risk management evaluation endosulfan - unece风险管理评价硫丹-联合国欧洲经济委员会

RISKMANAGEMENTEVALUATIONENDOSULFANLONGVERSIONUNECECONTEXTPREPAREDBYBIPROGMBH,GERMANYMAI2010TABLEOFCONTENTEXECUTIVESUMMARYEXECUTIVESUMMARY31INTRODUCTION411CHEMICALIDENTITYOFENDOSULFAN4111CHEMICALIDENTITY4112PRODUCTIONANDUSES512DATASOURCES8121OVERVIEWOFDATASUBMITTEDBYPARTIESANDOBSERVERS8122INFORMATIONONNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALMANAGEMENTREPORTS813STATUSOFENDOSULFANUNDERINTERNATIONALCONVENTIONS814ANYNATIONALORREGIONALCONTROLACTIONSTAKEN9141AFRICA9142AUSTRALIA9143EUROPE10144NORTHAMERICA10145SOUTHAMERICA102SUMMARYINFORMATIONRELEVANTTOTHERISKMANAGEMENTEVALUATION1121IDENTIFICATIONOFPOSSIBLECONTROLMEASURES1122EFFICACYANDEFFICIENCYOFPOSSIBLECONTROLMEASURESINMEETINGRISKREDUCTIONGOALS13221TECHNICALFEASIBILITY13222IDENTIFICATIONOFCRITICALUSES15223COSTSANDBENEFITSOFIMPLEMENTINGCONTROLMEASURES1923INFORMATIONONALTERNATIVESPRODUCTSANDPROCESSES24231DESCRIPTIONOFALTERNATIVES24232TECHNICALFEASIBILITY32233COSTS,INCLUDINGENVIRONMENTALANDHEALTHCOSTS35234EFFICACY48235RISK53236AVAILABILITY54237ACCESSIBILITY5424SUMMARYOFINFORMATIONONIMPACTSONSOCIETYOFIMPLEMENTINGPOSSIBLECONTROLMEASURES55241HEALTH55242AGRICULTURE,AQUACULTUREANDFORESTRY56243BIOTABIODIVERSITY56244ECONOMICASPECTS57245MOVEMENTTOWARDSSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT58246SOCIALCOSTSEMPLOYMENTETC5825OTHERCONSIDERATIONS59251ACCESSTOINFORMATIONANDPUBLICEDUCATION59252STATUSOFCONTROLANDMONITORINGCAPACITY593SYNTHESISOFINFORMATION614CONCLUDINGSTATEMENT62REFERENCES63ANNEXICHEMICALALTERNATIVESTOENDOSULFAN71ANNEXIIRESULTSFROMTHELITERATUREREVIEWONTHEEFFICACYOFCHEMICALALTERNATIVESCOMPAREDTOENDOSULFAN93ANNEXIIIRESULTSFROMTHESCREENINGRISKASSESSMENTOFCHEMICALALTERNATIVESCOMPAREDTOENDOSULFAN134ANNEXIVOVERVIEWONINFORMATIONONCOSTSFORENDOSULFANANDCHEMICALALTERNATIVESINCROP/PESTSPECIFICAPPLICATIONSINTHEUSA144ANNEXVINFORMATIONSUBMITTEDBYISCONUSEQUANTITIESANDREGISTEREDUSESOFENDOSULFAN154EXECUTIVESUMMARYTHECURRENTPRODUCTIONOFENDOSULFANWORLDWIDEISESTIMATEDTORANGEBETWEEN18,000AND20,000TONNESPERYEARPRODUCTIONTAKESPLACEININDIA,CHINA,ISRAEL,BRAZILANDSOUTHKOREAENDOSULFANISUSEDINVARYINGAMOUNTSINARGENTINA,AUSTRALIA,BRAZIL,CANADA,CHINA,INDIA,THEUSAANDSOMEOTHERCOUNTRIESITSUSEASPLANTPROTECTIONPRODUCTINAGRICULTUREISTHEMOSTRELEVANTEMISSIONSOURCEFORENDOSULFANCURRENTLYAPPLIEDCONTROLMEASURESCOVERTHEWHOLESPECTRUMOFPOSSIBLECONTROLMEASURESINCOUNTRIESWHEREENDOSULFANISSTILLAPPLIED,USEISRESTRICTEDTOSPECIFICAUTHORISEDUSESANDSPECIFICUSECONDITIONSANDRESTRICTIONSAREUSUALLYESTABLISHEDINORDERTOCONTROLHEALTHANDENVIRONMENTALRISKSTHEBANOFENDOSULFANINMORETHAN60COUNTRIESDEMONSTRATESTHATECONOMICALLYVIABLEALTERNATIVESAREAVAILABLEINMANYDIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICALSITUATIONSANDINDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHERESEEMTOBENOORONLYSMALLSTOCKSOFOBSOLETEENDOSULFANCONTAININGPESTICIDESINMOSTCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,COUNTRIESTHATSTILLMANUFACTUREENDOSULFANMAYHAVECONSIDERABLESTOCKSTOMANAGEANDTHEREMAYBEANEEDTOCLEANUPCONTAMINATEDSITESTHEDESTRUCTIONOFENDOSULFANDOESNOTPOSEATECHNICALPROBLEMINSOMECOUNTRIESACCESSTOAPPROPRIATEDESTRUCTIONFACILITIESISLIMITEDBUTTHESECOUNTRIESSEEMTOHAVENOORLOWSTOCKPILESALTERNATIVESTOENDOSULFANINCLUDENOTONLYALTERNATIVESUBSTANCESTHATCANBEUSEDWITHOUTMAJORCHANGESINTHEPROCESSDESIGN,BUTALSOINNOVATIVECHANGESSUCHASAGRICULTURALPROCESSESOROTHERPRACTICESTHATDONOTREQUIRETHEUSEOFENDOSULFANORCHEMICALSUBSTITUTESINTOTALINFORMATIONONALMOST100CHEMICALALTERNATIVESINCLUDINGPLANTEXTRACTSANDACONSIDERABLENUMBEROFBIOLOGICALCONTROLMEASURESANDSEMIOCHEMICALSHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDFORAVERYWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONSANDGEOGRAPHICALSITUATIONSALTERNATIVESEXISTFORAWIDERANGEOFCROPPESTCOMPLEXESANDITMAYBETHATFOREACHSPECIFICCROPPESTCOMPLEXANAPPROPRIATECOMBINATIONOFCHEMICAL,BIOLOGICALANDCULTURALCONTROLACTIONMAYBETAKENCONSIDERINGTHEWHOLESPECTRUMOFCHEMICALANDNONCHEMICALALTERNATIVESITCANBEASSUMEDTHATENDOSULFANCANINMOSTCASESBESUBSTITUTEDBYEQUALLYORMOREEFFICIENTALTERNATIVESHOWEVER,SOMEINFORMATIONINDICATESTHATITMAYBEDIFFICULTTOSUBSTITUTEENDOSULFANFORSPECIFICCROPPESTCOMPLEXESEGINSOYBEAN,COTTON,COFFEE,CANESUGARANDSUNFLOWERINSOUTHAMERICAORINGENERALDUETOSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFENDOSULFANSUCHASAPPROPRIATENESSFORPOLLINATORMANAGEMENT,IPMSYSTEMS,INSECTICIDERESISTANCEMANAGEMENTANDITSBROADSPECTRUMOFTARGETEDPESTSONTHEBASISOFTHERESULTSOFASCREENINGRISKASSESSMENTITCANBEASSUMEDTHATIFENDOSULFANWOULDNOTBEAVAILABLEFORPLANTPROTECTIONITWOULDBEREPLACEABLEBYSAFERALTERNATIVESHOWEVER,ACLEARCONCLUSIONWHETHERALTERNATIVESTOENDOSULFANAREMOREORLESSTOXICTOBEESISNOTPOSSIBLEONTHEBASISOFTHEPRESENTINFORMATIONSEVERALCOUNTRIESEXPECTINCREASEDCOSTSFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONANDPRICEINCREASESFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSINFORMATIONONCOSTSOFCHEMICALALTERNATIVESINDICATESTHATTHESEARESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERHOWEVER,EXAMPLESCONCERNINGPRODUCTIONOFCOTTONANDOTHERCROPSWHERETHEUSEOFENDOSULFANWASBANNEDINDICATETHATALTERNATIVESAREECONOMICALLYCOMPARABLEORCANEVENLEADTOREDUCEDCOSTSFORFARMERSANDINCREASEDINCOMESITCANBEESTIMATEDTHATABANOFENDOSULFANCOULDCAUSEONETIMECOSTSFORIMPLEMENTATIONREALISTICESTIMATEBELOW165MILLIONUSDESTIMATIONFORTHEUNECEREGION013TO072MILLIONUSD,ANNUALCOSTSFORAGRICULTUREANDCORRESPONDINGIMPACTSONSOCIETYUPTO40MILLIONUSDESTIMATIONFORKNOWNUSESINTHEUNE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