齿轮机械机构类外文翻译、中英文翻译

外文原文GEARSGEARSAREVITALFACTORSINMACHINERY,WHICHAREUSESTOTRANSMITPOWERORMOTIONFROMONESHAFTTOANOTHERTHEYMAYBEUSEDONLYTOTRANSMITMOTIONFROMONEPARTOFAMACHINETOANOTHER,ORTHEYMAYBEUSEDTOCHANGETHESPEEDORTHETORQUEOFONESHAFTWITHWITHRELATIONTOANOTHERONEOFTHEFIRSTMECHANISMINVENTEDUSINGGEARSWADTHECLOCKINFACT,ACLOCKISLITTLEMORETHANATRAINOFGEARSCONSIDERABLESTUDYANDRESEARCHHAVEBEENMADEONGEARSINRECENTYEARSBECAUSEOFTHEIRWIDEUSEUNDEREXACTINGCONDITIONSTHEYHAVETOTRANSMITHEAVIERLOADSANDRUNATHIGHSPEEDSTHANEVERBEFORETHEENGINEERSANDTHEMACHINISTSALLCONSIDERGEARINGTHEPRIMEELEMENTINNEARLYALLCLASSESOFMACHINERYSUPERGEARSSPURGEARSWILLBECONSIDEREDFIRSTFORSEVERALREASONSINTHEFIRSTPLACE,THEYARESIMPLESTANDTHELEASTEXPENSIVEOFGEARSANDTHEYMAYBEUSEDTOTRANSMITPOWERBETWEENPARALLELSHAFTS,ALSO,SPURGEARSDEFINITIONSAREUSUALLYAPPLICABLETOOTHERTYPESITISIMPORTANTGOUNDERSTANDTHEFOLLOWINGDEFINITIONS,SINCETHEYAREIMPORTANTFACTORSINTHEDESIGNOFANYEQUIPMENTUTILIZINGGEARSDIAMETRICPITCHTHENUMBEROFTEETHPERINCHOFPITCHCIRLEDIAMETERTHEDIAMETERPITCHISUSUALLYANINTEGERASMALLNUMBERFORTHEPITCHIMPLIESALARGETOOTHSIZEMESHINGSPURGEARSMUSTHAVETHESAMEDIAMETERPITCHTHESPEEDRATIOISBASEDONTHEFACTTHATMESHINGGEARSMAYHAVEDIFFERENTSIZEDPITCHCIRCLESANDHENCEDIFFERENTNUMBEROFTEETHCIRCULARPITCHTHEDISTANCEFROMAPOINTONONETOOTHTOTHECORRESPONDINGPOINTONANADJACENTTOOTH,MEASRUEDALONGTHEPITCHCIRCLETHISISALINERDIMENSIONANDTHUSBASLINERUNITSPITCHCIRCLETHECIRCLEONWHICHTHERATIOOFTHEGEARSETISBASED,WHENTWOGEARSAREMESHING,THETWOPITCHCIRCLESMUSTBEEXACTLYTANGENTIFTHEGEARSARETOFUNCTIONPROPERLYTHETANGENCYPOINTISKNOWNASTHEPITCHPOINTPRESSUREANGLETHEANGLEBETWEENTHELINEOFACTIONANDALINEPERPENDICULARTOTHECENTERLINESOFTHETWOGEARSINMESINGPRESSUREANGLESFORSPURGEARSAREUSUALLY145OR20DEGREES,ALTHOUGHOTHERVALUESCANBEUSEDMESHINGGEARSMUSTHAVETHESAMEPRESSUREANGLESINTHECASEOFARACK,THETEETHHAVETHESTRAIGHTSIDESINCLINEDATANANGLECORRESPONDINGTOTHEPRESSUREANGLEBASECIRCLEACIRCLETANGENTTOTHELINEOFACTIONORPRESSURELINETHEBASECIRCLEISTHEIMAGINARYCIRCLEABOUTWHICHANINVOLUTESCUREISDEVELOPEDMOSTSPURGEARSFOLLOWANINVOLUTESCUREFROMTHEBASECIRCLETOTHETOPOFTHETOOTCH,THISCURECANBEVISUALIZEDBYOBSERVINGAPOINTONATAUTCORDANITISUNWOUNDFROMACYLINDERINAGEAR,THECYLINDERISTHEBESTCIRCLEADDENDUMTHERADIALDISTANCEFORMTHEPITCHCIRCLETOTHETOPOFTHETOOTHDEDENDUMTHERADIALDISTANCEFROMFILEPITCHCIRCLETOTHEROOTOFTHETOOTHCLEARANCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEADDENDUMANDTHEADDENDUMFACEWIDTHTHEWIDTHOFTHETOOTHMEASUREDAXIALLYFACETHESURFACEBETWEENTHEPITCHCIRCLEANDTHETOPOFTHETOOTHFLANKTHESURFACEBETWEENTHEPITCHCIRCLEANDTHEBOTTOMOFTHETOOTHHELICALGEARSTHESEGEARSHAVETHEIRTOOTHELEMENTATANANGLEORHELIXTOTHEAXISOFTHEGEARTHEYAREMOREDIFFICULTANDEXPENSIVETOMAKETHANSPURGEARS,BUTAREQUIETERANDSTRONGERTHEYMAYBEUSEDTOTRANSMITPOWERBETWEENPARALLELSHAFTSATANANGLETOEACHINTHESAMEORDIFFERENTPLANESHERRINGBONEGEARSAHERRINGBONEGEARISEQUIVALENTTOARIGHTHANDANDALEFTHANDHELICALGEARPLACEDSIDEBYSIDEBECAUSEOFTHEANGLEOFTHETOOTH,HELICALGEARSCREATECONSIDERABLESIDETHRUSTONTHESHAFTAHERRINGBONEGEARCORRECTSTHISTHRUSTBYNEUTRALIZINGIT,ALLOWINGTHEUSEOFASMALLTHRUSTBEARINGINSTEADOFALARGEONEANDPERHAPSELIMINATINGONEALTOGETHEROFTENACENTRALGROOVEISMADEROUNDTHEGEARFOREASEINMACHININGBEVELGEARSBEVELGEARSAREUSEDTOCONNECTSHAFTS,WHICHARENOTPARALLELTOEACHOTHERUSUALLYTHESHAFTSARE90DEGTOEACHOTHER,BUTTHEYMAYBEMOREORLESSTHAN90DEGTHETWOMESHINGGEARSMAYHAVETHESAMENUMBEROFTEETHFORTHEPURPOSEOFCHANGINGDIRECTIONOFMOTIONONLY,ORTHEYMAYHAVEADIFFERENTNUMBEROFTEETHFORTHEPURPOSEOFCHANGINGBOTHSPEEDANDDIRECTIONTHEFACESOFTHETEETHLIEONTHESURFACEOFTHEFRUSTUMOFACONE,THEREFORETHETEETHELEMENTSARENOTPARALLELTOEACHOTHERITCANBESEENTHATTHISLACKOFPARALLELISMCREATESAMACHININGPROBLEMSOTHATTWOPASSESWITHATOOLMUSTBEMADETHETOOTHELEMENTSMAYBESTRAIGHTORSPIRAL,SOTHATWEHAVEPLAINANTISPIRALEVELGEARSWORMANDWORMGEARSAWORMANDWORMGEARCOMBINATIONISUSEDCHIEFLYWHEREITISDESIREDTOOBTAINAHIGHGEARREDUCTIONINALIMITEDSPACE,NORMALLYTHEWORMDRIVERSTHEWORMGEARANDISNOTREVERSIBLE,THATISTOSAY,THEWORMGEARCANNOTDRIVETHEWORMMOSTWORMSCANBEROTATEDINEITHERDIRECTION,CLOCKWISEORCOUNTERCLOCKWISERACKSARACKISAGEARWITHANINFINITERADIUS,ORAGEARWITHITSPERIMETERSTRETCHEDOUTINTOASTRAIGHTLINEITISUSEDTOCHANGERECIPROCATINGMOTIONTOROTARYMOTIONORVICEVERSAALATHERACKANDPINIONISAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISMECHANISMVARIOUSMATERIALSAREUSEDINMANUFACTURINGGEARSUSUALLY,THEMATERIALSSELECTEDDEPENDSONTHEMETHODUSEDFORMAKINGTHEGEARANDTHEAPPLICATIONTOWHICHITWILLBEPUTGEARSCANBECAST,CUT,OREXTRUDEDTYPICALMATERIALSINCLUDECASTIRON,CASTSTEEL,PLAINCARBONSTEEL,ALLOYSTEELALUMINUM,PHOSPHORBRONZE,LAMINATEDPHONETICS,ANDNYLON中文翻译齿轮齿轮是机器中的动力元件,用来传递轴与轴之间的运动及动力。它们可能仅被用来传递运动,即机器的一个部分到另一个部分,或者被用来改变轴与轴之间相对速度和转矩,第一个被发现用齿轮的机器是钟表,事实上,钟表的齿轮与火车上的齿轮相比是非常小的。由于齿轮在实际环境中的广泛应用,人们在齿轮的应用方面进行了许多的研究和调查。现在,齿轮传动比起以前来不得不传递很重的载荷,和在高速度下运转。目前工程师和机械师都在考虑存在于机械中的这种因素。直齿圆柱齿轮直齿圆柱齿轮被作为传动中的首选有许多原因。它们是最简单也是最廉价的，并且它们可以被用作传动平行轴之间的力，还有它的概念同于其它类型的齿轮，以下的几个定义是非常重要的，因为，它们在设计任何与齿轮有关的方面都是非常重要的。径节节圆直径单位距离上的齿数，径节通常是一个整数。小小的一段齿距包括了许多的齿形。直齿圆柱齿轮啮合的条件是必须有相同的径节，齿轮的传动比决定于啮合齿轮的不同的节圆和不同数目的齿数。齿距沿着节圆从齿上的一点到临近齿上对应相同的另一点的距离，这是一个线尺寸和线性单位。节圆作为齿轮比率设定基础的圆。若要是互相啮合的齿轮正常运行，则两节圆必须精确相切。压力角运动方向与垂直于两啮合齿轮中心线的直线所形成的夹角。对于直齿圆柱齿轮压力角为145度或20度，因此可以有许多的用途，相啮合的齿轮必须有相同的压力角。对于齿条，齿相对于直边有与压力角相同的倾斜角度。基圆与运动方向相切（或与压力角方向相切）的圆。基圆是产生渐开线所假想的圆。许多直齿圆柱齿轮都是渐开线从基圆到齿顶，当绷紧绳索从一个圆柱体展开时，仔细观察绳索上某点的运动，即可想象出此段渐开线的形状。在齿轮中，基圆是最主要的圆。齿顶高从节圆到齿顶的径向距离。齿根高从节圆到齿底的径向距离。间隙齿顶高与齿根高之间的不同。面宽齿在轴向的宽度。面节圆和齿顶之间的表面。齿腹节圆和齿底之间的表面。斜齿轮这些齿轮的齿相对于齿轮轴线由一个角度或螺旋角度，它们比直齿圆柱齿轮的制造更难，造价更昂贵，但是它们传动无噪音并且可靠。它们可以用来在相同或不同平面中构成一定角度的相两轴之间的力的传递。人字形齿轮人字形齿轮是在齿轮两边有相同数量在左旋和右旋形的齿轮。由于齿轮有角度，齿轮制造时需要考虑轴受到的轴向力，人字形齿轮是用平衡的方法来抵消轴向推力的，固而允许选用轻系列轴承取代重系列轴承，甚至可以完全取消轴承，通常在切削加工中在齿轮的周围有一个中心槽来抵消。锥齿轮锥齿轮用作互相不平行的轴之间的连接。通常轴之间的夹角是90度，但它们比90多或少，相啮合的两齿轮仅改变运动方向，或者为改变速度具有不同的齿数，齿的表面沿着圆锥的