毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 机械设计制造及其自动化 装载机 中英文对照

毕业设计（论文）英文翻译年级、专业2007级机械设计制造及其自动化三班姓名学号指导教师LOADERS1OVERVIEW11BASICCONCEPTALOADERISATYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENTENGINEERINGVEHICLEMACHINERYTHATISPRIMARILYUSEDTO“LOAD“MATERIALINTOANOTHERTYPEOFMACHINERYDUMPTRUCK,CONVEYORBELT,RAILCAR,ETCLOADERSAREUSEDMAINLYFORUPLOADINGMATERIALSINTOTRUCKS,LAYINGPIPE,CLEARINGRUBBLE,ANDDIGGINGALOADERISNOTTHEMOSTEFFICIENTMACHINEFORDIGGINGASITCANNOTDIGVERYDEEPBELOWTHELEVELOFITSWHEELS,LIKEABACKHOECANTHEIRDEEPBUCKETCANUSUALLYSTOREABOUT36CUBICMETERSOFEARTHTHEFRONTLOADERSBUCKETCAPACITYISMUCHBIGGERTHANABUCKETCAPACITYOFABACKHOELOADERLOADERSARENOTCLASSIFIEDASEARTHMOVINGMACHINERY,ASTHEIRPRIMARYPURPOSEISOTHERTHANEARTHMOVINGUNLIKEMOSTBULLDOZERS,MOSTLOADERSAREWHEELEDANDNOTTRACKED,ALTHOUGHTRACKLOADERSARECOMMONTHEYARESUCCESFULWHERESHARPEDGEDMATERIALSINCONSTRUCTIONDEBRISWOULDDAMAGERUBBERWHEELS,ORWHERETHEGROUNDISSOFTANDMUDDYWHEELSPROVIDEBETTERMOBILITYANDSPEEDANDDONOTDAMAGEPAVEDROADSASMUCHASTRACKS,BUTPROVIDELESSTRACTIONUNLIKESTANDARDTRACTORSFITTEDWITHAFRONTBUCKET,MANYLARGELOADERSDONOTUSEAUTOMOTIVESTEERINGMECHANISMSINSTEAD,THEYSTEERBYAHYDRAULICALLYACTUATEDPIVOTPOINTSETEXACTLYBETWEENTHEFRONTANDREARAXLESTHISISREFERREDTOAS“ARTICULATEDSTEERING“ANDALLOWSTHEFRONTAXLETOBESOLID,ALLOWINGITTOCARRYGREATERWEIGHTARTICULATEDSTEERINGPROVIDESBETTERMANEUVERABILITYFORAGIVENWHEELBASESINCETHEFRONTWHEELSANDATTACHMENTROTATEONTHESAMEAXIS,THEOPERATORISABLETO“STEER“HISLOADINANARCAFTERPOSITIONINGTHEMACHINE,WHICHCANBEUSEFULTHELOADERASSEMBLYMAYBEAREMOVABLEATTACHMENTORPERMANENTLYMOUNTEDOFTENTHEBUCKETCANBEREPLACEDWITHOTHERDEVICESORTOOLSFOREXAMPLE,MANYCANMOUNTFORKSTOLIFTHEAVYPALLETSORSHIPPINGCONTAINERS,ANDAHYDRAULICALLYOPENING“CLAMSHELL“BUCKETALLOWSALOADERTOACTASALIGHTDOZERORSCRAPERINCONSTRUCTIONAREASLOADERSAREALSOUSEDTOTRANSPORTBUILDINGMATERIALSSUCHASBRICKS,PIPE,METALBARS,ANDDIGGINGTOOLSOVERSHORTDISTANCESLOADERSAREALSOUSEDFORSNOWREMOVAL,USINGTHEIRBUCKETORASNOWBASKET,BUTUSUALLYUSINGASNOWPLOWATTACHMENTTHEYCLEARSNOWFROMSTREETS,HIGHWAYSANDPARKINGLOTSTHEYSOMETIMESLOADSNOWINTODUMPTRUCKSFORTRANSPORTFRONTLOADERSGAINEDPOPULARITYDURINGTHELASTTWODECADES,ESPECIALLYINURBANENGINEERINGPROJECTSANDSMALLEARTHMOVINGWORKSMANYENGINEERINGVEHICLEMANUFACTURERSOFFERAWIDERANGEOFLOADERS,THEMOSTNOTABLEARETHOSEOFJOHNDEERE,CATERPILLAR,CASE,VOLVO,KOMATSUANDLIEBHERR12APPLICATIONS1234567897891011121LOADINGMATERIALS；2EARTHMOVING；3FORESTRENGINEERING；4SNOWREMOVING；5UNDERGROUNDWORK；6LOADINGANDUNLOADING；7PIPELAYING；8MAINTAINPAVEMENT；9LANDCLEARING；10GARDENWORK；11ROLLINGCOMPACTION；12TUNNELCONSTRUCTION13TYPES112334567891MINITYPELOADER；2SMALLTYPEWHEELLOADER；3MEDIUMTYPEWHEELLOADER；4LARGETYPEWHEELLOADER；5TRACKTYPELOADER；6SKIDSTEERLOADER；7UNDERGROUNDMININGLOADER；8MULTITERRAINLOADER；9WHEELBACKHOELOADER；2COMPONENTSANDFEATURES21COMPONENTS1、BUCKET；2FRONTAXLE；3INSTRUMENTATIONCONSOLE；4CABANDOPERATINGSYSTEM；5ENGINEANDTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM；6ENGINEHOOD；7COUNTERWEIGHT；8REARAXLE；9REARFRAME；10ELECTRICALSYSTEM；11FRONTFRAME；12MUDGUARD；13BOOM；14ROCKERARMCYLINDER；15CONNECTINGROD；16ROCKERARM；17BOOMCYLINDER；18FRAME22BUCKETFEATURES1EDGESTEELWITHEXTRAHARDENEDANDTOUGHENEDWEARPLATESOFUPTO500BRINELLGIVESTHEBUCKETLONGEROPERATINGLIFE2BUCKETSHELLANDSIDEPLATESOFUPTO400BRINELLTOWITHSTANDABRASIVEWEARREINFORCEDMOUNTINGPOINTSWHERETHEATTACHMENTISINSTALLEDGIVELESSWEAR3BUCKETCUTTINGEDGESOFABRASIVERESISTANTSTEELOFUPTO500BRINELLREPLACEABLEBOLTONWEARPLATESONBUCKETFLOOR,500BRINELL4BOLTONEDGESAVERSANDSEGMENTSPROTECTTHECUTTINGEDGEFROMUNNECESSARYWEAR5VOLVOTOOTHSYSTEMWITHBOLTONORWELDONADAPTERSOFUPTO515BRINELLGIVESEXCELLENTPENETRATIONANDLESSBUCKETWEAR3NEWTECHNOLOGYOFWHEELLOADER31INTRODUCTIONKOMATSUINTEGRATEDDESIGNOFFERSTHEBESTVALUE,RELIABILITY,ANDVERSATILITYHYDRAULICS,POWERTRAIN,FRAME,ANDALLOTHERMAJORCOMPONENTSAREENGINEEREDBYKOMATSUYOUGETAMACHINEWHOSECOMPONENTSAREDESIGNEDTOWORKTOGETHERFORHIGHERPRODUCTION,GREATERRELIABILITY,ANDMOREVERSATILITYKOMATSUSHIGHLYPRODUCTIVE,INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY,ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYMACHINESBUILTFORTHE21STCENTURY32HIGHPRODUCTIVITYANDLOWFUELCONSUMPTION1TWOMODEENGINEPOWERSELECTSYSTEMTHISWHEELLOADEROFFERSTWOSELECTABLEENGINEOPERATINGMODESNORMALANDPOWERTHEOPERATORCANADJUSTTHEMACHINESENGINEPERFORMANCETOMATCHTHECONDITIONREQUIREMENTSTHISSYSTEMISCONTROLLEDWITHADIALONTHERIGHTSIDECONTROLPANEL（1）NORMALMODEPROVIDESMAXIMUMFUELEFFICIENCYFORMOSTGENERALLOADINGCONDITIONS（2）POWERMODEPROVIDESMAXIMUMPOWEROUTPUTFORHARDDIGGINGCONDITIONSORHILLCLIMBOPERATIONS2AUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONWITHFOURMODESELECTSYSTEMTHISOPERATORCONTROLLEDSYSTEMALLOWSTHESELECTIONOFMANUALSHIFTINGORTHREELEVELSOFAUTOMATICSHIFTINGMODESLOW,MEDIUM,ANDHIGHTHEOPERATORCANMATCHTHEMACHINESOPERATINGREQUIREMENTSWITHOPTIMUMPERFORMANCEEFFICIENCYTHISSYSTEMISCONTROLLEDWITHADIALONTHERIGHTSIDEOFTHECONTROLPANEL（1）MANUALTHETRANSMISSIONISFIXEDTOTHEGEARSPEEDANDSELECTEDWITHTHEGEARSHIFTLEVER（2）AUTOLOWLOWMODEPROVIDESSMOOTHGEARSHIFTINGATLOWENGINESPEEDSSUITABLEFORGENERALEXCAVATINGANDLOADINGWHILEOFFERINGREDUCEDFUELCONSUMPTION（3）AUTOMEDIUMMEDIUMMODEPROVIDESGEARSHIFTINGATMIDRANGEENGINESPEEDSREQUIREDFORMOREAGGRESSIVECONDITIONS（4）AUTOHIGHHIGHMODEPROVIDESMAXIMUMRIMPULLANDFASTCYCLETIMESBYSHIFTINGTHETRANSMISSIONATHIGHENGINESPEEDSTHISMODEISSUITABLEFORHILLCLIMBANDLOADANDCARRYOPERATIONS3DUALSPEEDHYDRAULICSYSTEMKOMATSUSAUTOMATICDUALSPEEDHYDRAULICSYSTEMINCREASESOPERATIONALEFFICIENCYANDPRODUCTIVITYBYMATCHINGTHEHYDRAULICDEMANDSTOTHEWORKCONDITIONS（1）DIGGINGOPERATIONSENGINEPOWERUSEDTOOPERATETHESWITCHPUMPISTRANSFERREDTOTHETRANSMISSIONTOPROVIDEINCREASEDRIMPULLWHENDIGGING（2）LIFTINGOPERATIONSTHESWITCHPUMPASSISTSTHELOADERPUMPTOPROVIDEINCREASEDLIFTINGSPEEDANDPOWERWHENLIFTINGANDLOADING33INCREASEDRELIABILITY1KOMATSUCOMPONENTSKOMATSUMANUFACTURESTHEENGINE,TORQUECONVERTER,TRANSMISSION,HYDRAULICUNITS,ANDELECTRICALPARTSONTHISWHEELLOADERKOMATSULOADERSAREMANUFACTUREDWITHANINTEGRATEDPRODUCTIONSYSTEMUNDERASTRICTQUALITYCONTROLSYSTEM2FLATFACETOFACEORINGSEALSFLATFACETOFACEORINGSEALSAREUSEDTOSECURELYSEALALLHYDRAULICHOSECONNECTIONSANDPREVENTOILLEAKAGE3CYLINDERBUFFERRINGSBUFFERRINGSAREINSTALLEDTOTHEHEADSIDEOFTHEALLHYDRAULICCYLINDERSTOLOWERTHELOADONTHERODSEALS,PROLONGCYLINDERLIFEBY30ANDMAXIMIZEOVERALLRELIABILITY4WETMULTIDISCBRAKESANDFULLYHYDRAULICBRAKINGSYSTEMTHEWETDISCSERVICEANDPARKINGBRAKESAREFULLYSEALEDANDADJUSTMENTFREETOREDUCECONTAMINATION,WEARANDMAINTENANCEADDEDRELIABILITYISDESIGNEDINTOTHEBRAKINGSYSTEMBYTHEUSEOFTWOINDEPENDENTHYDRAULICCIRCUITSPROVIDINGHYDRAULICBACKUPSHOULDONEOFTHECIRCUITSFAILIFTHEBRAKEOILPRESSUREDROPS,AWARNINGLAMPFLASHESANDANALARMSOUNDSINTERMITTENTLYIFTHEBRAKEPRESSURECONTINUESTODROP,THEPARKINGBRAKEISAUTOMATICALLYAPPLIEDPROVIDINGADOUBLESAFETYSYSTEM5HIGHRIGIDITYFRAMESTHEFRONTANDREARFRAMESALONGWITHTHELOADERLINKAGEHAVEHIGHRIGIDITYTOWITHSTANDREPEATEDTWISTINGANDBENDINGLOADSTOTHELOADERBODYANDLINKAGEBOTHTHEUPPERANDLOWERCENTERPIVOTBEARINGSUSETAPEREDROLLERBEARINGSFORINCREASEDDURABILITY译文装载机1概述11基本概念装载机是一种主要用于向另一种机械（自卸车、输送皮带、铁路运输车辆等）“装载”物料的建设机械（工程车辆）设备。装载机主要用于向卡车装载物料，以及铺设管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作为挖土作业装载机不是最有效的机械，与挖掘机不同，装载机不适用于轮胎支承面以下较深处的挖掘作业。装载机的深底铲斗一般可装载36立方米的土壤。铲斗前置装载机的斗容量远大于挖掘装载机的斗容量。装载机不属于铲土运输机械，因其主要用途并非土方运输。尽管履带式装载机是普遍的，但与大多数推土机不同，大多数装载机是轮式的而并非履带式。履带式装载机适用于棱角锐利的建筑材料会破坏橡胶轮胎的场合，或者在松软泥泞道路上的作业。轮式装载机具有良好的机动性和较高的工作速度，并且不像履带那样破坏铺装路面，但其所能提供的牵引力较小。与安装前置铲斗的标准拖拉机不同，许多大型装载机不使用汽车转向机构。取而代之，它们通过液压驱动的安装于前、后桥之间的转向铰接装置转向。这种转向称为“铰接转向”，它可使前桥固定，并使其承受更大的重量。对于一定的轴距铰接转向提供了较好的机动性。由于前轮与工作装置绕同一车轴旋转，驾驶员在使机械定位后可使铲斗沿弧线“转向”，这一点是实用的。装载机的工作装置可以是更换式的或者是固定安装。铲斗常常可用其它装置或工具更换，例如，许多装载机可以安装叉车工装提升重型货物或者装运集装箱，装备液压开启式“蛤壳”型铲斗可以使装载机像推土机或铲运机一样作业。在各种建筑工地上装载机也经常用来近距离转运建筑材料，例如砖块、管材、钢筋、各种挖掘工具等。借助铲斗或除雪铲，装载机也用于除雪作业，但通常使用除雪装置。它们用来清除街道、公路和停车场上的积雪。有时用装载机将积雪装载到自卸车上进行运输。近20年来，特别是在城市建设工程和小型土方运输工程中，装载机获得了普遍的应用。许多工程车辆制造商可生产多种类型的装载机，其中最知名的有约翰迪尔、卡特彼勒、凯斯、沃尔沃、小松和利勃海尔等品牌。12应用123456789789101112L装载材料；2铲土运输；3林业工程；4除雪作业；5井下作业；6装卸货物；7铺设管道；8维修路面；9场地清理；10园林工作；11碾压路面；12隧道作业13类型112334567891微型装载机；2小型轮式装载机；3中型轮式装载机；4R大型轮式装载机；5履带式装载机；6R滑移转向装载机；7井下作业装载机；8多功能装载机；9轮式挖掘装载机；10侧卸式装载机2组成与特点21组成1铲斗；2前桥；3仪表盘；4驾驶室及操作系统；5发动机及传动系统；6发动机罩；7配重；8后桥；9后机架；10电气系统；11前机架；12挡泥板；13动臂；14摇臂油缸；15连杆；16摇臂；17动臂油缸；18机架22铲斗特点1铲斗棱边为超硬耐磨钢板，布氏硬度达到500，具有较长的使用寿命。2铲斗壳体与侧板的布氏硬度达400,以抵抗磨料磨损。经强化处理的附件安装铰点减少了磨损。3铲斗切削刀刃为抗磨料磨损钢材，布氏硬度达500。铲斗底板上安装有耐磨衬板，由螺栓紧固可更换，布氏硬度为500。4螺栓紧固的边缘节省块和分段防止了切削刃的不必要磨损。5沃尔沃斗齿系统配备有螺栓紧固型或焊接型连接器，布氏硬度达515，具有最佳的插入深度和较小的磨损。3轮式装载机新技术31简介小松集成设计可获得最大的价值、最高的可靠性与多功能性。液压系统、传动装置、机架等主要部件均由小松制造。机械部件通过设计使其共同协调工作，以获得更大的生产能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生产率、技术创新与环境友好型机械产品为21世纪而制造。32高生产率与低燃料消耗1双模式发动机功率选择