外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 诗歌的原则

THEPOETICALPRINCIPLEINSPEAKINGOFTHEPOETICALPRINCIPLE，IHAVENODESIGNTOBEEITHERTHOROUGHORPROFOUNDWHILEDISCUSSING,VERYMUCHATRANDOM,THEESSENTIALITYOFWHATWECALLPOETICAL,MYPRINCIPLEPURPOSEWILLBETOCITEFORCONSIDERATION,SOMEFEWOFTHOSEMINORENGLISHORAMERICANPOEMSWHICHBESTSUITMYOWNTASTE,ORWHICH,UPONMYOWNFANCY,HAVELEFTTHEMOSTDEFINITEIMPRESSIONBY“MINORPOEMS”IMEAN,OFCOURSE,POEMSOFLITTLELENGTHANDHERE,INTHEBEGINNING,PERMITMETOSAYAFEWWORDSINREGARDTOASOMEWHATPECULIARPRINCIPLE,WHICH,WHETHERRIGHTFULORWRONGFULLY,HASALWAYSHADITINFLUENCEINMYOWNCRITICALESTIMATEOFTHEPOEMIHOLDTHATALONGPOEMDOESNOTEXISTIMAINTAINTHATTHEPHRASE,“ALONGPOEM,”ISSIMPLEAFLATCONTRADICTIONINTERMSINEEDSCARCELYOBSERVETHATAPOEMDESERVESITSTITLEONLYINASMUCHASITEXCITES,BYELEVATINGTHESOULTHEVALUEOFTHEPOEMISTHERATIOOFTHISELEVATINGEXCITEMENTBUTALLEXCITEMENTARE,THROUGHAPSYCHALNECESSITY,TRANSIENTTHEDEGREEOFEXCITEMENTWHICHWOULDENTITLEAPOEMTOBESOCALLEDATALL,CANNOTBESUSTAINEDTHROUGHOUTACOMPOSITIONOFANYGREATLENGTHAFTERTHELAPSEOFHALFANHOUR,ATTHEVERYUTMOST,ITFLAGSFAILSAREVULSIONENSUESANDTHENTHEPOEMIS,INEFFECT,ANDINFACT,NOLONGERSUCHTHEREARE,NODOUBT,MANYWHOHAVEFOUNDDIFFICULTINRECONCILINGTHECRITICALDICTUMTHATTHE“PARADISELOST”ISTOBEDEVOUTLYADMIREDTHROUGHOUT,WITHTHEABSOLUTEIMPOSSIBILITYFORMAINTAININGFORIT,DURINGPERUSAL,THEAMOUNTOFENTHUSIASMWHICHTHATCRITICALDICTUMWOULDDEMANDTHISGREATWORK,INFACT,ISTOBEREGARDEDPOETICAL,ONLYWHEN,LOSINGSIGHTOFTHATVITALREQUISITEINALLWORKSOFART,UNITY,WEVIEWITMERELYASASERIESOFMINORPOEMSIF,TOPRESERVEITSUNITYITSTOTALITYOFEFFECTORIMPRESSIONWEREADITASWOULDBENECESSARYATASINGLESITTING,THERESULTISBUTACONSTANTALTERNATIONOFEXCITEMENTANDDEPRESSIONAFTERAPASSAGEOFWHATWEFEELTOBETRUEPOETRY,THEREFOLLOWS,INEVITABLY,APASSAGEOFPLATITUDEWHICHNOCRITICALPREJUDGMENTCANFORCEUSTOADMIREBUTIF,UPONCOMPLETINGTHEWORK,WEREADITAGAINOMITTINGTHEFIRSTWORKTHATISTOSAY,COMMENCINGWITHSECONDWESHALLBESURPRISEDATNOWFINDINGTHATADMIRABLEWHICHWEBEFORECONDEMNEDTHEDAMNABLEWHICHWEHADPREVIOUSLYSOMUCHADMIREDITFOLLOWSFROMALLTHISTHATTHEULTIMATE,AGGREGATE,ORABSOLUTEEFFECTOFEVENTHEBESTEPICUNDERTHESUN,ISANULLITYBANDTHISPRECISELYTHEFACTINREGARDTOTHEILIAD,WEHAVE,IFNOTPOSSIBLEPROOF,ATLEASTVERYGOODREASON,FORITINTENDEDASASERIESOFLYRICSBUT,GRANTINGTHEEPICINTENTION,ICANSAYONLYTHATTHEWORKISBASEDINANIMPERFECTSENSEOFARTTHEMODERNEPICIS,OFTHESUPPOSITIOUSANCIENTMODEL,BUTANINCONSIDERATEANDBLINDFOLDIMITATIONBUTTHEDAYOFTHESEANOMALIESISOVERIF,ATANYTIME,ANYVERYLONGPOEMWEREPOPULARREALITY,WHICHIDOUBT,ITISATLEASTCLEARTHATNOVERYLONGPOEMWILLEVERBEPOPULARAGAINTHATEXTENTOFAPOETICALWORKIS,CETERISPARIBUS,THEMEASUREOFITSMERIT,SEEMSUNDOUBTED,WHENWETHUSSTATEIT,APROPOSITIONSUFFICIENTLYABSURDYETWEAREINDEBTEDFORITTOTHEQUARTERLYREVIEWSSURELYTHERECANBENOTHINGINMERESIZE,ABSTRACTLYCONSIDEREDTHERECANBENOTHINGINBULK,SOFARASAVOLUMEISCONCERNED,WHICHHADSOCONTINUOUSLYELICITEDADMIRATIONFROMTHESESATURNINEPAMPHLETSAMOUNTAIN,TOBESURE,BYTHEMERESENTIMENTOFPHYSICALMAGNITUDEWHICHITCONVEYS,DOESIMPRESSUSWITHASENSEOFTHESUBLIMEBUTNOMANISIMPRESSEDAFTERTHISFASHIONBYMATERIALGRANDEUROFEVEN“THECOLUMBIAD”EVENTHEQUARTERLIESHAVENOTINSTRUCTEDUSTOBESOIMPRESSEDBYITASYET,THEYHAVENOTINSISTEDONOURESTIMATINGLAMARTINEBYTHECUBICFOOT,ORPOLLOKBYTHEPOUNDBUTWHATELSEAREWETOINFERFROMTHEIRCONTINUALPRATINGABOUT“SUSTAINEDEFFORT”IF,BY“SUSTAINEDEFFORT,”ANYLITTLEGENTLEMENHASACCOMPLISHEDANEPIC,LETUSFRANKLYCOMMENDHIMFORTHEEFFORTIFTHISINDEEDBEATHINGCOMMENDABLEBUTLETUSFORBEARPRAISINGTHEEPICONTHEEFFORTSACCOUNTITISTOBEHOPEDTHATCOMMONSENSE,INTHETIMETOCOME,WILLPREFERDECIDINGUPONAWORKOFART,RATHERBYTHEIMPRESSIONITMAKES,BYTHEAMOUNTOF“SUSTAINEDEFFORT”WHICHHADBEENFOUNDNECESSARYINEFFECTINGTHEIMPRESSIONTHEFACTIS,THATPERSEVERANCEISONETHING,ANDGENIUSQUITEANTHERNORCANALLTHEQUARTERLIESINCHRISTENDOMCONFOUNDTHEMBYANDBY,THISPROPOSITION,WITHMANYWHICHIHAVEBEENJUSTURGING,WILLBERECEIVEDASSELFEVIDENTINTHEMEANTIME,BYBEINGGENERALLYCONDEMNEDASFALSITIES,THEYWILLNOTBEESSENTIALLYDAMAGEDASTRUTHSONTHEOTHERHAND,ITISCLEARTHATAPOEMMAYBEIMPROPERLYBRIEFUNDUEBREVITYDEGENERATESINTOMEREEPIGRAMMATISMAVERYSHORTPOEM,WHILENOWANDTHENPRODUCINGABRILLIANTORVIVID,NEVERPRODUCESAPROFOUNDORENDURINGEFFECTTHEREMUSTBETHESTEADYPRESSINGDOWNOFTHESTAMPUPONTHEWAXDEBERANGERHASWROUGHTINNUMERABLETHINGS,PUNGENTANDSPIRITSTIRRINGBUT,INGENERAL,THEYHAVEBEENTOOIMPONDEROUSTOSTAMPTHEMSELVESDEEPLYINTOALOFTONLYTOBEWHISTLEDDOWNTHEWINDAREMARKABLEINSTANCEOFTHEEFFECTOFUNDUEBREVITYINDEPRESSINGAPOEMINKEEPINGITOUTOFTHEPOPULARVIEWISAFFORDEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGEXQUISITELITTLESERENADEIARISEFROMDREAMSOFTHEEINTHEFIRSTSWEETOFNIGHTWHENTHEWINDSAREBREATHINGLOWANDTHESTARSARESHININGBRIGHTIARISEFROMDREAMSOFTHEEANDASPIRITINMYFEETHATHLEDMEWHOKNOWSHOWTOTHYCHAMBERWINDOWSWEETTHEWANDERINGAIRS,THEYFAINTONTHEDARK,THESILENTSTREAMTHECHAMPAKODORSFAILLIKESWEETTHOUGHTSINADREAMTHENIGHTINGALESCOMPLAINT,ITDIESUPONHERHEART,ASIMUSTDIEONTHINE,O,BELOVEDASTHOUARTO,LIFTMEFROMTHEGRASSIDIE,IFAINT,IFAILLETTHYLOVEINKISSESRAINONMYLIPSANDEYELIDSPALEMYCHEEKISCOLDANDWHITE,ALASMYHEARTBEATSLOUDANDFASTOHPRESSITCLOSETOTHINEAGAIN,WHEREITWILLBREAKATLASTVERYFEW,PERHAPS,AREFAMILIARWITHTHESELINESYETNOLESSAPOETTHANSHELLYISTHEIRAUTHO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味盲目模仿后的产物，这种文学病态会有消亡的那天。