外文翻译--打包机.doc

致谢7附录（英文资料翻译）BalerAbalerisapieceoffarmmachineryusedtocompressacutandrakedcrop(suchashay,straw,orsilage)intocompactbalesthatareeasytohandle,transportandstoreSeveraldifferenttypesofbalersarecommonlyused,eachproducingadifferenttypeofbalesrectangularorcylindrical,ofvarioussizes,boundwithtwine,netting,orwire.Industrialbalersarealsousedinmaterialrecyclingfacilities,primarilyforbalingmetal,plastic,orpaperfortransport.RoundbalerThemostfrequentlyusedtypeofbalerinindustrializedcountriesisthelargeroundbaler.Itproducescylinder-shapedroundorrolledbales.Grassisrolledupinsidethebalerusingrubberizedbelts,fixedrollers,oracombinationofthetwo.Whenthebalereachesapredeterminedsize,eithernettingortwineiswrappedaroundittoholditsshape.Thebackofthebalerswingsopen,andthebaleisdischarged.Thebalesarecompleteatthisstage,buttheymayalsobewrappedinplasticsheetingbyabalewrapper,eithertokeephaydrywhenstoredoutsideorconvertdampgrassintosilage.Variable-chamberbalerstypicallyproducebalesfrom48to72inches(120to180cm)indiameterandupto60inches(150cm)inwidth.Thebalescanweighanywherefrom1,100to2,200pounds(500to1,000kg),dependinguponsize,material,andmoisturecontent.OriginallyconceivedbyUmmoLuebbenscirca1910,thefirstroundbalerdidnotseeproductionuntil1947,whenAllis-ChalmersintroducedtheRoto-Baler.Marketedforthewater-sheddingandlightweightpropertiesofitshaybales,AChadsoldnearly70,000unitsbytheendofproductionin1960.Thenextmajorinnovationcamein1972,whentheVermeerCompanybegansellingitsmodel605-thefirstmodernroundbaler.Previously,roundhaybaleshadbeenlittlemorethanlumpsofgrasstiedtogether,buttheVermeerdesignusedbeltstocompacthayintoacylindricalshapeasisseentoday.LargerectangularbalerAnothertypeofbalerincommonuseproduceslargerectangularbales,eachboundwithahalfdozenorsostringsoftwinewhicharethenknotted.Suchbalesarehighlycompactedandgenerallyweighsomewhatmorethanroundbales.IntheprairiesofCanadatheyarecalledprairieraptors.SmallrectangularbalerAtypeofbalerwhichislesscommontodayinsomeplacesbutwhichisstillprevalentinmanycountriessuchasNewZealandandAustraliatotheexclusionoflargebalesproducessmallrectangular(oftencalledsquare)bales.Eachbaleisabout15inx18inx40in(40x45x100cm).Thebalesarewrappedwithtwo,three,orsometimesfourstrandsofknottedtwine.Thebalesarelightenoughforonepersontohandle,about45to60inches(1.1to1.5m).Toformthebale,thematerialtobebaled,(whichisoftenhayorstraw)inthewindrowisliftedbytinesinthebalerspickup.Thismaterialisthendraggedoraugeredintoachamberthatrunsthelengthofonesideofthebaler.Acombinationplungerandknifemovesbackandforthin附录thefrontendofthischamber.Theknife,positionedjustaheadoftheplunger,cutsoffthematerialatthespotwhereitentersthechamberfromthepickup.Theplungerramsthematerialrearwards,compressingitintothebales.Ameasuringdevicemeasurestheamountofmaterialthatisbeingcompressedand,attheappropriatelengthittriggersthemechanism(theknotter)thatwrapsthetwinearoundthebaleandtiesitoff.Asthenextbaleisformedthetiedoneisdrivenoutoftherearofthebalingchamberontothegroundorontoaspecialwagonhookedtotherearofthebaler.Thisprocesscontinuesaslongasthereismaterialtobebaled,andtwinetotieitwith.Thisformofbaleisnotmuchusedinlarge-scalecommercialagriculture,becauseofthecostsinvolvedinhandlingmanysmallbales.However,itenjoyssomepopularityinsmall-scale,low-mechanizationagricultureandhorse-keeping.Besidesusingsimplermachineryandbeingeasytohandle,thesesmallbalescanalsobeusedforinsulationandbuildingmaterialsinstraw-baleconstruction.Squarebaleswillalsogenerallyweatherbetterthanroundbalesbecauseamoremuchdensestackcanbeputup.Convenienceisalsoamajorfactorinfarmersdecidingtocontinueputtingupsquarebales,astheymakefeedingandbeddinginconfinedareas(stables,barns,etc.)mucheasier.Manyoftheseolderbalersarestilltobefoundonfarmstoday,particularlyindryareas,wherebalescanbeleftoutsideforlongperiods.Theautomatic-balerforsmallsquarebalestookonmostofitspresentformin1940.ItwasfirstmanufacturedbytheNewHollandAganditusedasmallpetrolenginetoprovideoperatingpower.Itisbasedona1937inventionforatwine-tiebalerwithautomaticpickup.WirebalersBalespriorto1937weremanuallywire-tiedwithtwobalingwires.Evenearlier,thebalerwasastationaryimplement,drivenbypowertake-off(PTO)andbelt,withthehaybeingbroughttothebalerandfedinbyhand.Thebiggestchangetothistypeofbalersince1940isbeingpoweredbythetractorthroughitsPTO,insteadofbyabuilt-ininternalcombustionengine.Inpresentdayproduction,smallsquarebalerscanbeorderedwithtwineknottersorwiretieknotters.PickupandhandlingmethodsInthe1940smostfarmerswouldbalehayinthefieldwithasmalltractorwith20orlesshorsepower,andthetiedbaleswouldbedroppedontothegroundasthebalermovedthroughthefield.Anotherteamofworkerswithhorsesandaflatbedwagonwithwouldcomebyanduseasharpmetalhooktograbthebaleandthrowitupontothewagonwhileanassistantstacksthebale,fortransporttothebarn.Alatertime-savinginnovationwastotowtheflatbedwagondirectlybehindthebaler,andthebalewouldbepusheduparamptoawaitingattendantonthewagon.Theattendanthooksthebaleofftherampandstacksitonthewagon,whilewaitingforthenextbaletobeproduced.Eventually,astractorhorsepowerincreased,thethrower-balerbecamepossible,whicheliminatedtheneedforsomeonetostandonthewagonandpickupthefinishedbales.Thefirstthrowermechanismusedtwofast-movingfrictionbeltstograbfinishedbalesandthrowthematanangleupintheairontothebalewagon.Thebalewagonwasmodifiedfromaflatbedintoa3-sidedskeletonframeopenatthefront,toactasacatchersnetforthethrownbales.Astractorhorsepowerfurtherincreased,thenextinnovationofthethrower-balerwasthehydraulictossingbaler.Thisemploysaflatpanbehindthebaleknotter.Asbalesadvanceoutthebackofthebaler,theyarepushedontothepanoneatatime.Whenthebalehasmovedfullyontothepan,thepansuddenlypopsup,pushedbyalargehydrauliccylinder,andtossesthebaleupintothewagonlikeacatapult.Thepan-throwermethodputsmuchlessstressonthebalescomparedtothebelt-thrower.Thefrictionbeltsofthebelt-throwerstressthetwineandknotsastheygripthebale,andwouldoccasionallycausebalestobreakapartinthethrowerorwhenthebaleslandedinthewagon.NewHollandhasinventedamachinenamedtheStackcruiser,orastacker.Smallsquarebalesaredroppedbythebalerwiththestringsfacingoutward,thestackerwilldriveuptothebalesanditwillpickitupandsetitonathree-bale-widetable(thestringsarenowfacingupwards).Oncethreebalesareonthetable,thetableliftsupandback,causingthethreebalestofacestringstothesideagain；thishappens3moretimesuntilthereare16balesonthemaintable.Thistablewillliftlikethesmallerone,andthebaleswillbeupagainstaverticaltable.Themachinewillhold160bales(tentiers),usuallytherewillbecross-tiersnearthecentertokeepthestackfromswayingorcollapsingifanyweightisappliedtothetopofthestack.Thefullloadwillbetransportedtoabarn,thewholerearofthestackerwilltiltupwardsuntilitisvertical.Therewillbetwopushersthatwillextendthroughthemachineandholdthebottomofthestackfrombeingpulledoutfromthestackerwhileitisdrivenoutofthebarn.InBritain(ifsmallsquarebalesarestilltobeused),theyareusuallycollectedastheyfalloutofthebalerinabalesledgedraggedbehindthebaler.Thishasfourchannels,controlledbyautomaticmechanicalbalances,catchesandsprings,whichsorteachbaleintoitsplaceinasquareeight.Whenthesledgeisfull,acatchistrippedautomatically,andadoorattherearopenstoleavetheeightlyingneatlytogetherontheground.Thesemaybepickedupindividuallyandloadedbyhand,ortheymaybepickedupalleighttogetherbyabalegrabonatractor,aspecialfrontloaderconsistingofmanyhydraulically-powereddownward-pointingcurvedspikes.Thesquareeightwillthenbestacked,eitheronatrailerfortransport,orinaroughlycubicfieldstackeightortenlayershigh.Thiscubemaythenbetransportedbyalargemachineattachedtothethree-pointhitchbehindatractor,whichclampsthesidesofthecubeandliftsitbodily.附录打包机打包机是一种农业机械,它用于压缩已切割和倾斜的作物（如草、稻草或青贮饲料）成易于处理、运输和储存的小包。常用的打包机有几个不同类型,分别生产不同类型的包-矩形的、圆柱形的,大小各不相同,用麻绳、网或金属丝缠绕起来。工业打包机还可以用在材料回收设备上,主要用于包装需要运输的金属、塑料或纸。圆形打包机在工业化国家最常用的打包机是这种又大又圆的打包机。它生产圆柱状的“圆”或“筒状”的包。草在打包机内被捲起，使用橡胶带、固定滚筒,或两者的组合。当包达到规定尺寸时,用网或麻绳裹住它,以保持其固有的形状。打包机的后面打开,包被排出。包在这个阶段完成,但也可以用塑料薄膜包裹,当在室外储存时能保持干草的干燥或者将潮湿的草变成青贮饲料。可变仓打包机通常生产直径为48至72英寸（120180厘米）、宽达60英寸（150厘米）的包。无论在任何地区，这些包可以重达1100至2200磅（500-1000公斤），包的重量取决于大小，材料，和水分含量。最初，圆形打包机的构思由UmmoLuebbens于大约1910年提出,第一台圆形打包机才生产出来,一直到1947年Allis-Chalmers引进了旋转打包