外文翻译--空气及天然气钻井.doc

本科生毕业设计（论文）翻译资料中文题目：空气及天然气钻井英文题目：AirandGasDrilling学生姓名：学号：班级：专业指导教师：论文翻译1ChapterOneIntroductionThisengineeringpracticebookhasbeenpreparedforengineers,earthscientists,andtechnicianswhoworkinmodernrotarydrillingoperations.Thebookderivesandillustratesengineeringcalculationtechniquesassociatedwithairandgasdrillingtechnology.Sincethisbookhasbeenwrittenforavarietyofprofessionalsandpotentialapplications,theauthorshaveattemptedtominimizetheuseoffieldequations.Alsothetechnicalterminologyusedinthebookshouldbeeasilyunderstoodbyallthosewhostudythistechnology.Innearlyallpartsofthebook,equationsarepresentedthatcanbeusedwithanysetofconsistentunits.AlthoughmostoftheexamplecalculationsuseEnglishunits,areadercaneasilyconverttotheSystemeInternationaledUnits(SIunits)usingthetablesinAppendixA.Airandgasdrillingtechnologyistheutilizationofcompressedairorothergasesasarotarydrillingcirculatingfluidtocarrytherockcuttingstothesurfacethataregeneratedatthebottomofthewellbytheadvanceofthedrillbit.Thecompressedairorothergas(e.g.,nitrogenornaturalgas)canbeusedbyitself,orcanbeinjectedintothewellwithincompressiblefluidssuchasfreshwater,formationwater,orformationoil.Therearethreedistinctoperationalapplicationsforthistechnology:airorgasdrillingoperations(usingonlythecompressedairorothergasasthecirculatingfluid),aerateddrillingoperations(usingcompressedairorothergasmixedwithanincompressiblefluid),andstablefoamdrillingoperations(usingthecompressedairorothergaswithanincompressiblefluidtocreateacontinuousfoamcirculatingfluid).论文翻译21.1RotaryDrillingRotarydrillingisamethodusedtodrilldeepboreholesinrockformationsoftheearthscrust.Thismethodiscomparativelynew,havingbeenfirstdevelopedbyaFrenchcivilengineer,RudolfLeschot,in18633.Themethodwasinitiallyusedtodrillwaterwellsusingfreshwaterasthecirculationfluid.Todaythismethodistheonlyrockdrillingtechniqueusedtodrilldeepboreholes(greaterthan3,000ft).Itisnotknownwhenaircompressorswerefirstusedforthedrillingofwaterwells,butitisknownthatdeeppetroleumandnaturalgaswellsweredrilledutilizingportableaircompressorsinthe1920s4.PipelinegaswasusedtodrillanaturalgaswellinTexasin1935usingreversecirculationtechniques5.Todayrotarydrillingisusedtodrillavarietyofboreholes.Mostwaterwellsandenvironmentalmonitoringwellsdrilledintobedrockareconstructedusingrotarydrilling.Intheminingindustryrotarydrillingisusedtodrillorebodytestboreholesandpilotboreholesforguidinglargershaftborings.Rotarydrillingtechniquesareusedtodrillboreholesforwater,oil,gas,andotherfluidpipelinesthatneedtopassunderrivers,highways,andothernaturalandman-madeobstructions.Mostrecently,rotarydrillingisbeingusedtodrillboreholesforfiberopticsandothertelecommunicationlinesinobstacleriddenareassuchascitesandindustrialsites.Themostsophisticatedapplicationforrotarydrillingisthedrillingofdeepboreholesfortherecoveryofnaturalresourcessuchascrudeoil,naturalgas,andgeothermalsteamandwater.Drillingboreholesforfluidresourcerecoveryrequiresboreholesdrilledtodepthsof3,000fttoasmuchas20,000ft.Rotarydrillingishighlyversatile.Therotarydrillingapplicationsgivenaboverequirethedrillingofigneous,metamorphic,andsedimentaryrock.However,thedeepdrillingofboreholesfortherecoveryofcrudeoilandnaturalgasarealmostexclusivelycarriedoutinsedimentaryrock.Boreholesfortherecoveryofgeothermalsteamandwaterareconstructedinallthreerocktypes.Therotarydrillingmethodrequirestheuseofarockcuttingorcrushingdrillbit.Figure1-1showsatypicalmilltoothtri-conerollerconebit.Thistypeofdrillbitusesmoreofacrushingactionto论文翻译3advancethebitintherock(seeChapter3formoredetails).Thistypeofbitisusedprimarilyinthedrillingofsedimentaryrock.Toadvancethedrillbitinrockrequirestheapplicationofanaxialforceonthebit(topushthebitintotherockface),torqueonthebit(torotatethebitagainsttheresistance