如果说长诗在任何时候都备受欢迎，这个推论值得我怀疑，至少有一点很清楚是长诗不会再掀起浪潮。在条件不变的情况下，鉴赏一部诗歌作品就是研究它的特点，这是无可厚非的。当我们认为这个观点十分荒谬，虽然如此，我们仍然要感激季刊评论提出这个观点。当然，就诗歌篇幅这点而言，它是毫无意义的，但那些带有讽刺意味的小册子却让人顿生敬意。可以说，人们会因为山峰的高耸而产生敬畏之情，但决没有人会因为哥伦比亚德这部爱国诗的冗长的篇幅而感动，季刊也不会引导我们为这种情况而感动。同样如此，我们不会用立方英尺来衡量伟大的诗人拉马丁，也不会用英镑来衡量伟大的诗人波罗克。但是从他们对“持之以恒的努力”总是喋喋不休来看，我们这些人又算什么呢如果单谈“持之以恒的努力”这一方面，任何有丁点知识的人都可以写出一首宏篇史诗来，于是我们就该赞赏他的努力如果这真是一件值得称赞的事，对它的重要性我想我们会尽量克制的去称赞的。我们期待这样一个时刻的到来，大家都一致认为对于诗歌的肯定应该取决于真正的上乘之作，及其产生的影响，而不是在作品所产生的影响中“持之以恒的努力”是必不可少的。实际上，坚持和天才是不能混为一谈的，即使是关于基督教界，季刊也不会在二者之间犯糊涂。随着时间的推移，慢慢地，人们明确地接受了这个观点以及我所主张的其他观点，同时我那些曾被认为是胡说八道而遭到抨击的观点，而今如同真理一样，在本质上并为被颠覆。从另一方面来说，我们都很清楚，诗歌也存在太短的问题。太短的诗就会在遣词造句方面过度斟酌，会导致警句过多的出现。在我们看来，一首短诗充满哲理智慧或生动形象，但绝不会令人刻骨铭心或经久不衰，如同蜡烛上粘得牢牢的邮票。德佰伦杰（DEBERANGER）一生充满刺激和挑战，但总的来说，成为大众瞩目的焦点，令他们痛苦不堪，正如想象仿佛一根根飘在空中的羽毛，却因无情的现实最终要落在地上。这里举出一个典型的例子，一首过度精简的小诗，它早已被人遗忘了。下面是一首精美的小诗小夜曲（SERENADE）IARISEFROMDREAMSOFTHEEINTHEFIRSTSWEETOFNIGHTWHENTHEWINDSAREBREATHINGLOWANDTHESTARSARESHININGBRIGHTIARISEFROMDREAMSOFTHEEANDASPIRITINMYFEETHATHLEDMEWHOKNOWSHOWTOTHYCHAMBERWINDOWSWEETTHEWANDERINGAIRS,THEYFAINTONTHEDARK,THESILENTSTREAMTHECHAMPAKODORSFAILLIKESWEETTHOUGHTSINADREAMTHENIGHTINGALESCOMPLAINT,ITDIESUPONHERHEART,ASIMUSTDIEONTHINE,O,BELOVEDASTHOUARTO,LIFTMEFROMTHEGRASSIDIE,IFAINT,IFAILLETTHYLOVEINKISSESRAINONMYLIPSANDEYELIDSPALEMYCHEEKISCOLDANDWHITE,ALASMYHEARTBEATSLOUDANDFASTOHPRESSITCLOSETOTHINEAGAIN,WHEREITWILLBREAKATLAST可能很少人熟悉这几行诗吧,这正是雪莱的作品。这几行诗想象丰富，空灵，绝妙。诗人从甜美的梦中醒来，梦里在南方一个仲夏的夜晚，女友漫步在小道上，周围的空气中弥漫着芳香。下面是魏里斯（WILLIS）写的一首精美的小诗，在我看来，这是他写得最好的一首诗了。毫无疑问，这首诗也因过度追求简短而失去了它本该享有的文学地位，不仅仅是评论界还有大众的评价。THESHADOWSLAYALONGBROADWAYTWASNEARTHETWILIGHTTIDEANDSLOWLYTHEREALADYFAIRWASWALKINGINHERPRIDEALONEWALKDSHEBUT,VIEWLESSLYWALKDSPIRITSATHERSIDEPEACECHARMDTHESTREETBENEATHHERFEET,ANDHONORCHARMDTHEAIRANDALLASTIRLOOKEDKINDONHER,ANDCALLDHERGOODANDFAIRFORALLGODEVERGAVETOHERSHEKEPTWITHCHARYCARESHEKEPTWITHCAREHERBEAUTIESRAREFROMLOVERSWARMANDTRUEFORHERHEARTWASCOLDTOALLBUTGOLD,ANDTHERICHCAMENOTTOWOOBUTHONORDWELLARECHARMSTOSELL,IFPRIESTSTHESELLINGDONOWWALKINGTHEREWASONEMOREFAIRASLIGHTGIRL,LILYPALEANDSHEHADUNSEENCOMPANYTOMAKETHESPIRITQUAILTWIXTWANTANDSCORNSHEWALKDFORLORNANDNOTHINGCOULDAVAILNOMEREYNOWCANCLEARHERBROWFORTHISWORLDSPEACETOPRAYFOR,ASLOVESWILDPRAYERDISS