毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 中英文对照 外文翻译-关于proteus

目录ABOUTPROTEUS11WHATISPROTEUSVSM12SCHEMATICENTRY23CIRCUITSIMULATION24COSIMULATIONOFMICROCONTROLLERSOFTWARE35SOURCELEVELDEBUGGING36DIAGNOSTICMESSAGING47PERIPHERALMODELLIBRARIES48WHYCHOOSEPROTEUSVSM49PROTEUSVSMFOR8051510PROTEUSVSMUSBSIMULATION5101OVERVIEW6102HOWITWORKS6103WHATYOUNEED6104RUNNINGAUSBSIMULATION7105USBTRANSACTIONANALYSER7106THEUSBANALYSERINPROTEUS811SUPPORTEDTHIRDPARTYCOMPILERS8关于PROTEUS91什么是PROTEUS的VSM92图表输入93电路仿真104协同仿真单片机软件105源代码级调试106诊断消息117周边模型库118为什么选择PROTEUS的VSM119PROTEUSVSM对8051的应用1210PROTEUSVSM仿真USB接口12101PROTEUSVSM的USB概览12102PROTEUSVSM的USB如何运作12103使用PROTEUSVSM的USB条件13104一个USB的模拟运行13105USB接口交易分析13106USB在VSM中的分析仪1411支持第三方编译器14ABOUTPROTEUSMANYCADUSERSDISMISSSCHEMATICCAPTUREASANECESSARYEVILINTHEPROCESSOFCREATINGPCBLAYOUTBUTWEHAVEALWAYSDISPUTEDTHISPOINTOFVIEWWITHPCBLAYOUTNOWOFFERINGAUTOMATIONOFBOTHCOMPONENTPLACEMENTANDTRACKROUTING,GETTINGTHEDESIGNINTOTHECOMPUTERCANOFTENBETHEMOSTTIMECONSUMINGELEMENTOFTHEEXERCISEANDIFYOUUSECIRCUITSIMULATIONTODEVELOPYOURIDEAS,YOUAREGOINGTOSPENDEVENMORETIMEWORKINGONTHESCHEMATICISISHASBEENCREATEDWITHTHISINMINDITHASEVOLVEDOVERTWELVEYEARSRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTANDHASBEENPROVENBYTHOUSANDSOFUSERSWORLDWIDETHESTRENGTHOFITSARCHITECTUREHASALLOWEDUSTOINTEGRATEFIRSTCONVENTIONALGRAPHBASEDSIMULATIONANDNOWWITHPROTEUSVSMINTERACTIVECIRCUITSIMULATIONINTOTHEDESIGNENVIRONMENTFORTHEFIRSTTIMEEVERITISPOSSIBLETODRAWACOMPLETECIRCUITFORAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDSYSTEMANDTHENTESTITINTERACTIVELY,ALLFROMWITHINTHESAMEPIECEOFSOFTWAREMEANWHILE,ISISRETAINSAHOSTOFFEATURESAIMEDATTHEPCBDESIGNER,SOTHATTHESAMEDESIGNCANBEEXPORTEDFORPRODUCTIONWITHARESOROTHERPCBLAYOUTSOFTWAREFORTHEEDUCATIONALUSERANDENGINEERINGAUTHOR,ISISALSOEXCELSATPRODUCINGATTRACTIVESCHEMATICSLIKEYOUSEEINTHEMAGAZINESITPROVIDESTOTALCONTROLOFDRAWINGAPPEARANCEINTURNSOFLINEWIDTHS,FILLSTYLES,COLOURSANDFONTSINADDITION,ASYSTEMOFTEMPLATESALLOWSYOUTODEFINEAHOUSESTYLEANDTOCOPYTHEAPPEARANCEOFONEDRAWINGTOANOTHER1WHATISPROTEUSVSMPROTEUSVIRTUALSYSTEMMODELLINGVSMCOMBINESMIXEDMODESPICECIRCUITSIMULATION,ANIMATEDCOMPONENTSANDMICROPROCESSORMODELSTOFACILITATECOSIMULATIONOFCOMPLETEMICROCONTROLLERBASEDDESIGNSFORTHEFIRSTTIMEEVER,ITISPOSSIBLETODEVELOPANDTESTSUCHDESIGNSBEFOREAPHYSICALPROTOTYPEISCONSTRUCTEDTHISISPOSSIBLEBECAUSEYOUCANINTERACTWITHTHEDESIGNUSINGONSCREENINDICATORSSUCHASLEDANDLCDDISPLAYSANDACTUATORSSUCHASSWITCHESANDBUTTONSTHESIMULATIONTAKESPLACEINREALTIMEORNEARENOUGHTOITA1GMHZPENTIUMIIICANSIMULATEABASIC8051SYSTEMCLOCKINGATOVER12MHZPROTEUSVSMALSOPROVIDESEXTENSIVEDEBUGGINGFACILITIESINCLUDINGBREAKPOINTS,SINGLESTEPPINGANDVARIABLEDISPLAYFORBOTHASSEMBLYCODEANDHIGHLEVELLANGUAGESOURCESCREENSHOTOFTHEISISSCHEMATICEDITORSHOWINGAFULLYFUNCTIONALVIRTUALREPRESENTATIONOFTHEMICROCHIPPICDEM2EVALUATIONBOARD,CONTAININGPIC18F452,ALPHALCD,TC74TEMPSENSOR,24LC256I2CEEPROM,RS232TERMINALANDVARIOUSBUTTONS,POTS,LEDSETC2SCHEMATICENTRYPROTEUSVSMUSESOURPROVENSCHEMATICCAPTURESOFTWARETOPROVIDETHEENVIRONMENTFORDESIGNENTRYANDDEVELOPMENTISISISALONGESTABLISHEDPRODUCTANDCOMBINESEASEOFUSEWITHPOWERFULEDITINGTOOLSITISCAPABLEOFSUPPORTINGSCHEMATICCAPTUREFORBOTHSIMULATIONANDPCBDESIGNDESIGNSENTEREDINTOPROTEUSVSMFORTESTINGCANBENETLISTEDFORPCBLAYOUTEITHERWITHOUROWNPCBDESIGNPRODUCTSORWITHTHIRDPARTYPCBLAYOUTTOOLSISISALSOPROVIDESAVERYHIGHDEGREEOFCONTROLOVERTHEDRAWINGAPPEARANCE,INTERMSOFLINEWIDTHS,FILLSTYLES,FONTS,ETCTHESECAPABILITIESAREUSEDTOTHEFULLINPROVIDINGTHEGRAPHICSNECESSARYFORCIRCUITANIMATION3CIRCUITSIMULATIONATTHEHEARTOFPROTEUSVSMISPROSPICETHISISANESTABLISHEDPRODUCTTHATCOMBINESUSESASPICE3F5ANALOGUESIMULATORKERNELWITHAFASTEVENTDRIVENDIGITALSIMULATORTOPROVIDESEAMLESSMIXEDMODESIMULATIONTHEUSEOFASPICEKERNELLETSYOUUTILISEANYOFTHENUMEROUSMANUFACTURERSUPPLIEDSPICEMODELSNOWAVAILABLEANDAROUND6000OFTHESEAREINCLUDEDWITHTHEPACKAGEPROTEUSVSMINCLUDESANUMBEROFVIRTUALINSTRUMENTSINCLUDINGANOSCILLOSCOPE,LOGICANALYSER,FUNCTIONGENERATOR,PATTERNGENERATOR,COUNTERTIMERANDVIRTUALTERMINALASWELLASSIMPLEVOLTMETERSANDAMMETERSINADDITION,WEPROVIDEDEDICATEDMASTER/SLAVE/MONITORMODEPROTOCOLANALYSERSFORSPIANDI2CSIMPLYWIRETHEMONTOTHESERIALLINESANDMONITORORINTERACTWITHTHEDATALIVEDURINGSIMULATIONATRULYINVALUABLEANDINEXPENSIVEWAYTOGETYOURCOMMUNICATIONSOFTWARERIGHTPRIORTOHARDWAREPROTOTYPINGSHOULDYOUWISHTOTAKEDETAILEDMEASUREMENTSONGRAPHS,ORPERFORMOTHERANALYSISTYPESSUCHASFREQUENCY,DISTORTION,NOISEORSWEEPANALYSESOFANALOGUECIRCUITS,YOUCANPURCHASETHEADVANCEDSIMULATIONOPTIONTHISOPTIONALSOINCLUDESCONFORMANCEANALYSISAUNIQUEANDPOWERFULTOOLFORSOFTWAREQUALITYASSURANCE4COSIMULATIONOFMICROCONTROLLERSOFTWARETHEMOSTEXCITINGANDIMPORTANTFEATUREOFPROTEUSVSMISITSABILITYTOSIMULATETHEINTERACTIONBETWEENSOFTWARERUNNINGONAMICROCONTROLLERANDANYANALOGORDIGITALELECTRONICSCONNECTEDTOITTHEMICROCONTROLLERMODELSITSONTHESCHEMATICALONGWITHTHEOTHERELEMENTSOFYOURPRODUCTDESIGNITSIMULATESTHEEXECUTIONOFYOUROBJECTCODEMACHINECODE,JUSTLIKEAREALCHIPIFTHEPROGRAMCODEWRITESTOAPORT,THELOGICLEVELSINCIRCUITCHANGEACCORDINGLY,ANDIFTHECIRCUITCHANGESTHESTATEOFTHEPROCESSORSPINS,THISWILLBESEENBYYOURPROGRAMCODE,JUSTASINREALLIFETHEVSMCPUMODELSFULLYSIMULATEI/OPORTS,INTERRUPTS,TIMERS,USARTSANDALLOTHERPERIPHERALSPRESENTONEACHSUPPORTEDPROCESSORITISANYTHINGBUTASIMPLESOFTWARESIMULATORSINCETHEINTERACTIONOFALLTHESEPERIPHERALSWITHTHEEXTERNALCIRCUITISFULLYMODELLEDDOWNTOWAVEFORMLEVELANDTHEENTIRESYSTEMISTHEREFORESIMULATEDVSMCANEVENSIMULATEDESIGNSCONTAININGMULTIPLECPUS,SINCEITISASIMPLEENOUGHMATTERTOPLACETWOORMOREPROCESSORSONASCHEMATICANDWIRETHEMTOGETHER5SOURCELEVELDEBUGGINGWHILSTPROTEUSVSMISALREADYUNIQUEINITSCAPABILILTYTORUNNEARREALTIMESIMULATIONSOFCOMPLETEMICROCONTROLLERSYSTEMS,ITSREALPOWERCOMESFROMITSABILITYTOPERFORMTHESESIMULATIONSINSINGLESTEPMODETHISWORKSJUSTLIKEYOURFAVOURITESOFTWAREDEBUGGER,EXCEPTTHATASYOUSINGLESTEPTHECODE,YOUCANOBSERVETHEEFFECTONTHEENTIREDESIGNINCLUDINGALLTHEELECTRONICSEXTERNALTOTHEMICROCONTROLLERVSMACHIEVESTHISINANUMBEROFWAYS,DEPENDENTONTHEPROCESSORFAMILYANDTHETOOLSTHATYOUAREUSINGFORDETAILEDINFORMATIONONTHETHIRDPARTYCOMPILERSSUPPORTEDBYPROTEUSVSMPLEASESEETHETHIRDPARTYCOMPILERSPAGEDEBUGGINGWINDOWSFORTHEPIC24VIRTUALEXPLORER16DESIGNSHOWNARETHESOURCECODESHOWINGBREAKPOINTSANDBOTHHIGHLEVELANDLOWLEVELINSTRUCTIONS,WATCHWINDOWWITHEXPANDABLENAMEDSFRS,VARIABLEWINDOWWITHEXPANDABLECOMPOUNDTYPESANDUSERCONFIGURABLEIDLOCMEMORYDUMP6DIAGNOSTICMESSAGINGPROTEUSISEQUIPPEDWITHCOMPREHENSIVEDIAGNOSTICORTRACEMESSAGINGTHISALLOWSYOUTOSPECIFYWHICHCOMPONENTSORPROCESSORPERIPHERALSTHEYAREOFINTERESTATANYGIVENTIMEANDRECEIVEDETAILEDTEXTUALREPORTINGOFALLACTIVITYANDSYSTEMINTERACTIONTHISISINVALUABLEASADEBUGGINGAID,ALLOWINGYOUTOLOCATEANDFIXPROBLEMSINBOTHSOFTWAREANDHARDWAREMUCHFASTERTHANYOUCOULDWHENWORKINGONAPHYSICALPROTOTYPEDIAGNOSTICSETUPANDSIMULATIONADVISORSHOWINGTRACEMESSAGESFROMTHEALPHANUMERICLCDDISPLAYMODEL7PERIPHERALMODELLIBRARIESINADDITIONTOTHEMICROPROCESSORMODELSFOREACHSUPPORTEDFAMILY,ANDLITERALLYTHOUSANDSOFSTANDARDMODELSFORPASSIVES,TTL/CMOS,MEMORIES,ETCPROTEUSVSMISEQUIPPEDWITHACOMPREHENSIVELIBRARYOFEMBEDDEDPERIPHERALMODELS,FROMALPHANUMERICANDGRAPHICALLCDDISPLAYS,THROUGHDC,BLCDANDSERVOMOTORSTOETHERNETCONTROLLERCHIPSASUMMARYLISTINGOFTHEPERIPHERALMODELSINCLUDEDWITHPROTEUSCANBEFOUNDHERE8WHYCHOOSEPROTEUSVSMWHENCHOOSINGTHERIGHTSOFTWARESOLUTIONITISOFTENEASYTOLOSESIGHTOFWHICHPRODUCTSOFFERWHATFUNCTIONALITY,PARTICULARLYWHENSEVERALSOFTWARECOMPANIESOFFERPACKAGESWHICHATFIRSTGLANCEMAYLOOKIDENTICALPROTEUSVSMWASTHEFIRSTMICROCONTROLLERCOSIMULATIONPACKAGEANDOFFERSMOREMODELSWITHGREATERDETAILATTHEBESTPRICETOHELPCLARIFYTHIS,ANDTOAVOIDCONFUSIONOVERPRODUCTOFFERINGS,WEHAVECOMPILEDSOMEFUNCTIONALCOMPARISONSBELOWTHECOREOFANYEMBEDDEDSYSTEMDESIGNISTHEMICROCONTROLLERANDTHECOMPLETENESSOFTHEMODELASWELLASITSACCURACYARETHEREFOREOFPRIMARYIMPORTANCEYOUSHOULDALWAYSENSURETHATSIMULATIONMODELSFORMICROCONTROLLERSNOTONLYSUPPORTAPERIPHERALTHATYOUWANTTOUSEBUTSUPPORTTHEMODEINWHICHYOUWANTTOUSETHEPERIPHERALANDTOASATISFACTORYLEVELOFDETAILWEHAVEFOUNDTHATSOMEMICROCONTROLLERMODELSAREINFACTLITTLEMORETHANINSTRUCTIONSETSIMULATORSWHICHISLIGHTYEARSAWAYFROMTHELEVELOFDETAILINPROTEUSVSMMICROCONTROLLERMODELSTHEFOLLOWINGCHARTDETAILSMODELPARTICULARSPLEASENOTETHATNOTALLPERIPHERALSEXISTONALLDEVICESITSNOTAGREATDEALOFUSETOHAVEAFUNCTIONALLYPERFECTMICROCONTROLLERMODELOFAVARIANTTHATYOUDONTWANTTOUSEANDHAVENOMODELATALLFORADEVICEYOUDOWANTTOUSETHEFOLLOWINGCHARTDETAILSTHEMODELFAMILIESAVAILABLENOTETHATYOUSHOULDALWAYSCHECKTHATVARIANTSYOUWANTTOUSEAREACTUALLYMODELLEDPROTEUSVSMOFFERSWELLOVER150MICROCONTROLLERVARIANTSACROSSOURRANGEANDWEARECONTINUALLYRESPONDINGTOCUSTOMERDEMANDTOIMPLEMENTADDITIONALVARIANTSINEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSDESIGNITSVITALTHATYOUHAVESIMULATIONMODELSFORTHEPERIPHERALSTHATYOUARELIKELYTOUSEASIDEFROMTHESTANDARDCOLLECTIONOFTTL/CMOSLIBRARIES,OPAMPS,DIODES,TRANSISTORS,ETCTHEFOLLOWINGCHARTLISTSSOMECOMMONEMBEDDEDPERIPHERALSANDTHEIRSUPPORTWITHINVARIOUSPACKAGESBEINGENGINEERSOURSELVESWEAREALWAYSCONSCIOUSTHATBEINGABLETOSIMULATEASCHEMATICDESIGNISONLYPARTOFTHEPROCESSTHEREALVALUEANDTIMESAVINGPOTENTIALOFCOSIMULATIONSOFTWARELIESINITSABILITYTOHELPYOUFINDANDFIXBUGSINBOTHYOURSOFTWAREANDHARDWAREDESIGNTHECOMPARISONCHARTBELOWCOVERSSOMEOFTHECOMMONDEBUGGINGFACILITIESYOUWILLFINDINVARIOUSPACKAGES9PROTEUSVSMFOR8051PROTEUSVSMFOR8051CONTAINSEVERYTHINGYOUNEEDTODEVELOP,TESTANDVIRTUALLYPROTOTYPEYOUREMBEDDEDSYSTEMDESIGNSBASEDAROUNDTHEPOPULAR8051SERIESOFMICROCONTROLLERSTHEUNIQUENATUREOFSCHEMATICBASEDMICROCONTROLLERSIMULATIONWITHPROTEUSFACILITATESRAPID,FLEXIBLEANDPARALLELDEVELOPMENTOFBOTHTHESYSTEMHARDWAREANDTHESYSTEMFIRMWARETHISDESIGNSYNERGYALLOWSENGINEERSTOEVOLVETHEIRPROJECTSMOREQUICKLY,EMPOWERINGTHEMWITHTHEFLEXIBILITYTOMAKEHARDWAREORFIRMWARECHANGESATWILLANDREDUCINGTHETIMETOMARKETPROTEUSVSMISDISCUSSEDINMOREDETAILHERE10PROTEUSVSMUSBSIMULATIONPROTEUSVSMUSBSIMULATIONREPRESENTSTHEWORLDSFIRSTANDONLYSCHEMATICBASEDUSBSIMULATIONENGINEYOUCANNOWDESIGNYOUROWNUSBPERIPHERALDEVICEENTIRELYINPROTEUSUSINGONEOFTHESUPPORTEDMICROCONTROLLERSANDTHENTESTBOTHTHEFIRMWAREANDTHEHARDWAREBYSIMULATINGTHECIRCUITCOMMUNICATIONISMODELLEDDOWNTOWINDOWSDRIVERLEVEL,WITHALLREQUESTSTOANDREPLIESFROMTHESIMULATEDUSBDEVICEDISPLAYEDINTHEUSBTRANSACTIONANALYSERPROTEUSVSMISDISCUSSEDINMOREDETAILHERE101OVERVIEWTHEMAINAIMOFTHEPROTEUSVSMUSBSIMULATIONISTOALLOWCOM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括断点，单步和可变显示代码，对调试高级语言源代码提供方便。ISIS截图的原理图编辑器显示一个功能齐全的虚拟代表性的微处理器PICDEM2，其中载有PIC18F452液晶，TC74温度传感器，24LC256的I2CEEPROM存储器，RS232串口终端和各种按钮，LED灯等。2图表输入我们对PROTEUSVSM的使用证明CAPTURE软件提供的环境设计项目和发展是功能强大的。