汽车百年发展史

汽车世界第一辆汽车（1886年BENZPATENTMOTORWAGEN）瑞典KOENIGSEGGCCX超跑2008版汽车，即本身具有动力得以驱动，不须依轨道或电力架设，得以机动行驶之车辆。广义来说，具有四轮行驶的车辆，普遍多称为汽车。虽然，长久以来学术各界对谁是第一位汽车发明者皆有不同的看法及论述，未有完全一致性的看法，但是，绝大部份学者皆将德国工程师卡尔奔驰视为第一位发明者1。汽车历史1629年，意大利工程师乔凡尼白兰卡（GIOVANNIBRANCA）利用蒸汽可推动涡轮叶片的原理，将蒸汽动力机械装置，架设在马车上。1672年，比利时传教士南怀仁在北京制造出蒸汽动力机械装置，架设在马车上的三轮蒸汽车2。1766年，英国发明家詹姆斯瓦特改良蒸汽机。蒸汽车1769年，法国工程师尼可拉斯库纽（NICHOLASCUGNOT）在巴黎文森森林公园制造一辆三轮蒸汽车。1801年，法国化学家飞利浦勒本（PHILIPSLEBON）成功研发以煤气和氢气为燃料的二冲程发动机。1866年，德国工程师尼古拉斯奥托（NIKOLOUSOTTO）发明四冲程发动机。1885年，德国工程师卡尔朋驰在曼海姆制造出汽油引擎装置，架设在马车上的三轮汽车，有085马力汽油引擎。1886年1月29日，卡尔朋驰取得世界第一项汽车引擎专利3。同年7月，世界第一部四轮汽车正式贩卖4。1888年，法国自行车商人埃米尔罗杰斯（EMILEROGER）获得朋驰的许可，开始生产商用汽车。安全性主条目汽车安全和交通事故环境保护主条目环境保护2008每千人拥有汽车比率60150160030150015130010115061100416021401120010定义与分类各国法律依汽车的使用方式、大小、功能，所付予的定义与分类日本定义使用内燃机行使的车辆，超过三轮以上，或二轮但是排气量大于125ML分类乘用车以搭载人员为主的车O普通自动车总重5吨以下，载重3吨以下，载人10人以下O普通机车排气量125ML以上400ML以下两轮车O小型机车排气量400ML以上两轮车载运车载货空间大于载人空间的车或载运10人以上的车O中型自动车总重5吨以上11吨以下，载重3吨以上6吨以下，载人10人以上29人以下O大型自动车总重11吨以，载重65吨以上，载人30人以上特殊作业车不属于以上两者，且有运输之外的主要用途O小型特殊自动车有运输外用途最高速15KM以下全长47M以下、全幅17M以下、全高28M以下O大型特殊自动车有运输外用途不符上述小型标准者中华人民共和国分类营运载客汽车载货汽车大型、中型非营运载客汽车小型、微型非营运载客汽车摩托车拖拉机其他机动车基本构造说明词汇内容选用多数汽车公司所拥有的科技词汇为对象，不计少数汽车公司的科技词汇。词汇名称与中译名称皆以台湾汽车工业或学术机构常用的美式英语名称为对象，不使用日式英语词汇。另外，两岸三地的汽车专业词汇皆有所差异，故特意保留英文名称，以便搜寻或创建。AUTOMOBILEKARLBENZS“VELO“MODEL1894ENTEREDINTOANEARLYAUTOMOBILERACEPASSENGERCARSIN2000WORLDMAPOFPASSENGERCARSPER1000PEOPLEANAUTOMOBILEORMOTORCARISAWHEELEDMOTORVEHICLEUSEDFORTRANSPORTINGPASSENGERS,WHICHALSOCARRIESITSOWNENGINEORMOTORMOSTDEFINITIONSOFTHETERMSPECIFYTHATAUTOMOBILESAREDESIGNEDTORUNPRIMARILYONROADS,TOHAVESEATINGFORONETOEIGHTPEOPLE,TOTYPICALLYHAVEFOURWHEELS,ANDTOBECONSTRUCTEDPRINCIPALLYFORTHETRANSPORTOFPEOPLERATHERTHANGOODS1HOWEVER,THETERMAUTOMOBILEISFARFROMPRECISE,BECAUSETHEREAREMANYTYPESOFVEHICLESTHATDOSIMILARTASKSASOF2002,THEREWERE590MILLIONPASSENGERCARSWORLDWIDEROUGHLYONECARPERELEVENPEOPLE2AROUNDTHEWORLD,THEREWEREABOUT806MILLIONCARSANDLIGHTTRUCKSONTHEROADIN2007THEYBURNOVER260BILLIONGALLONSOFGASOLINEANDDIESELFUELYEARLYTHENUMBERSAREINCREASINGRAPIDLY,ESPECIALLYINCHINAANDINDIA3ETYMOLOGYTHEWORDAUTOMOBILECOMES,VIATHEFRENCHAUTOMOBILE,FROMTHEANCIENTGREEKWORDAUTS,“SELF“ANDTHELATINMOBILIS“MOVABLE“MEANINGAVEHICLETHATMOVESITSELF,RATHERTHANBEINGPULLEDORPUSHEDBYASEPARATEANIMALORANOTHERVEHICLETHEALTERNATIVENAMECARISBELIEVEDTOORIGINATEFROMTHELATINWORDCARRUSORCARRUM“WHEELEDVEHICLE“,ORTHEMIDDLEENGLISHWORDCARRE“CART“FROMOLDNORTHFRENCH,ORKARROSAGALLICWAGON45HISTORYFERDINANDVERBIEST,AMEMBEROFAJESUITMISSIONINCHINA,BUILTTHEFIRSTSTEAMPOWEREDVEHICLEAROUND1672WHICHWASOFSMALLSCALEANDDESIGNEDASATOYFORTHECHINESEEMPERORTHATWASUNABLETOCARRYADRIVERORAPASSENGER,BUTQUITEPOSSIBLY,WASTHEFIRSTWORKINGSTEAMPOWEREDVEHICLEAUTOMOBILE67ALTHOUGHNICOLASJOSEPHCUGNOTISOFTENCREDITEDWITHBUILDINGTHEFIRSTSELFPROPELLEDMECHANICALVEHICLEORAUTOMOBILEINABOUT1769BYADAPTINGANEXISTINGHORSEDRAWNVEHICLE,THISCLAIMISDISPUTEDBYSOMECITATIONNEEDED,WHODOUBTCUGNOTSTHREEWHEELEREVERRANORWASSTABLEWHATISNOTINDOUBTISTHATRICHARDTREVITHICKBUILTANDDEMONSTRATEDHISPUFFINGDEVILROADLOCOMOTIVEIN1801,BELIEVEDBYMANYTOBETHEFIRSTDEMONSTRATIONOFASTEAMPOWEREDROADVEHICLEALTHOUGHITWASUNABLETOMAINTAINSUFFICIENTSTEAMPRESSUREFORLONGPERIODS,ANDWOULDHAVEBEENOFLITTLEPRACTICALUSEINRUSSIA,INTHE1780S,IVANKULIBINDEVELOPEDAHUMANPEDALLED,THREEWHEELEDCARRIAGEWITHMODERNFEATURESSUCHASAFLYWHEEL,BRAKE,GEARBOX,ANDBEARINGSHOWEVER,ITWASNOTDEVELOPEDFURTHER8FRANOISISAACDERIVAZ,ASWISSINVENTOR,DESIGNEDTHEFIRSTINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE,IN1806,WHICHWASFUELEDBYAMIXTUREOFHYDROGENANDOXYGENANDUSEDITTODEVELOPTHEWORLDSFIRSTVEHICLE,ALBEITRUDIMENTARY,TOBEPOWEREDBYSUCHANENGINETHEDESIGNWASNOTVERYSUCCESSFUL,ASWASTHECASEWITHOTHERSSUCHASSAMUELBROWN,SAMUELMOREY,ANDETIENNELENOIRWITHHISHIPPOMOBILE,WHOEACHPRODUCEDVEHICLESUSUALLYADAPTEDCARRIAGESORCARTSPOWEREDBYCLUMSYINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES9INNOVEMBER1881FRENCHINVENTORGUSTAVETROUVDEMONSTRATEDAWORKINGTHREEWHEELEDAUTOMOBILETHATWASPOWEREDBYELECTRICITYTHISWASATTHEINTERNATIONALEXHIBITIONOFELECTRICITYINPARIS10ALTHOUGHSEVERALOTHERGERMANENGINEERSINCLUDINGGOTTLIEBDAIMLER,WILHELMMAYBACH,ANDSIEGFRIEDMARCUSWEREWORKINGONTHEPROBLEMATABOUTTHESAMETIME,KARLBENZGENERALLYISACKNOWLEDGEDASTHEINVENTOROFTHEMODERNAUTOMOBILE9ANAUTOMOBILEPOWEREDBYHISOWNFOURSTROKECYCLEGASOLINEENGINEWASBUILTINMANNHEIM,GERMANYBYKARLBENZIN1885ANDGRANTEDAPATENTINJANUARYOFTHEFOLLOWINGYEARUNDERTHEAUSPICESOFHISMAJORCOMPANY,BENZIN1921,CITROENWASTHEFIRSTNATIVEEUROPEANMANUFACTURERTOADOPTTHEPRODUCTIONMETHODSOON,COMPANIESHADTOHAVEASSEMBLYLINES,ORRISKGOINGBROKEBY1930,250COMPANIESWHICHDIDNOT,HADDISAPPEARED13DEVELOPMENTOFAUTOMOTIVETECHNOLOGYWASRAPID,DUEINPARTTOTHEHUNDREDSOFSMALLMANUFACTURERSCOMPETINGTOGAINTHEWORLDSATTENTIONKEYDEVELOPMENTSINCLUDEDELECTRICIGNITIONANDTHEELECTRICSELFSTARTERBOTHBYCHARLESKETTERING,FORTHECADILLACMOTORCOMPANYIN19101911,INDEPENDENTSUSPENSION,ANDFOURWHEELBRAKESFORDMODELT,1927,REGARDEDASTHEFIRSTAFFORDABLEAMERICANAUTOMOBILESINCETHE1920S,NEARLYALLCARSHAVEBEENMASSPRODUCEDTOMEETMARKETNEEDS,SOMARKETINGPLANSOFTENHAVEHEAVILYINFLUENCEDAUTOMOBILEDESIGNITWASALFREDPSLOANWHOESTABLISHEDTHEIDEAOFDIFFERENTMAKESOFCARSPR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