外文翻译-平面机构综合分析

毕业设计（论文）译文题目平面机构综合分析学生姓名学号专业机械班级指导教师评阅教师完成日期2015年3月30日CHAPTER3GRAPHICALLINKAGESYNTHESIS30INTRODUCTIONMOSTENGINEERINGDESIGNPRACTICEINVOLVESACOMBINATIONOFSYNTHESISANDANALYSISMOSTENGINEERINGCOURSESDEALPRIMARILYWITHANALYSISTECHNIQUESFORVARIOUSSITUATIONSHOWEVER,ONECANNOTANALYZEANYTHINGUNTILITHASBEENSYNTHESIZEDINTOEXISTENCEMANYMACHINEDESIGNPROBLEMSREQUIRETHECREATIONOFADEVICEWITHPARTICULARMOTIONCHARACTERISTICSPERHAPSYOUNEEDTOMOVEATOOLFROMPOSITIONATOPOSITIONBINAPARTICULARTIMEINTERVALPERHAPSYOUNEEDTOTRACEOUTAPARTICULARPATHINSPACETOINSERTAPARTINTOANASSEMBLYTHEPOSSIBILITIESAREENDLESS,BUTACOMMONDENOMINATORISOFTENTHENEEDFORALINKAGETOGENERATETHEDESIREDMOTIONSSO,WEWILLNOWEXPLORESOMESIMPLESYNTHESISTECHNIQUESTOENABLEYOUTOCREATEPOTENTIALLINKAGEDESIGNSOLUTIONSFORSOMETYPICALKINEMATICAPPLICATIONS31SYNTHESISQUALITATIVESYNTHESISMEANSTHECREATIONOFPOTENTIALSOLUTIONSINTHEABSENCEOFAWELLDEFINEDALGORITHMWHICHCONFIGURESORPREDICTSTHESOLUTIONSINCEMOSTREALDESIGNPROBLEMSWILLHAVEMANYMOREUNKNOWNVARIABLESTHANYOUWILLHAVEEQUATIONSTODESCRIBETHESYSTEMSBEHAVIOR,YOUCANNOTSIMPLYSOLVETHEEQUATIONSTOGETASOLUTIONNEVERTHELESSYOUMUSTWORKINTHISFUZZYCONTEXTTOCREATEAPOTENTIALSOLUTIONANDTOALSOJUDGEITSQUALITYYOUCANTHENANALYZETHEPROPOSEDSOLUTIONTODETERMINEITSVIABILITY,ANDITERATEBETWEENSYNTHESISANDANALYSIS,ASOUTLINEDINTHEDESIGNPROCESS,UNTILYOUARESATISFIEDWITHTHERESULTSEVERALTOOLSANDTECHNIQUESEXISTTOASSISTYOUINTHISPROCESSTHETRADITIONALTOOLISTHEDRAFTINGBOARD,ONWHICHYOULAYOUT,TOSCALE,MULTIPLEORTHOGRAPHICVIEWSOFTHEDESIGN,ANDINVESTIGATEITSMOTIONSBYDRAWINGARCS,SHOWINGMULTIPLEPOSITIONS,ANDUSINGTRANSPARENT,MOVABLEOVERLAYSCOMPUTERAIDEDDRAFTINGCADSYSTEMSCANSPEEDTHISPROCESSTOSOMEDEGREE,BUTYOUWILLPROBABLYFINDTHATTHEQUICKESTWAYTOGETASENSEOFTHEQUALITYOFYOURLINKAGEDESIGNISTOMODELIT,TOSCALE,INCARDBOARDORDRAFTINGMYLARANDSEETHEMOTIONSDIRECTLYOTHERTOOLSAREAVAILABLEINTHEFORMOFCOMPUTERPROGRAMSSUCHASFOURBAR,FIVEBAR,SIXBAR,SLIDER,DYNACAM,ENGINE,ANDMATRIXALLINCLUDEDWITHTHISTEXT,SOMEOFWHICHDOSYNTHESIS,BUTTHESEAREMAINLYANALYSISTOOLSTHEYCANANALYZEATRIALMECHANISMSOLUTIONSORAPIDLYTHATTHEIRDYNAMICGRAPHICALOUTPUTGIVESALMOSTINSTANTANEOUSVISUALFEEDBACKONTHEQUALITYOFTHEDESIGNCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLEPROGRAMSSUCHASWORKINGMODELALSOALLOWRAPIDANALYSISOFAPROPOSEDMECHANICALDESIGNTHEPROCESSTHENBECOMESONEOFQUALITATIVEDESIGNBYSUCCESSIVEANALYSISWHICHISREALLYANITERATIONBETWEENSYNTHESISANDANALYSISVERYMANYTRIALSOLUTIONSCANBEEXAMINEDINASHORTTIMEUSINGTHESECOMPUTERAIDEDENGINEERINGCAETOOLSWEWILLDEVELOPTHEMATHEMATICALSOLUTIONSUSEDINTHESEPROGRAMSINSUBSEQUENTCHAPTERSINORDERTOPROVIDETHEPROPERFOUNDATIONFORUNDERSTANDINGTHEIROPERATIONBUT,IFYOUWANTTOTRYTHESEPROGRAMSTOREINFORCESOMEOFTHECONCEPTSINTHESEEARLYCHAPTERS,YOUMAYDOSOAPPENDIXAISAMANUALFORTHEUSEOFTHESEPROGRAMS,ANDITCANBEREADATANYTIMEREFERENCEWILLBEMADETOPROGRAMFEATURESWHICHAREGERMANETOTOPICSINEACHCHAPTER,ASTHEYAREINTRODUCEDDATAFILESFORINPUTTOTHESECOMPUTERPROGRAMSAREALSOPROVIDEDONDISKFOREXAMPLEPROBLEMSANDFIGURESINTHESECHAPTERSTHEDATAFILENAMESARENOTEDNEARTHEFIGUREOREXAMPLETHESTUDENTISENCOURAGEDTOINPUTTHESESAMPLEFILESTOTHEPROGRAMSINORDERTOOBSERVEMOREDYNAMICEXAMPLESTHANTHEPRINTEDPAGECANPROVIDETHESEEXAMPLESCANBERUNBYMERELYACCEPTINGTHEDEFAULTSPROVIDEDFORALLINPUTSTYPESYNTHESISREFERSTOTHEDEFINITIONOFTHEPROPERTYPEOFMECHANISMBESTSUITEDTOTHEPROBLEMANDISAFORMOFQUALITATIVESYNTHESISTTHISISPERHAPSTHEMOSTDIFFICULTTASKFORTHESTUDENTASITREQUIRESSOMEEXPERIENCEANDKNOWLEDGEOFTHEVARIOUSTYPESOFMECHANISMSWHICHEXISTANDWHICHALSOMAYBEFEASIBLEFROMAPERFORMANCEANDMANUFACTURINGSTANDPOINTASANEXAMPLE,ASSUMETHATTHETASKISTODESIGNADEVICETOTRACKTHESTRAIGHTLINEMOTIONOFAPARTONACONVEYORBELTANDSPRAYITWITHACHEMICALCOATINGASITPASSESBYTHISHASTOBEDONEATHIGH,CONSTANTSPEED,WITHGOODACCURACYANDREPEATABILITY,ANDITMUSTBERELIABLEMOREOVER,THESOLUTIONMUSTBEINEXPENSIVEUNLESSYOUHAVEHADTHEOPPORTUNITYTOSEEAWIDEVARIETYOFMECHANICALEQUIPMENT,YOUMIGHTNOTBEAWARETHATTHISTASKCOULDCONCEIVABLYBEACCOMPLISHEDBYANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGDEVICESASTRAIGHTLINELINKAGEACARNANDFOLLOWERANAIRCYLINDERAHYDRAULICCYLINDERAROBOTASOLENOIDEACHOFTHESESOLUTIONS,WHILEPOSSIBLE,MAYNOTBEOPTIMALOREVENPRACTICALMOREDETAILNEEDSTOBEKNOWNABOUTTHEPROBLEMTOMAKETHATJUDGMENT,ANDTHATDETAILWILLCOMEFROMTHERESEARCHPHASEOFTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESTRAIGHTLINELINKAGEMAYPROVETOBETOOLARGEANDTOHAVEUNDESIRABLEACCELERATIONSTHECAMANDFOLLOWERWILLBEEXPENSIVE,THOUGHACCURATEANDREPEATABLETHEAIRCYLINDERITSELFISINEXPENSIVEBUTISNOISYANDUNRELIABLETHEHYDRAULICCYLINDERISMOREEXPENSIVE,ASISTHEROBOTTHESOLENOID,WHILECHEAP,HASHIGHIMPACTLOADSANDHIGHIMPACTVELOCITYSO,YOUCANSEETHATTHECHOICEOFDEVICETYPECANHAVEALARGEEFFECTONTHEQUALITYOFTHEDESIGNAPOORCHOICEATTHETYPESYNTHESISSTAGECANCREATEINSOLUBLEPROBLEMSLATERONTHEDESIGNMIGHTHAVETOBESCRAPPEDAFTERCOMPLETION,ATGREATEXPENSEDESIGNISESSENTIALLYANEXERCISEINTRADEOFFSEACHPROPOSEDTYPEOFSOLUTIONINTHISEXAMPLEHASGOODANDBADPOINTSSELDOMWILLTHEREBEACLEARCUT,OBVIOUSSOLUTIONTOAREALENGINEERINGDESIGNPROBLEMITWILLBEYOURJOBASADESIGNENGINEERTOBALANCETHESECONFLICTINGFEATURESANDFINDASOLUTIONWHICHGIVESTHEBESTTRADEOFFOFFUNCTIONALITYAGAINSTCOST,RELIABILITY,ANDALLOTHERFACTORSOFINTERESTREMEMBER,AN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DENTICALLINKAGEONTHERIGHTSIDEOFTHECHAIRTHESETWOXYPLANARLINKAGESWILLBECONNECTEDBYSOMESTRUCTUREALONGTHEZDIRECTION,WHICHTIESTHETWOPLANARLINKAGESINTOA3DASSEMBLYMANYREALMECHANISMSAREARRANGEDINTHISWAY,ASDUPLICATEPLANARLINKAGES,DISPLACEDINTHEZDIRECTIONINPARALLELPLANESANDRIGIDLYCONNECTEDWHENYOUOPENTHEHOODOFACAR,TAKENOTEOFTHEHOODHINGEMECHANISMITWILLBEDUPLICATEDONEACHSIDEOFTHECARTHEHOODANDTHECARBODYTIETHETWOPLANARLINKAGESTOGETHERINTOA3DASSEMBLYLOOKANDYOUWILLSEEMANYOTHERSUCHEXAMPLESOFASSEMBLIESOFPLANARLINKAGESINTO3DCONFIGURATIONSSO,THE2DTECHNIQUESOFSYNTHESISANDANALYSISPRESENTEDHEREWILLPROVETOBEOFPRACTICALVALUEINDESIGNINGIN3DASWELL平面机构综合分析机械原理NORTON,ROBERTL第三章平面连杆机构的理论分析30引言大多数工程设计实践都会将综合的理论推理与分析相结合。大多数的工程课程主要对各种案例进行技术分析。然而，只有将知识都综合起来才能进行分析。解决许多机器的设计问题都需要创造一个具有特定的运动特性的设备。也许你需要在一个特定的时间不断地将刀具从位置A移动到位置B。也许你需要在一个空间内沿着一个特定的路径将一个零件装配到机体上。可能性是无穷无尽的，但共同点往往是由某个机构来完成所需的运动。所以，现在我们将探讨一些简单的综合技术，使你能够做出的好的机构的设计方案并在一些典型场合进行灵活应用。