单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照 基于c51兼容微(宝典)

附录A英文原文DESIGNOFPWMCONTROLLERINAMCS51COMPATIBLEMCUAUTHORYUELIHUWEIWANGMICROELECTRONICRESEARCHDEVELOPMENTCENTERCAMPUSPOB221149YANCHANGRDSHANGHAI200072CHINAINTRODUCTIONPWMTECHNOLOGYISAKINDOFVOLTAGEREGULATIONMETHODBYCONTROLLINGTHESWITCHFREQUENCYOFDCPOWERWITHFIXEDVOLTAGETOMODIFYTHETWOENDVOLTAGEOFLOADTHISTECHNOLOGYCANBEUSEDFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGMOTORCONTROLTEMPERATURECONTROLANDPRESSURECONTROLANDSOONINTHEMOTORCONTROLSYSTEMSHOWNASFIG1THROUGHADJUSTINGTHEDUTYCYCLEOFPOWERSWITCHTHESPEEDOFMOTORCANBECONTROLLEDASSHOWNINFIG2UNDERTHECONTROLOFPWMSIGNALTHEAVERAGEOFVOLTAGETHATCONTROLSTHESPEEDOFMOTORCHANGESWITHDUTYCYCLEDT1/TINTHISFIGURETHUSTHEMOTORSPEEDCANBEINCREASEDWHENMOTORPOWERTURNONDECREASEDWHENPOWERTURNOFFFIG1THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENVOLTAGEOFARMATUREANDFIG2ARCHITECTUREOFPWMMODULETHEREFORETHEMOTORSPEEDCANBECONTROLLEDWITHREGULARLYADJUSTINGTHETIMEOFTURNONANDTURNOFFTHEREARETHREEMETHODSCOULDACHIEVETHEADJUSTMENTOFDUTYCYCLE1ADJUSTFREQUENCYWITHFIXEDPULSEWIDTH2ADJUSTBOTHFREQUENCYANDPULSEWIDTH3ADJUSTPULSEWIDTHWITHFIXEDFREQUENCYGENERALLYTHEREAREFOURMETHODSTOGENERATETHEPWMSIGNALSASTHEFOLLOWING1GENERATEDBYTHEDEVICECOMPOSEDOFSEPARATELOGICCOMPONENTSTHISMETHODISTHEORIGINALMETHODWHICHNOWHASBEENDISCARDED2GENERATEDBYSOFTWARETHISMETHODNEEDCPUTOCONTINUOUSLYOPERATEINSTRUCTIONSTOCONTROLI/OPINSFORGENERATINGPWMOUTPUTSIGNALSSOTHATCPUCANNOTDOANYTHINGOTHERTHEREFORETHEMETHODALSOHASBEENDISCARDEDGRADUALLY3GENERATEDBYASICTHEASICMAKESADECREASEOFCPUBURDENANDSTEADYWORKGENERALLYHASSEVERALFUNCTIONSSUCHASOVERCURRENTPROTECTIONDEADTIMEADJUSTMENTANDSOONTHENTHEMETHODHASBEENWIDELYUSEDINMANYKINDSOFOCCASIONNOW4GENERATEDBYPWMFUNCTIONMODULEOFMCUTHROUGHEMBEDDINGPWMFUNCTIONMODULEINMCUANDINITIALIZINGTHEFUNCTIONPWMPINSOFMCUCANALSOAUTOMATICALLYGENERATEPWMOUTSIGNALSWITHOUTCPUCONTROLLINGONLYWHENNEEDTOCHANGEDUTYCYCLEITISTHEMETHODTHATWILLBEIMPLEMENTEDINTHISPAPERINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSEAPWMMODULEEMBEDDEDINA8051MICROCONTROLLERTHEPWMMODULECANSUPPORTPWMPULSESIGNALSBYINITIALIZINGTHECONTROLREGISTERANDDUTYCYCLEREGISTERWITHTHREEMETHODSJUSTMENTIONEDABOVETOADJUSTTHEDUTYCYCLEANDSEVERALOPERATIONMODESTOADDFLEXIBILITYFORUSERTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONEXPLAINSTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHEPWMMODULEANDTHEARCHITECTURESOFBASICFUNCTIONALBLOCKSSECTION3DESCRIBESTWOOPERATIONMODESEXPERIMENTALANDSIMULATIONRESULTSVERIFYINGPROPERSYSTEMOPERATIONAREALSOSHOWNINTHATSECTIONDEPENDINGONMODEOFOPERATIONTHEPWMMODULECREATESONEORMOREPULSEWIDTHMODULATEDSIGNALSWHOSEDUTYRATIOSCANBEINDEPENDENTLYADJUSTEDIMPLEMENTATIONOFPWMMODULEINMCUOVERVIEWOFTHEPWMMODULEABLOCKDIAGRAMOFPWMMODULEISSHOWNINFIG3ITISCLEARLYFROMTHEDIAGRAMTHATTHEWHOLEMODULEISCOMPOSEDOFTWOSECTIONSPWMSIGNALGENERATORANDDEADTIMEGENERATORWITHCHANNELSELECTLOGICTHEPWMFUNCTIONCANBESTARTEDBYTHEUSERTHROUGHIMPLEMENTINGSOMEINSTRUCTIONSFORINITIALIZINGTHEPWMMODULEINPARTICULARTHEFOLLOWINGPOWERANDMOTIONCONTROLAPPLICATIONSARESUPPORTEDDCMOTORUNINTERRUPTABLELPOWERSUPPLYUPSTHEPWMMODULEALSOHASTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURESTWOPWMSIGNALOUTPUTSWITHCOMPLEMENTARYORINDEPENDENTOPERATIONHARDWAREDEADTIMEGENERATORSFORCOMPLEMENTARYMODEDUTYCYCLEUPDATESARECONFIGURABLETOBEIMMEDIATEDORSYNCHRONIZEDTOTHEPWMFIG3ARCHITECTUREOFPWMMODULEDETAILSOFTHEARCHITECTUREPMWGENERATORTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHE2OUTPUTPWMGENERATORSHOWNINFIG4ISBASEDONA16BITRESOLUTIONCOUNTERWHICHCREATESAPULSEWIDTHMODULATEDSIGNALTHESYSTEMISSYNTHESIZEDBYASYSTEMCLOCKSIGNALWHOSEFREQUENCYCANBEDIVIDEDBY4TIMESOR12TIMESTHROUGHSETTINGTHEVALUEOFT3MFORPWM0ORT4MFORPWM1INTHESPECIALREGISTERPWMCONASSHOWNINFIG4TOPWM0GENERATORTHECLOCKTO16BITCOUNTERWILLBEPREDIVIDEDBY4TIMESBYDEFAULTWHENT3MISSETTOZEROANDTHECLOCKWILLBEDIVIDEDBY12TIMESWHENT3MISSETTO1THISISALSOTRUEFORPWM1THEOTHERBITSINPWMCONAREEXPLAINEDINDETAILINTABLE1FIG4BITMAPPINGOFPWMCONTABLE1THEBITDEFINITIONINPWMCONCHANNELSELECTLOGICTHEFOLLOWFIG5SHOWSTHECHANNELSELECTLOGICWHICHISUSEFULINCOMPLEMENTARYMODEFROMTHISDIAGRAMITISCLEARTOKNOWTHATSIGNALCPANDCPWMCONTROLTHESOURCEOFPWMHANDPWMLANDTHEDETAILSABOUTTHETWOCONTROLSIGNALSWILLBEDISCUSSEDINTHESECTION3ANDTHEARCHITECTUREOFDEADTIMEGENERATORWILLALSOBEDISCUSSEDINSECTION5FORTHECONTINUITYOFCOMPLEMENTARYMODEFIG5DIAGRAMOFCHANNELSELECTLOGICOPERATIONMODEANDSIMULATIONRESULTSTHEDESIGNHASTWOOPERATIONMODESINDEPENDENTMODEANDCOMPLIMENTARYMODEBYSETTINGTHECORRESPONDINGBITCPWMINREGISTERPWMCONSHOWNINFIG6USERCANSELECTONEOFTHETWOOPERATIONMODESWHENCPWMISSETTOZEROPWMMODULEWILLWORKININDEPENDENTMODEWHEREASPWMMODULEWILLWORKINCOMPLIMENTARYMODEINTHEFOLLOWINGOFTHISSECTIONTHETWOOPERATIONMODEWILLBEEXPLAINEDRESPECTIVELYINDETAILANDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSOFTHEPWMMODULEFROMTHESYNOPOSYSVCSEDAPLATFORMWHICHVERIFYTHEDESIGNWILLALSOBESHOWNINDEPENDENTPWMOUTPUTMODEANINDEPENDENTPWMOUTPUTMODEISUSEFULFORDRIVINGLOADSSUCHASTHEONESHOWNINFIGURE6APARTICULARPWMOUTPUTISINTHEINDEPENDENTOUTPUTMODEWHENTHECORRESPONDINGCPBITINTHEPWMCONREGISTERISSETTOZEROINTHISCASETWOCHANNELPWMOUTPUTSAREINDEPENDENTOFEACHOTHERTHESIGNALONPINPWM0/PWMHISFROMPWM0GENERATORANDTHESIGNALONPINPWM1/PWMLISFROMPWM0GENERATORTHESEPARATECASEISACHIEVEDBYTHECHANNELSELECTLOGICSHOWNINFIG6THEPWMI/OPINSARESETTOINDEPENDENTMODEBYDEFAULTUPONADVICERESETTHEDEADTIMEGENERATORISDISABLEDINTHEINDEPENDENTMODETHESIMULATIONRESULTISSHOWNINFIGURE6ASTHEFOLLOWINGFIG6TR4ANDTR3ARERUNBITSTOPWM0ANDPWM1RESPECTIVELYACTUALLYFROMTHISDIAGRAMPINP15/P14OFMCUISUSEDFORPWMH/PWMLORNORMALI/OALTERNATIVELYFIG6THEWAVEFORMOFPWMOUTPUTSININDEPENDENTMODECOMPLEMENTARYPWMOUTPUTMODETHECOMPLEMENTARYOUTPUTMODEISUSEDTODRIVEINVERTERLOADSSIMILARTOTHEONESHOWNINFIGURE7THISINVERTERTOPOLOGYISTYPICALFORDCAPPLICATIONSINCOMPLEMENTARYOUTPUTMODETHEPAIROFPWMOUTPUTSCANNOTBEACTIVESIMULTANEOUSLYTHEPWMCHANNELANDOUTPUTPINPAIRAREINTERNALLYCONFIGUREDTHROUGHCHANNELSELECTLOGICASSHOWNINFIGURE7ADEADTIMEMAYBEOPTIONALLYINSERTEDDURINGDEVICESWITCHINGWHEREBOTHOUTPUTSAREINACTIVEFORASHORTPERIODFIG7TYPICALLOADFORCOMPLEMENTARYPWMOUTPUTSTHECOMPLEMENTARYMODEISSELECTEDFORPWMI/OPINPAIRBYSETTINGTHEAPPROPRIATECPWMBITINPWMCONINTHISCASEPSELISINEFFECTPWMHANDPWMLWILLCOMEFROMPWM0GENERATORWHENPSELISSETTOZEROWHENTHESIGNALSFROMPWM1GENERATORISUSELESSWHEREASPWMHANDPWMLWILLCOMEFROMPWM1GENERATORWHENPSELISSETTO1WHENTHESIGNALSFROMPWM0GENERATORISUSELESSINTHEPROCESSOFPRODUCINGTHEPWMOUTPUTSINCOMPLEMENTARYMODETHEDEADTIMEWILLBEINSERTEDTOBEDISCUSSEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONDEADTIMECONTROLDEADTIMEGENERATIONISAUTOMATICALLYENABLEDWHENPWMI/OPINPAIRISOPERATINGINTHECOMPLEMENTARYOUTPUTMODEBECAUSETHEPOWEROUTPUTDEVICESCANNOTSWITCHINSTANTANEOUSLYSOMEAMOUNTOFTIMEMUSTBEPROVIDEDBETWEENTHETURNOFFEVENTOFONEPWMOUTPUTINACOMPLEMENTARYPAIRANDTHETURNONEVENTOFTHEOTHERTRANSISTORTHE2OUTPUTPWMMODULEHASONEPROGRAMMABLEDEADTIMEWITH8BITREGISTERTHECOMPLEMENTARYOUTPUTPAIRFORTHEPWMMODULEHASAN8BITDOWNCOUNTERTHATISUSEDTOPRODUCETHEDEADTIMEINSERTIONASSHOWNINFIGURE8THEDEADTIMEUNITHASARISINGANDFALLINGEDGEDETECTORCONNECTEDTOPWMSIGNALFROMONEOFPWMGENERATORTHEDEADTIMESISLOADEDINTOTHETIMERONTHEDETECTEDPWMEDGEEVENTDEPENDINGONWHETHERTHEEDGEISRISINGORFALLINGONEOFTHETRANSITIONSONTHECOMPLEMENTARYOUTPUTSISDELAYEDUNTILTHETIMERCOUNTSDOWNTOZEROATIMINGDIAGRAMINDICATINGTHEDEADTIMEINSERTIONFORTHEPAIROFPWMOUTPUTSISSHOWNINFIGURE8AFIG8ADEADTIMEUNITBLOCKDIAGRAMFIG8BTHEWAVEFORMSOFPWMOUTPUTSINCOMPLEMENTARYMODECONCLUSIONSINTHISPAPERWEHAVEDESIGNEDPWMMODULEBASEDONAN8BITMCUCOMPATIBLEWITH8051FAMILYTHEDESIGNCANGENERATE2CHANNELPROGRAMMABLEPERIODICPWMSIGNALSWITHTWOOPERATIONMODEINDEPENDENTMODEANDCOMPLEMENTARYMODEINWHICHDEADTIMEWILLBEINSERTEDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSONTHEEDAPLATFORMHAVEPROVENITSCORRECTNESSANDUSEFULNESS附录B汉语翻译基于C51兼容微处理器单片机的PWM控制器设计作者YUELIHUWEIWA单片机研究与开发中心CAMPUSPOB221149YANCHANGRDSHANGHAI200072CHINA导言PWM技术，是一种电压调节方法，通过控制具有固定电压的直流电源的开关频率来调整两端负荷电压。这种技术能用于各种应用包括电机、温度、和压力的控制，等等。在电机系统中的应用，如图1所示，通过调整电源开关的占空比，来控制电机的速度，如图2所示，平均电压通过改变占空比来控制电机的速度（在图中DT1/T）这样当电机的电源打开时，它的速度加快，相反，当电源关闭时，速度下降。图1PWM控制框图图2电压的电枢和占空比之间的关系所以，通过定期地调整时间的开通和关断来控制电机的转速这儿有三种方法可以完成占空比的调整（1）通过脉宽来调整频率；（2）通过同时调整频率和脉宽；（3）通过频率来调整脉宽。一般情况下，有四中方法可以产生PWM信号，正如以下（1）由独立逻辑元件组成的装置产生，这种是原始的方法，现在已被淘汰；（2）通过软件产生，这种方法需要CPU持续操作代码来控制I/O口，以致于CPU不能做其他任何事。所以，这种方法也渐渐被淘汰；（3）通过ASIC产生，ASIC减少了CPU的负担，并获得了稳定的工作，一般有几个功能，如电流保护、死区时间调整等等；然而（4）通过单片机的PWM功能模块产生，只有当这种方法现在已被广泛用于许多场合；需要改变占空比的时候CPU失控，这样就不能产生PWM信号，否则通过在单片机里嵌入PWM功能模块，并使这功能初始化，单片机的PWM口也能自动产生PWM信号。这种方法将在文章中讲述。在本文中，我们建议在8051单片机里嵌入一个PWM模块。该PWM模块，通过初始化控制寄存器和寄存器的占空比，可以支持PWM脉冲信号，用刚才提到的上述三种方法调整占空比和几个操作模式，以增加用户弹性。以下这部分解释PWM模块和基本功能模块的结构。第三部分描述两种操作模式。这部分还讲述了实验和仿真的结果验证了合适的系统操作。通过操作模式，PWM模块产生一个或更多的脉宽模块信号，它们的比率可以自主调整。在单片机上执行PWM模块PWM模块的概述PWM模块如图3所示，从图中，可以很清楚得看到整个模块有两部分组成PWM信号产生器和带有频道选择逻辑的死区时间产生器。用户可以通过执行一些代码使PWM模块初始化，从而启动其功能。在特殊情况下，支持以下电源和运动控制应用1直流电机2持续电源供应PWM模块也有以下特征1两个PWM输出信号以互补或独立的方式运行2带有互补模式的硬件死区电动机3占空比更新设置应立刻或与PWM同步图3PWM模块的结构结构的详细组成PWM电动机二输出PWM电动机的结构如图21所示，该结构是基于能产生脉宽调制信号上的16位计数器。该系统由四分频或十二分频的系统时钟信号合成，时钟信号的频率可通过对在特殊寄存器PWMCON中的PWM0电机的T3M或PWM1电机的T4M的值进行设置而调整，如图4所示对于PWM0电机，当T3M设置为零时，16位计数器时钟将被默认预分为四分频，当T3M设置为1时，始终将被十二分频；PWM同样有这种功能。在PWMCON中的其它位的定义，详见表1图4PWMCON的位的位置表1PWMCON的位的定义通道选择逻辑通道选择逻辑在互补模式中很有用，如图5所示。从表中可以清楚得看出，信号的CP和CPWM控制PWM1和PWML的来源，这两个控制信号的详细情况将在第三部分讲述，死区时间电机的结构也将在一下部分的连续性互补模式中讲述。图5通道选择逻辑表运行模式和仿真结果这种设计有两种运行模式独立模式和互补模式。通过在PWMCON寄存器中设置相应的位CPWM，如图四所示，用户可以选择其中一个运行模式。当CPWM设置为0时，PWM模式将工作在独立模式，COWM设置为1时，将工作在互补模式。在这部分从两种模式将分别被详细讲述，VCSEDA平台的PWM模块的仿真结果证明这种设计。独立PWM输出模块独立PWM输出模