【土木工程】长春鸿鑫宾馆建筑、结构、施工设计-外文翻译

MATERIALS材料资料来源MATERIALS设计题目长春鸿鑫宾馆建筑、结构、施工设计学生姓名奇学院名称土木工程学院专业名称土木工程班级名称土木0746学号指导教师教师职称讲师完成时间2011年3月2011年3月14日BUILDMATERIALSMATERIALSFORBUILDINGMUSTHAVECERTAINPHYSICALPROPERTIESTOBESTRUCTURALLYPRIMARILY,THEYMUSTBEABLETOCARRYALOAD,ORWEIGHT,WITHCHANGINGSHAPEPERMANENTLYWHENALOADTOASTRUCTUREMEMBER,ITWILLDEFORM,THATIS,AWIREWILLSTRETCHORABEAMWILLBENDHOWEVER,WHENTHELOADISREMOVED,THEWIREANDTHEBEAMCOMEBACKTOTHEORIGINALPOSITIONSTHISMATERIALPROPERTYISCALLELASTICITYIFAMATERIALWERENOTELASTICANDADEFORMATIONWEREPRESENTINTHESTRUCTUREAFTERREMOVALOFTHELOAD,REPEATEDLOADINGANDUNLOADINGEVENTUALLYWOUNDINCREASETHEDEFORMATIONTOTHEPOINTWHERETHESTRUCTUREWOULDBECOMEUSELESSALLMATERIALSUSEDINARCHITECTURALSTRUCTURES,SUCHASSTONEANDBRICK,WOOD,STEEL,ALUMINUM,REINFORCEDCONCRETE,ANDPLASTICS,BEHAVEELASTICALLYWITHINACERTAINDEFINEDRANGEOFLOADINGIFTHELOADINGISINCREASEDABOVETHERANGE,TWOTYPESOFBEHAVIORCANOCCURBRITTLEANDPLASTICINTHEFORMER,THEMATERIALWILLBREAKSUDDENLYINTHELATTER,THEMATERIALBEGINSTOFLOWATACERTAINLOADYIELDSTRENGTH,ULTIMATELYLEADINGTOFRACTUREASEXAMPLES,STEELEXHIBITSPLASTICBEHAVIOR,ANDSTONEISBRITTLETHEULTIMATESTRENGTHOFAMATERIALISMEASUREDBYTHESTRESSATWHICHFAILUREFRACTUREOCCURSASECONDIMPORTANTPROPERTYOFABUILDINGMATERIALISITSSTIFFNESSTHISPROPERTYISDEFINEDBYTHEELASTICMODULUS,WHICHISTHERATIOOFTHESTRESSFORCEPERUNITAREA,TOTHESTRAINDEFORMATIONPERUNITLENGTHTHEELASTICMODULUS,THEREFORE,ISAMEASUREOFTHERESISTANCEOFAMATERIALTODEFORMATIONUNDERLOADFORTWOMATERIALSAREAUNDERTHESAMELOAD,THEONEWITHTHEHIGHERELASTICMODULUSHASTHESMALLERDEFORMATIONSTRUCTURALSTEEL,WHICHHASANELASTICMODULUSOF30MILLIONPOUNDSPERSQUAREINCHPSI,OR2,100,000KILOGRAMSPERCENTIMETER,IS3TIMESASSTIFFASALUMINUM,10TIMESASSTIFFASCONCRETE,AND15TIMESASSTIFFASWOODMASONRYMASONRYCONSISTSOFNATURALMATERIALS,SUCHASSTONE,ORMANUFACTUREDPRODUCTS,SUCHASBRICKANDCONCRETEBLOCKSMASONRYHASBEENUSEDSINCEANCIENTTIMESMUDBRICKSWEREUSEDINTHECITYOFBABYLONFORSECULARBUILDINGS,ANDSTONEWASUSEDFORTHEGREATTEMPLESOFTHENILEVALLEYTHEGREATPYRAMIDINEGYPT,STANDING481FEET147METERSHIGH,ISTHEMOSTSPECTACULARMASONRYCONSTRUCTIONMASONRYUNITSORIGINALLYWERESTACKEDWITHOUTUSINGANYBONDINGAGENT,BUTALLMODERNMASONRYCONSTRUCTIONUSESACEMENTMORTARASABONDINGMATERIALMODERNSTRUCTURALMATERIALSINCLUDESTONE,BRICKSOFBURNTCLAYORSLATE,ANDCONCRETEBLOCKSMASONRYISESSENTIALLYACOMPRESSIVEMATERIALITCANNOTWITHSTANDATENSILEFORCE,THATIS,APULLTHEULTIMATECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFBONDEDMASONRYDEPENDSONTHESTRENGTHOTHEMASONRYNITANDTHEMORTARTHEULTIMATESTRENGTHWILLVARYFROM1,000TO4,000PIS70TO280KG/SQCM,DEPENDINGONTHEPARTICULARCOMBINATIONOFMASONRYUNITANDMORTARUSEDTIMBERTIMBERISONEOFTHEEARLIESTCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSANDONEOFTHEFEWNATURALMATERIALSWITHGOODTENSILEPROPERTIESHUNDREDSOFDIFFERENTSPECIESOFWOODAREFOUNDTHROUGHOUTTHEWOOD,ANDEACHSPECIESEXHIBITSDIFFERENTPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSONLYAFEWSPECIESAREUSEDSTRUCTURALLYASFRAMINGMEMBERSINBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FORINSTANCE,OUTOFMORETHAN600SPECIESOFWOOD,ONLY20SPECIESAREUSEDSTRUCTURALLYTHESEAREGENERALLYTHECONIFERS,ORSOFTWOODS,BOTHBECAUSEOFTHEIRABUNDANCEANDBECAUSEOFTHEEASEWITHWHICHTHEIRWOODCANBESHAPEDTHESPECIESPFTIMBERMORECOMMONLYUSEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESFORCONSTRUCTIONAREDOUGLASFIR,SOUTHERNPINE,SPRUCE,ANDREDWOODTHEULTIMATETENSILESTRENGTHOFTHESESPECIESVARIESFROM5,000TO8,000PIS350TO560KG/SPCMHARDWOODSAREUSEDPRIMARILYFORCABINETWORKANDFORINTERIORFINISHESSUCHASFLOORSBECAUSEOFTHECELLULARNATUREOFWOOD,ITISSTRONGERALONGTHEGRAINTHANACROSSTHEGRAINWOODISPARTICULARLYSTRONGINTENSIONANDCOMPRESSIONPARALLELTOTHEGRAIN,ANDITHASGREATBENDINGSTRENGTHTHESEPROPERTIESMAKEITIDEALLYSUITEDFORCOLUMNSANDBEAMSINSTRUCTURESWOODISNOTEFFECTIVELYUSEDASATENSILEMEMBERINATRUSS,HOWEVER,BECAUSETHETENSILESTRENGTHISATRUSSMEMBERDEPENDSUPONCONNECTIONSBETWEENMEMBERSITISDIFFICULTTODEVISECONNECTIONSWHICHDONOTDEPENDONTHESHEARORTEARINGSTRENGTHALONGTHEGRAIN,ALTHOUGHNUMEROUSMETALCONNECTORSHAVEBEENPRODUCEDTOUTILIZETHETENSILESTRENGTHOFTIMBERSSTEELSTEELISANOUTSTANDINGSTRUCTURALMATERIALITHASAHIGHSTRENGTHONAPOUNDFORPOUNDBASISWHENCOMPAREDTOOTHERMATERIALS,EVENTHOUGHITSVOLUMEFORVOLUMEWEIGHTISMORETHANTENTIMESTHATOFWOODITHASAHIGHELASTICMODULUS,WHICHRESULTSINSMALLDEFORMATIONSUNDERLOADITCANBEFORMEDBYROLLINGINTOVARIOUSSTRUCTURALSHAPESSUCHASIBEAMS,PLATES,ANDSHEETSITALSOCANBECASTINTOCOMPLEXSHAPESANDITISALSOPRODUCEDINTHEFORMOFWIREFORPRESTRESSINGCONCRETESTEELELEMENTSCAMBEJOINEDTOGETHERBYVARIOUSMEANS,SUCHASBOLTING,RIVETING,ORWELDINGCARBONSTEELSARESUBJECTTOCORROSIONTHROUGHOXIDATIONANDMUSTBEPROTECTEDFORMCONTACTWITHTHEATMOSPHEREBYPAINTINGTHEMOREMBEDDINGTHEMINCONCRETEABOVETEMPERATURESOFABOUT700F371C,STEELRAPIDLYLOSESITSSTRENGTH,ANDTHEREFOREITMUSTBECOVEREDINAJACKETOFAFIREPROOFMATERIALUSUALLYCONCRETETOINCREASEITSFIRERESISTANCETHEADDITIONOFALLOYINGELEMENTS,SUCHASSILICONORMANGANESE,RESULTSINHIGHERSTRENGTHSTEELSWITHTENSILESTRENGTHSUPTO250,000PIS17,500KG/SQCMTHESEAREUSEDWHERETHESIZEOFASTRUCTURALMEMBERBECOMESCRITICAL,ASINCASEOFCOLUMNSINASKYSCRAPERALUMINUMALUMINUMISESPECIALLYUSEFULASABUILDINGMATERIALWHENLIGHTWEIGHT,STRENGTH,ANDCORROSIONRESISTANCEAREALLIMPORTANTFACTORSBECAUSEPUREALUMINUMISEXTREMELYSOFTANDDUCTIL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字型梁，板。它也能铸成复杂样式，它也能生产成绳索型式用作悬索桥和吊顶里的缆绳，生产成电梯绳和预应力混凝土里的拉杆。钢构件可以通过很多方式连结在一起，如螺栓连接，铆接和焊接。碳素钢易遭受氧化锈蚀因此必须靠喷漆或插入到混凝土中来避免与空气接触。超过钢材很快失去了强度，因此必须套一个耐火材料（通常是混凝土）以便增加其耐火能力。添加像硅或锰这样的合金元素，会得到抗拉强度达250000磅/平方英寸（17500千克/平方厘米）的高强钢筋。这些钢用在结构关键部位，如摩天大楼的柱子。铝。当轻质，高强和抗锈蚀都成为重要因素时，铝就成了一种特别有用的建筑材料。因为纯铝是极其软和延性的，所以，合金成分，如锰，硅，锌和铜必须加进去增加结构所需强度。结构用的铝合金表现弹性。它们的弹性模量是钢材的1/3，因此在同样荷载作用下变形是钢材的3倍。每单位铝合金重量是钢的1/3。因此相同强度下，铝合金构件比钢