31理论分析理论分析的本质是在缺少明确的能定义或预测结果的运行规则的情况下创造潜在的解决方案。由于大多数实际设计问题的未知变量比描述系统行为的方程多，所以你不能简单的通过求解方程来解决问题。不管怎样你必须在这种模糊的环境中创造一个潜在的解决方案，并理解其本质。然后你才能分析所提出的解决方案以确定其可行性，并在设计过程不断地的推理和分析，直到你对你的结果满意。在这个过程中有几种工具和技术来帮助你。传统的工具是绘图板，你可以在上面布局，缩放，设计的多个正交视图，并通过弧线的绘制来预测运动轨迹，显示多个位置，还可以使用透视和消隐。计算机辅助绘图（CAD）系统可以在一定程度上加快这一进程，但你可能会发现要了解你的机构的设计质量，最快的方法是在纸板或绘图板上做模型和缩放以便于直接观察运动情况。其他可以利用工具软件，有四，六，五杆机构，滑块，凸轮机构，驱动引擎和矩阵法（这本书都有所提及），虽然其中一些是做综合推理的，但这些也是主要的分析工具。他们可以非常迅速分析一个实验机构，以至于设计质量的动态图形输出几乎与视觉反馈同步。你能买到一款叫做WORKINGMODEL的软件可以对所提出的机械设计进行快速分析。通过不断地分析和推理，这就是定性设计的过程。通过使用这些计算机辅助工程（CAE）工具可以在短时间内检测很多试验方案。我们在之后的章节中将用这些程序建立数学模型来为你们打好基础以便理解它们是如何运作的。但是，如果你想通过使用这些软件来加深对前面章节的一些概念的理解，你完全可以这样做。附录A是这些程序的使用手册，你可以在任何时候去看。在每一章中，我们会根据主题来对这些软件的相关功能做一些说明。对这几章的一些典型问题和图表，我们将在光盘中提供导入到这些计算机程序的数据文件。这些数据文件名都标注在图或例子的附近。我们鼓励学生导入这些示例文件到程序中来观察比课文中更多的动态的实例。这些例子仅用初始输入的数值就可以运行。典型理论分析是指对每个问题我们都会拿出最适合的典型机构来加以分析和说明，这也是定性推理的一种形式。对某些学生来说，这也许是最困难的任务，因为这需要一定的经验和关于机械的各种类型的知识，这些机器可能是现实存在的，也可能仅是性能和制造的理论上具体有可行性。举个例子，假设有个任务是设计一个装置，当输送带上有做直线运动的零件经过时，对其喷一种化学涂层。这必须在连续高速运转的情况下具备良好的准确性和可重复性。此外，该解决方案必须是经济的。除非你有机会接触到各种各样的机械设备，要不然你不可能想象到这个任务可以由下列设备完成直动连杆机构凸轮机构气缸液压缸中控台继电器这些方法，有可能不是最好的或最实用的。如何抉择需要知道更多关于这个问题的细节，而这些细节来自于设计过程的研究阶段。直动连杆机构可能过于庞大，并且加速性能也不理想。凸轮机构可能过于昂贵，虽然其具有良好的准确性和可重复性。气缸本身便宜但是有噪音并且不太可靠的。液压缸比较贵的但有利于实现直动化。继电器虽然便宜，但是受高负载和过高的速度影响。所以你看设备类型的选择会对设计的质量有很大的影响。在理论分析阶段，一个错误的选择会在后面造成一堆无法解决的问题。这个设计完成后可能会失败并造成巨大的损失。设计的本质就是练习取舍。在这个例子中，每种解决方案都有优缺点。在实际工程设计中，很少会有一个明确直接的解决方案。作为一名设计师，你的工作就是平衡这些矛盾，在性能和成本，可靠性和其他可能的因素间做出最好的取舍并且找到合理的解决方案。记住，一个工程师花一美元要做一个傻瓜花十美元才能做得事。在工程设计中，成本永远是一个重要的约束。数值的综合推理和理论分析意味着，应对典型问题你可以想出不止一个的解决方法，更重要的是，这里面有一套明确的推理规律。顾名思义，这种类型的解决方案是一定量的，就像一些方程组的的根就那么几个。不管这个结果是好或仅仅只是合适，这都是一个设计师判断的依据并且他需要实际分析和不断地优化设计。通常可以列出的方程会少于未知变量的数目，在这种情况下你必须为这些未知量设一些合理的值来减少方程的数目。因此在做理论分析的时候就应该做一些定性的判断。除了非常简单的情况下，还是有必要用CAE工具来做数值的理论分析。比如明尼苏达大学厄尔德曼的工具软件LINCAGES可以解决平面四杆机构和平面五杆机构的综合分析问题。本书所提供的软件还可以让你做三位机构理论分析，还有普通连杆的连续性分析。这些快速计算的程序可以让你在很短的时间内分析试验机构的设计的运行效果并且有利于迅速的找到更好的解决方案。对于那些需要完成目的动作的连杆机构，尺寸分析决定了其各部分的比例（长度），并且对于特定的问题，如果定义了运动轨迹或者变量多余方程数，尺寸分析也是数值分析的一种形式。对于连杆机构来说，后面的情况更为常见。（如凸轮的尺寸数值分析。）尺寸分析可以基本判定，通过典型的理论分析，你