHERTUBEISGENERALLYTAPEDTOBOLTSHANKANDTHISTENDSTOCAUSEPROBLEMSBECAUSETHISTUBEANDITSATTACHMENTSCANBEDAMAGEDDURINGTRANSPORTATIONORINSERTIONINTOTHEHOLEINADDITION,THEFACEPLATEHASTOBEDRILLEDTOACCOMOMODATETHETWOTUBESSEALINGTHESYSTEMFORGROUTINJECTIONCANBEPROBLEMMANYOFTHESEDIFFICULTIESAREOVERCOMEBYUSINGAHOLLOWCOREBOLTWHILEMOREEXPENSIVETHANCONVENTIONALBOLTSMAKETHEGROUTINGPROCESSMUCHMORERELIABLEANDSHOULDBECONSIDEREDWHEREVERPERMANENTROCKBOLTINSTALLATIONSAREREQUIRETHEGROUTSHOULDBEINJECTEDTHROUGHASHORTGROUTTUBEINSERTEDINTOTHECOLLAROFTHEHOLEANDTHECENTRALHOLEINTHEBOLTSHOULDBEUSEDASBREATHERTUBEWHENINSTALLINGTHESEBOLTSINDOWNHOLES,THEGROUTSHOULDBEFEDTHROUGHTHEBOLTTOTHEENDOFTHEHOLEANDTHESHORTTUBEUSEDASABREATHERTUBESINCETHEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFGROUTINGMECHANICALLYANCHOREDBOLTSISTOPREVENTCORRSIONANDTHELOCKTHEMECHANICALANCHORINPLACE,THESTRENGHREQUIREMENTFORTHEGROUTISNOTASIMPORTANTASITISINTHECASEOFGROUTEDDOWELSORCABLESTHEGROUTSHOULDBEREADILYPUMPABLEWITHOUTBEINGTOOFLUIDANDATYPICLEWATER/CEMENTRATIOOF04TO05ISAGOODSTARTINAPOINTFORAGROUTMIXFORTHISAPPLICATIONITISMOSTIMPORTANTTOENSURETHATTHEANNULARSPACEBETWEENTHEBOLTANDTHEDRILLHOLEWALLISCOMPLETELYFILLEDWITHGROUTPUMPINGSHOULDBECONTINUEDUNTILTHEREISACLEARINDICATIONTHATTHEAIRHASSTOPPEDBLEEDINGTHROUGHTHEBREATHERTUBEORTHATGROUTISSEENTORETURNTHROUGHTHISTUBEACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEWOFCABLESUPPORTINUNDERGROUNDMININGHASBEENGIVENINABOOKBYHUTCHINSONANDDIEDERICHS1996SOMEOFTHEMAINCABLETYPESUSEDBYMININGHAVEBEENSUMMARISEDBYWINDSOR1992ANDAREILLUSTRATEDINSOMEBOOKS1BONDSTRENGTHASTHECABLEPULLSOUTOFTHEGROUT,THERESULTANTINTERFERENCEOFTHESPIRALSTEELWIRESWITHTHEIRASSOCIATEDGROUTINPRINTSORFLUTESCAUSESRADIALDISPLACEMENTORDILATIONOFTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTHEGROUTANDTHECABLETHERADIALDILATIONINDUCESACONFININGPRESSURETHATISPROPORTIONALTOTHECOMBINEDSTIFFNESSOFTHEGROUTANDTHEROCKSURROUNDINGTHEBOREHOLETHESHEARSTRESS,WHICHRESISTSSLIDINGOFTHECABLE,ISAPRODUCTOFTHECONFININGPRESSUREANDTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONBETWEENTHESTEELWIRESANDTHEGROUTSHEARSTRENGTH,THEREFORE,INCREASESWETHHIGHERGROUTSTRENGTH,INCREASESINTHEGROUTANDTHEROCKSTIFFNESSANDINCREASESINTHECONFININGSTRESSESINTHEROCKAFTERINSTALLATIONOFTHECABLECONVERSELY,DECREASEINSHEARSTRENGTHCANBEEXPECTEDIFANYOFTHESEFACTORSDECREASEORIFTHEGROUTCRUSHES2GROUTSANDGROUTINGTHEQUESTIONOFGROUTQUALITYHASALWAYSBEENAMATTEROFCONCERNINREINFORCEMENTSYSTEMSFORUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONONEOFTHECRITICALFACTORSINTHISMATTERHASBEENTHEEVOLUTIONOFGROUTPUMPSCAPABLEOFPUMPINGGROUTSWITHALOWENOUGHWATER/CEMENTRATIOBYWEIGHTTOACHIEVEADEQUATESTRENGTHSFORTUNATELY,THISPROBLEMHASNOWBEENOVERCOMEANDTHEREISARANGEOFGROUTPUMPSONTHEMARKETWHICHWILLPUMPVERYVISCOUSGROUTSANDWILLOPERATERELIABLYUNDERTYPICALUNDERGROUNDCONDITIONSTHERESULTSOFACOMPREHENSIVETESTINGPROGRAMMEONPORTLANDCEMENTGROUTSHAVEBEENSUMMARISEDBYHYETTETAL1992ANDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEPROPERTIESOFGROUTSWITHWATER/CEMENTRATIOSOF035TO04ARESIGNIFICANTLYBETTERTHANTHOSEWITHRATIOSINEXCESSOF05HOWEVER,HYETTETALFOUNDTHATTHESCATTERINTESTRESULTSINCREASEDMARKEDLYFORWATER/CEMENTRATIOSLESSTHAN035THEIMPLICATIONISTHATTHEIDEALWATER/CEMENTRATIOFORUSEWITHCABLEREINFORCEMENTLIESINTHERANGEOF035TO04岩石锚杆多年来，岩石锚杆和锚栓已经应用于地下工程开挖支护中，人们开发了各种各样的岩石锚杆和锚栓以满足在采矿和土木工程等不同方面的需求。岩石锚杆通常由一端具有机械锚头、另一端具有垫板和螺帽的普通钢筋构成。它们在安装后通常进行张拉。对短期使用来说锚杆一般不进行注浆。对长期使用或岩石中的地下水具有腐蚀性时，锚杆与岩体之间的间隙用水泥或树脂填注。锚栓或锚固钢筋一般由插入岩石的成型钢筋组成并注浆。不可能发生张拉，锚栓的荷载有岩体的变位而引起。为了使这些锚栓起作用，必须在岩体发生明显位移之前安装。在工程上采用的岩石锚杆和锚栓，可用于控制地下硐室围岩所发生的不同形式的破坏。在采矿工程和土木工程中，地下工程规模越来越大的趋势带动了锚索加固技术的不断发展，它所起的作用，超过了传统的岩石锚杆和锚栓。胀壳式岩石锚杆具有各种各样的类型，但是，在所有这些锚杆中，工作基本原理是相同的。典型的胀壳式锚杆有带内丝的锥形螺母和由顶板固定的一对楔形体。锥形螺母在锚杆具有螺丝的一端被拧紧，整个装配过程是将锚杆插入已钻成的锚杆孔内。孔的长度至少要比锚杆的长度长100MM，否则，顶板将由于钻孔末端的作用力使卡箍卸载。一旦装配到位，将锚杆末端猛地一拉，使锚杆到位。上紧锚杆迫使锥体进入楔形体，从而增加锚固力。胀壳式锚固器在坚硬岩石中工作良好，但在与楔形体啮合的节理带和软岩中由于岩石变形破坏，这种方法不是非常有效。锚固器锚杆的一端，可以采用固定头和螺帽系统。在任一情况下，均需要某种类型的垫板将锚杆的荷载传到岩石表面上。另外，因为岩石表面很少与锚杆成正交，需要一个锥型垫或锥型座进行调整。岩石锚杆生产商供应各种各样垫板或圆型垫圈。一般来说，岩石锚杆的螺纹应尽可能粗，并且应该是轧制螺纹而不是切割螺纹。细螺纹容易损坏，并且在典型的地下环境中容易产生安装问题。切割螺纹使锚杆弱化，经常价格昂贵，增加的费用限制了它只能在需要高强度锚杆的地方使用。岩石锚杆的张拉重要的，它要保证所有的部分相互接触，并且在岩石上施加压力。在使用对安全性要求较小的锚杆时，所施加的张力的大小并不重要，使用常规的扳手或气压扭矩式扳手拧紧螺帽就已经足够。在需要锚杆承担大荷载的地方，一般建议在安装的初期，施加锚杆的张力为允许荷载的70。在岩体中因位移产生附加荷载时，这种做法提供了一个保守的已知的荷载。岩石锚杆破坏的主要原因之一是锈蚀或腐蚀，这些可以采用在锚杆和钻孔孔壁之间充填将夜的办法进行防治。这些措施在临时支护时并不需要，但是在地下水有可能产生腐蚀作用或锚杆需要作为永久支护的地方，应尽可能考虑使用注浆锚杆。在方向向上的岩石锚杆钻孔中进行注浆的传统方法是使用短注浆管把浆液注入钻孔中，将一个直径较小的排气管插到钻孔底部，从钻孔中排气。排气管通常和锚杆捆绑在一起，这种方法又是会产生问题，因为这些排气管和它的捆扎物在运输或插进钻孔的过程中可