步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译

外文文献KNOWLEDGEOFTHESTEPPERMOTORWHATISASTEPPERMOTORSTEPPERMOTORISAKINDOFELECTRICALPULSESINTOANGULARDISPLACEMENTOFTHEIMPLEMENTINGAGENCYPOPULARLITTLELESSONWHENTHEDRIVERRECEIVESASTEPPULSESIGNAL,ITWILLDRIVEASTEPPERMOTORTOSETTHEDIRECTIONOFROTATIONATAFIXEDANGLEANDTHESTEPANGLEYOUCANCONTROLTHENUMBEROFPULSESTOCONTROLTHEANGULARDISPLACEMENT,SOASTOACHIEVEACCURATEPOSITIONINGPURPOSESTHESAMETIMEYOUCANCONTROLTHEPULSEFREQUENCYTOCONTROLTHEMOTORROTATIONSPEEDANDACCELERATION,TOACHIEVESPEEDCONTROLPURPOSESWHATKINDSOFSTEPPERMOTORSUBINTHREESTEPPERMOTORSPERMANENTMAGNETPM,REACTIVEVRANDHYBRIDHBPERMANENTMAGNETSTEPPERUSUALLYTWOPHASE,TORQUE,ANDSMALLER,STEPANGLEOF75DEGREESORTHEGENERAL15DEGREESREACTIONSTEPISGENERALLYTHREEPHASE,CANACHIEVEHIGHTORQUEOUTPUT,STEPANGLEOF15DEGREESISGENERALLY,BUTTHENOISEANDVIBRATIONARELARGE80COUNTRIESINEUROPEANDAMERICAHAVEBEENELIMINATEDHYBRIDSTEPPERISAMIXOFPERMANENTMAGNETANDREACTIVEADVANTAGESITCONSISTSOFTWOPHASESANDTHEFIVEPHASETWOPHASESTEPANGLEOF18DEGREESWHILETHEGENERALFIVEPHASESTEPANGLEOF072DEGREESGENERALLYTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDSTEPPERMOTORWHATISTOKEEPTHETORQUEHOLDINGTORQUEHOWMUCHPRECISIONSTEPPERMOTORWHETHERTHECUMULATIVETHEGENERALACCURACYOFTHESTEPPERMOTORSTEPANGLEOF35,ANDNOTCUMULATIVESTEPPERMOTORTOALLOWTHEMINIMUMAMOUNTOFSURFACETEMPERATURESTEPPERMOTORTOALLOWTHEMINIMUMAMOUNTOFSURFACETEMPERATURESTEPPERMOTORCAUSESTHEMOTORTEMPERATUREISTOOHIGHTHEFIRSTMAGNETICDEMAGNETIZATION,RESULTINGINLOSSOFTORQUEDOWNEVENFURTHER,SOTHEMOTORSURFACETEMPERATURESHOULDBETHEMAXIMUMALLOWEDDEPENDINGONTHEMOTORDEMAGNETIZATIONOFMAGNETICMATERIALPOINTSGENERALLYSPEAKING,THEMAGNETICDEMAGNETIZATIONPOINTSAREABOVE130DEGREESCELSIUS,ANDSOMEEVENASHIGHAS200DEGREESCELSIUS,SOTHESTEPPERMOTORSURFACETEMPERATUREOF8090DEGREESCELSIUSISNORMALHOWTODETERMINETHESTEPPERMOTORDRIVERDCPOWERSUPPLYADETERMINATIONOFTHEVOLTAGEHYBRIDSTEPPINGMOTORDRIVERPOWERSUPPLYVOLTAGEISGENERALLYAWIDERANGESUCHASTHEIM483SUPPLYVOLTAGEOF1248VDC,THESUPPLYVOLTAGEISUSUALLYBASEDONTHEWORKOFTHEMOTORSPEEDANDRESPONSETOTHEREQUESTTOCHOOSEIFTHEMOTOROPERATINGSPEEDHIGHERORFASTERRESPONSETOTHEREQUEST,THENTHEVOLTAGEVALUEISHIGH,BUTNOTETHATTHERIPPLEVOLTAGECANNOTEXCEEDTHEMAXIMUMINPUTVOLTAGEOFTHEDRIVE,ORITMAYDAMAGETHEDRIVEBDETERMINATIONOFCURRENTPOWERSUPPLYCURRENTISGENERALLYBASEDONTHEOUTPUTPHASECURRENTDRIVEITODETERMINEIFALINEARPOWERSUPPLY,POWERSUPPLYCURRENTISGENERALLYPREFERABLE11TO13TIMESTHEIIFWEADOPTTHESWITCHINGPOWERSUPPLY,POWERSUPPLYCURRENTISGENERALLYPREFERABLETOI,15TO20TIMESTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFSTEPPINGMOTORASTEPPERMOTORDRIVECANBEADDEDOPERATEPULSEDRIVESIGNALMUSTBENOPULSEWHENTHESTEPPERMOTORATREST,SUCHASIFADDINGTHEAPPROPRIATEPULSESIGNAL,ITWILLTOACERTAINANGLECALLEDTHESTEPANGLEROTATIONROTATIONSPEEDANDPULSEFREQUENCYISPROPORTIONALTO2DRAGONSTEPANGLESTEPPERMOTORVERSIONIS75DEGREES,360DEGREESAROUND,TAKES48PULSESTOCOMPLETE3STEPPERMOTORHASINSTANTSTARTANDRAPIDCESSATIONOFSUPERIORCHARACTERISTICSCHANGETHEPULSEOFTHEORDEROF4,YOUCANEASILYCHANGETHEDIRECTIONOFROTATIONTHEREFORE,THECURRENTPRINTERS,PLOTTERS,ROBOTICS,ANDSODEVICESARETHECOREOFTHESTEPPERMOTORASTHEDRIVINGFORCESTEPPERMOTORCONTROLEXAMPLEWEUSEFOURPHASEUNIPOLARSTEPPERMOTORASANEXAMPLETHESTRUCTURESHOWNINFIGURE1FOURFOURPHASEWINDINGLEADSASOPPOSEDTOPHASEA1A2B1PHASEPHASEB2ANDTWOPUBLICLINESTOTHEPOWEROFPOSITIVETHEWINDINGSOFONEPHASETOTHEPOWEROFTHEGROUNDSOTHATTHEWINDINGSWILLBEINSPIREDWEUSEFOURPHASEEIGHTBEATCONTROL,IE,1PHASE2PHASEALTERNATINGTURN,WOULDENHANCERESOLUTION09PERSTEPCANBETRANSFERREDTOCONTROLTHEMOTOREXCITATIONISTRANSFERREDINORDERASFOLLOWSIFTHEREQUIREMENTSOFMOTORREVERSAL,THETRANSMISSIONEXCITATIONSIGNALCANBEREVERSED2CONTROLSCHEMECONTROLSYSTEMBLOCKDIAGRAMISASFOLLOWSTHEPROGRAMUSESAT89S51ASTHEMAINCONTROLDEVICEITISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEAT89C51,BUTALSOINCREASEDTHESPIINTERFACEANDTHEWATCHDOGMODULE,WHICHNOTONLYMAKESTHEDEBUGGINGPROCESSBECOMESEASYANDALSOMORESTABLETHEMICROCONTROLLERINTHEPROGRAMMAINLYFORFIELDSIGNALACQUISITIONANDOPERATIONOFTHESTEPPERMOTORTOCALCULATETHEDIRECTIONANDSPEEDINFORMATIONTHENSENTTOTHECPLDCPLDWITHEPM7128SLC8415,EPM7128PROGRAMMABLELOGICDEVICEOFLARGESCALE,FORTHEALTERACOMPANYSMAX7000FAMILYHIGHIMPEDANCE,ELECTRICALLYERASABLEANDOTHERCHARACTERISTICS,CANBEUSEDFORTHE2500UNIT,THEWORKINGVOLTAGEOF5VCPLDRECEIVESINFORMATIONSENTFROMTHEMICROCONTROLLERAFTERCONVERTEDTOTHECORRESPONDINGCONTROLSIGNALOUTPUTTOTHESTEPPERMOTORDRIVEPUTTHECONTROLSIGNALDRIVESTHEMOTORWINDINGSAFTERTHEINPUT,TOACHIEVEEFFECTIVECONTROLOFTHEMOTOR21THEHARDWARESTRUCTUREOFTHEMOTORDRIVEMOTORDRIVEUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGCIRCUITR1R8INWHICHTHERESISTANCEVALUEOF320R9R12RESISTANCEVALUE22KQ1Q4ASDARLINGTOND401A,Q5Q8FORTHES8550J1,J2ANDTHESTEPPERMOTORCONNECTEDTOTHESIXLEAD。ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFSTEPPERMOTORADVANTAGES1THEMOTORROTATIONANGLEISPROPORTIONALTOTHENUMBEROFPULSES2WHENTHEMOTORSTOPPEDWITHAMAXIMUMTORQUEWHENTHEWINDINGEXCITATIONTIME3SINCETHEACCURACYOFEACHSTEPINTHETHREEPERCENTTOFIVEPERCENT,ANDTHEERRORWILLNOTACCUMULATETOTHENEXTSTEPANDTHUSHASBETTERPOSITIONALACCURACYANDREPEATABILITYOFMOVEMENT4EXCELLENTRESPONSEFROMTHESTOPANDREVERSE5INTHEABSENCEOFBRUSH,HIGHRELIABILITY,ITJUSTDEPENDSONTHELIFEOFTHEMOTORBEARINGLIFE6MOTORRESPONSEONLYDETERMINEDBYTHENUMBEROFINPUTPULSES,WHICHCANBEUSEDOPENLOOPCONTROL,WHICHMAKESTHEMOTORANDCONTROLSTRUCTURECANBERELATIVELYSIMPLESYSTEMCOST7JUSTLOADDIRECTLYCONNECTEDTOTHEMOTORSHAFTCANALSOBEEXTREMELYSLOWSYNCHRONOUSROTATION8SPEEDISPROPORTIONALTOTHEPULSEFREQUENCY,ANDTHUSARELATIVELYWIDESPEEDRANGESHORTCOMINGS1IFNOTPROPERLYCONTROLLEDPRONETORESONANCE2DIFFICULTOPERATIONTOAHIGHERSPEED3DIFFICULTTOOBTAINHIGHTORQUE4THEREISNOADVANTAGEINTERMSOFVOLUMEWEIGHT,LOWENERGYEFFICIENCY5OVERLOADWILLDESTROYTHESYNCHRONIZATION,THEWORKWILLBEISSUEDWHENHIGHSPEEDVIBRATIONANDNOISESTEPPERMOTORDRIVEREQUIREMENTS1TOPROVIDEFASTRISEANDFALLOFCURRENTSPEED,THECURRENTWAVEFORMASCLOSEASPOSSIBLERECTANGLEFORTHEPERIODENDEDWITHTHERELEASEOFTHELOOPCURRENTFLOW,TOREDUCETHEWINDINGENDSOFTHEBACKELECTROMOTIVEFORCE,TOACCELERATETHECURRENTDECAY2RHYMEWITHHIGHERPOWERANDEFFICIENCYSTEPPERMOTORDRIVER,WHICHISTHECONTROLPULSESIGNALEMITTEDINTOTHEANGULARDISPLACEMENTOFTHESTEPPERMOTOR,ORTHECONTROLSYSTEMSENDSAPULSESIGNALEACHTHROUGHTHESTEPPERMOTORDRIVETOROTATEASTEPANGLETHATISTHESTEPPERMOTORSPEEDISPROPORTIONALTOTHEFREQUENCYANDPULSESIGNALSTHEREFORE,THEFREQUENCYCONTROLPULSESIGNAL,TOBEPRECISEMOTORSPEEDCONTROLCONTROLTHENUMBEROFSTEPPULSESTOCONNECTTHEMOTORACCURATELYSTEPPERMOTORDRIVETHEREAREMANY,WESHOULDTAKEAREASONABLECHOICEOFPOWERREQUIREMENTSOFTHEDRIVE,THEFOLLOWINGWEREINTRODUCEDVARIOUSTYPESOFTYPICALDRIVETHELATESTTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALRESEARCHONTHESUBDRIVETECHNOLOGYISVERYACTIVE,HIGHPERFORMANCESUBDRIVERCIRCUITCANBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHOUSANDSOREVENANYSUBDIVISIONNOWABLETODOCOMPLICATEDCALCULATIONSTOMAKEAFTERTHEBREAKDOWNOFUNIFORMSTEPANGLE,WHICHGREATLYIMPROVESTHERESOLUTIONOFSTEPPERMOTORPULSES,REDUCEORELIMINATETHEVIBRATION,NOISEANDTORQUERIPPLE,THESTEPPERMOTORISMORE“CLASSSERVER“FEATURETHEACTUALROLEOFSTEPANGLEINTHEABSENCEOFSUBDRIVE,THEUSERSELECTADIFFERENTNUMBEROFPHASESDEPENDSMAINLYONTHESTEPPERMOTORTOMEETTHEIROWNREQUIREMENTSONTHESTEPANGLE，IFYOUUSETHESUBDRIVE,THEUSERCANCHANGETHEDRIVENUMBEROFSEGMENTS,CANDRAMATICALLYCHANGETHEACTUALSTEPANGLESTEPPERMOTORPHASESOFCHANGEINTHEROLEOFTHEACTUALSTEPANGLEISALMOSTNEGLIGIBLEINTRODUCTIONOFAT89C51DESCRIPTIONTHEAT89C51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCOMPUTERWITH4KBYTESOFFLASHPROGRAMMABLEANDERASABLEREADONLYMEMORYPEROMTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMELSHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARDMCS51INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHEONCHIPFLASHALLOWSTHEPROGRAMMEMORYTOBEREPROGRAMMEDINSYSTEMORBYACONVENTIONALNONVOLATILEMEMORYPROGRAMMERBYCOMBININGAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89C51ISAPOWERFULMICROCOMPUTERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSFUNCTIONCHARACTERISTICTHEAT89C51PROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFEATURES4KBYTESOFFLASH,128BYTESOFRAM,32I/OLINES,TWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERS,AFIVEVECTORTWOLEVELINTERRUPTARCHITECTURE,AFULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,ONCHIPOSCILLATORANDCLOCKCIRCUITRYINADDITION,THEAT89C51ISDESIGNEDWITHSTATICLOGICFOROPERATIONDOWNTOZEROFREQUENCYANDSUPPORTSTWOSOFTWARESELECTABLEPOWERSAVINGMODESTHEIDLEMODESTOPSTHECPUWHILEALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTERS,SERIALPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEMTOCONTINUEFUNCTIONINGTHEPOWERDOWNMODESAVESTHERAMCONTENTSBUTFREEZESTHEOSCILLATORDISABLINGALLOTHERCHIPFUNCTIONSUNTILTHENEXTHARDWARERESETPINDESCRIPTIONVCCSUPPLYVOLTAGEGNDGROUNDPORT0PORT0ISAN8BITOPENDRAINBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTASANOUTPUTPORT,EACHPINCANSINKEIGHTTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT0PINS,THEPINSCANBEUSEDASHIGHIMPEDANCEINPUTSPORT0MAYALSOBECONFIGUREDTOBETHEMULTIPLEXEDLOWORDERADDRESS/DATABUSDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALPROGRAMANDDATAMEMORYINTHISMODEP0HASINTERNALPULLUPSPORT0ALSORECEIVESTHECODEBYTESDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMING,ANDOUTPUTSTHECODEBYTESDURINGPROGRAMVERIFICATIONEXTERNALPULLUPSAREREQUIREDDURINGPROGRAMVERIFICATIONPORT1PORT1ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT1OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT1PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT1PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENTIILBECAUSEOFTHEINTERNALPULLUPSPORT1ALSORECEIVESTHELOWORDERADDRESSBYTESDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONPORT2PORT2ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT2OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT2PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT2PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENT,BECAUSEOFTHEINTERNALPULLUPSPORT2EMITSTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBYTEDURINGFETCHESFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYANDDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE16BITADDRESSESINTHISAPPLICATION,ITUSESSTRONGINTERNALPULLUPSWHENEMITTING1SDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE8BITADDRESSES,PORT2EMITSTHECONTENTSOFTHEP2SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERPORT2ALSORECEIVESTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBITSANDSOMECONTROLSIGNALSDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONPORT3PORT3ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT3OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT3PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT3PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENTIILBECAUSEOFTHEPULLUPSPORT3ALSOSERVES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1）为了满足速度迅速上升或下降的要求，波形应当尽可能接近矩形以释放回路电流流，绕组两端的反电动势，加速电流衰减（2）具有较高功率和效率步进电机驱动器，把输入的脉冲信号转化为角位移，每当控制系统发出一个脉冲信号，步进电机驱动就旋转一个步距角，步进电机的速度与的脉冲信号频率成正比，因此，通过控制脉冲信号频率，就可以精确控制电机转速步进脉冲数决定准确连接为电机步进电机驱动器有很多，我们应该根据功率采取的合理的方式选择驱动器最新的技术发展国内和国际上对于驱动技术的研究十分活跃，高性能子驱动电路可以细分成几千部分甚至任意细分，现在已经能够做到通过复杂的计算统一步距角，大大提高了步进电机的脉冲分辨率，减少或消除振动，噪声和转矩波动，步进电机有了更多“类伺服”功能实际作用步距角细分驱动器出现之前，用户需要选择不同的相来获取不同的步进电机步距角，以满足自己的要求，如果使用细分驱动器，用户可以通过更改驱动器号段，来改变实际的步距角，相数对实际步距角的作用几乎可以忽略不计AT89C51的介绍描述AT89C51是一个拥有4K字节FLASH编程功能和可擦除只读储存器的低功耗，高性能CMOS8位微机（PEROM）。该设备是采用ATMEL的高密度非易失性内存技术并与工业标准的的MCS51指令集和引脚兼容。芯片上的FLASH允许程序存储器通过系统或由传统的非易失性存储器编程重新编程。通过把一个多功能8位CPU与一个单一的芯片上的FLASH相结合的，ATMEL的AT89C51是一个功能强大微型计算机为许多嵌入式控制程序提供了高度灵活和成本效益的解决方案。功能特点AT89C51具有以下功能4K字节的FLASH，128字节RAM，32I/O口，两个16位定时器/计数器，一个五向量2级中断机构，一个全双工串行口，芯片振荡器和时钟电路。此外，AT89C51支持频率为0的静态逻辑运算，并支持两种节电模式。空闲模式时CPU停止工作，同时允许RAM，定时器/计数器，串口和中断系统继续运作。掉电模式保存RAM的内容，但冻结振荡器，禁用所有其他芯片功能，直到硬件复位。引脚描述VCC电源电压GND地端口0端口0是一个8位漏极开路双向I/O端口。作为一个输出端口，每个引脚可以驱动8个TTL输入端。当1写入端口0引脚，引脚可作为高阻输入端端口0也可以设定成地址/数据在访问外部程序和数据存储器时的总线。在这种模式下，口0内部上拉电阻口0在FLASH编程期间也可以收到代码字节，输出程序改变的代码字节。