ISIS的建立是一个长期的过程，产品的易用性与强大的编辑工具都经历了很长时间的改进，它能够支持两个示意图捕捉模拟和PCB设计，设计进入到VSM测试可以使用NETLISTED的PCB布局或者我们自己设计PCB产品或与第三方PCB布局工具联调。ISIS还提供了一个高程度的控制，对图纸外观，线宽，填写样式，字体等进行控制，这些功能的充分利用为我们提供了必要的电路图形动画。3电路仿真最核心的PROTEUSVSM是PROSPICE。这是一个既定的产品，是使用SPICE3模拟仿真器内核与快速事件驱动结合起来的数字仿真，提供无缝混合模式模拟，使用的是SPICE的内核，你可以利用任何制造商提供的SPICE模型进行封装。PROTEUS的VSM包括一些虚拟仪器如示波器，逻辑分析仪，函数发生器，图形发生器，计数器定时器和虚拟终端以及简单的电压表和电流表。此外，我们提供专门的主/从监视器模式协议分析器的SPI和I2C，它们是串行线的监测或与生活中的数据模拟。如果你想详细测量的图表，或执行其他分析类型，如频率，失真，噪音或扫描分析模拟电路，可以购买高级模拟期权。此选项还包括一致性分析，一个独特和强大的工具还有软件质量保证。4协同仿真单片机软件最令人兴奋的和最重要的特征是PROTEUS的VSM是能够在模拟软件之间的互动关系上运行的微控制器使得任何模拟或数字电子产品都能连接到它。该微控制器模型示意图将您的产品设计的其他内容连接在一起。它模拟执行你的目标代码（机器代码），就像一个真正的芯片。如果程序代码写入端口，逻辑电平电路会相应地改变，然后这个状况的改变就会通过处理器的针脚输出，这将使您能够看到您的程序代码，就像在真实硬件中一样。在VSM中的CPU型号完全模拟I/O端口，中断，定时器，通用同步和所有其他外围设备上的每一个处理器。为什么一个这么简单的软件模拟器可以模拟这么多外设呢因为所有这些相互作用的外设与外部电路完全仿真到波形水平和整个系统。VSM甚至可以模拟设计包含多个处理器，因为它可以简单的将两个或两个以上的处理器的原理图和线在一起。5源代码级调试VSM的独特性在于，它的功能运行接近实时模拟完成微控制器系统，但是它真正的功能来自于能够利用单步模式执行这些功能，这个工程就像是最适合你的软件调试器，通过单步调试代码，你可以观察整个设计包括所有的电子产品外部微控制器。VSM在许多方面达到这一目标，你使用的是依赖于处理器和工具的功能。如需第三方编译器支持的PROTEUSVSM的详细资料，请参阅第三方编译页。调试窗口的PIC24虚拟EXPLORER16设计。所示的源代码显示断点和两个高级别和低级别的指示，监视窗口扩展名为SFR，拥有可变的窗口扩展复合类型和用户配置IDLOC内存转储。6诊断消息VSM配备了全面的诊断或追踪信息。这使您能够指定哪些部件或外设的处理器在任何特定时间都能收到所有活动的详细的文字报告和系统的相互作用。作为一个调试这是非常好的功能，让您查找和解决软件和硬件问题的速度远远超过你对物理样机工作时的速度。诊断安装与仿真顾问跟踪信息利用数字液晶显示字母工作模式。7周边模型库除了微处理器型号和数以千计的标准的被动模式，它支持所有类型，对TTL的CMOS，存储器等的PROTEUSVSM是配备了全面的嵌入式外设库模式，由字母和图形液晶显示器，通过直流，BLCD和伺服电机的以太网控制器芯片。8为什么选择PROTEUS的VSM当选择合适的软件解决方案时，往往容易忽略的是产品可提供哪些功能，特别是当一些软件公司提供成套乍看之下可能看起来是相同的功能时，PROTEUS的VSM是第一个微控制器协同仿真包，并能提供更多更详细的模型。嵌入式系统设计的微控制器和完整的模型以及它的准确度是核心，因此是至关重要的。你应始终确保微控制器仿真模型不仅支持外围您要使用的设备，而且支持的式要在其中使用外设和令人满意的详细程度。我们发现，一些微控制器模型实际上拥有很多的指令集模拟器（详细的PROTEUSVSM的微控制器模式）。这不是一个功能很强大的完善的微控制器模型，如果你不想使用，并不会在示范装置安排中要求你使用，但是请注意，你应经常检查变种您要使用的实际是仿真PROTEUSVSM提供多达150多个微控制器，在我们的能力范围内，我们不断地响应客户需求，补充额外的功能。在嵌入式系统的设计中更最重要的是，你很可能会使用模拟的外围设备。除了标准的TTL的CMOS管，二极管，晶体管等以外，还有常见的嵌入式外设，并支持不同的软件包。作为工程师我们自己总是意识到，能够模拟计划设计仅仅是这个进程的一部分，它的实际价值和潜在的联调的仿真软件在于它的功能，以协助您找出并修正错误在您的软件和硬件设计。它包括一些常见的调试设施，你会发现存在不同的软件包。9PROTEUSVSM对8051的应用PROTEUSVSM的8051应用包含你所需要的一切开发，测试和原型，实际上你的嵌入式系统设计基于流行的8051系列微控制器，它的独特性原理为基础的微控制器仿真变形有利于快速，灵活和并行的发展系统硬件和系统固件。这种设计使得工程师协同发展的项目更迅速，使他们的灵活性，使硬件或固件的变化更明显，而且