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高中化学资料(HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY)THEFIRSTPARTISBASICCONCEPTANDBASICTHEORY1OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTION1HOWTODETERMINETHEOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONAPPEARANCEVALENCELIFTINGESSENCEELECTRONTRANSFERNOTETHEREACTIONMUSTBEOXIDIZINGREDUCINGREACTION2RELATEDCONCEPTSOXIDATIONOXIDATIVEOXIDIZINGPRODUCTOXIDATIONREDUCTIVEREDUCIBLEREDUCTIVEREDUCIBLEREDUCTIVEPRODUCTPERFORMANCEREDUCTIVENOTE1INTHESAMEREACTION,OXIDATIONANDREDUCTIONREACTIONSOCCURSIMULTANEOUSLY2USETHESHUNTSLIPTOREMEMBER“RISEANDLOSSOFOXYGEN,DROPTORETURN,IFTHEAGENTISOPPOSITE,“OXIDATIONCORRESPONDSTOTHEOXIDATIONPRODUCT,ANDTHEREDUCTIONCORRESPONDSTOTHEREDUCTIONPRODUCT3ANALYSISOFOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONMETHODSINGLEBRIDGEDOUBLEBRIDGENOTE1THEVALENCEOFTHECOMMONELEMENTSMUSTBEREMEMBEREDIFYOUARENOTFAMILIARWITHTHEANALYSIS,YOUCANUSETHECOORDINATEMETHODTOANALYZEIT2INTHESAMEREDOXREACTION,THETOTALAMOUNTOFTHEOXIDANTISEQUALTOTHETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSLOST4THEJUDGMENTOFOXIDATIONANDREDUCINGOXIDIZINGAGENTTHEELEMENTTHATISATTHEHIGHESTPRICEISONLYOXIDIZEDTHEMOSTHIGHPRICEELEMENTSKMNO4,HNO3,ETCMOSTNONMETALLICSINGLEMATERIALSCL2,O2,ETCREDUCTANTREDUCIBILITYALLELEMENTSTHATAREINTHELOWESTPRICEAREONLYREDUCTIVETHELOWESTPRICEELEMENTH2S,IETCMETALSINGLEMATTERASUBSTANCETHATISBOTHOXIDIZEDANDREDUCTIVEANELEMENTINANINTERMEDIATESTATENOTE1THEGENERALOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONCANBEEXPRESSEDASOXIDANTREDUCINGAGENTOXIDIZINGPRODUCTREDUCTIONPRODUCTOXIDATIVESTRONGPEROXIDATIONOFOXIDANTS,REDUCINGTHEREDUCTIVEPROPERTYOFREDUCTANTS2WHENTHEREAREMULTIPLEELEMENTSINASUBSTANCETHATARESIGNIFICANTLYOXIDIZINGORREDUCING,REMEMBERTHATTHESTRONGDOMINANTZINCANDNITRICACIDREACTIONCANTPRODUCEHYDROGEN3REMEMBERTHATSTRONGANDWEAKINTERACTIONSTHATIS,THEEASIERITISTOHAVEELECTRONS,THEHARDERITISTOLOSEELECTRONS,ANDVICEVERSAREMEMBER1THESEQUENCEOFMETALACTIVITIES2THELAWOFGRADUALCHANGEOFTHESAMEPERIODANDTHENATUREOFTHEELEMENTSOFTHEMAINGROUP3NONMETALLICACTIVITYSEQUENCEELEMENTSOFCLBRNISPSICHELEMENTALF2CL2O2BR2I2SNPCSIH24RELATIONSHIPBETWEENOXIDATIONANDREDUCINGF2KMNO4HCL2THINHNO3THICKH2SO4BR2FE3CU2I2H0FE2FMN2CLNO2BRBRIIFE5BALANCEOFREDOXREACTIONEQUATIONPRINCIPLEINTHESAMEREACTION,THETOTALAMOUNTOFTHEOXIDANTISEQUALTOTHETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSLOSTSTEPCHANGETHECOLUMN,FINDTHEMULTIPLE,ANDTHECOEFFICIENTNOTEINTHEEQUATION,IFACERTAINELEMENTHASMULTIPLEATOMICVARIATIONS,THENUMBEROFATOMSINTHEVALENCEELEMENTCANBEBALANCEDFIRST,ANDTHECALCULATIONOFVALENCEFLUCTUATIONISCALCULATEDASAWHOLETYPEGENERALFILLINGANDVACANCYFILLINGGENERALWATERSHORTAGE,ACIDANDALKALIIONREACTION,IONEQUATION1JUDGMENTOFIONREACTIONTHEREACTIONTHATISCARRIEDOUTINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONISIONREACTION2WRITINGSTEPSOFTHEIONEQUATION“WRITE,REMOVE,DELETE,ANDCHECK“NOTE1WHICHSUBSTANCESSHOULDBEDISMOUNTEDINTOIONICFORMSANDWHICHSHOULDBERETAINEDITISIMPORTANTTOREMEMBERTHATTHE“STRONGACID,STRONGALKALI,SOLUBLESALT“SALTISTOBEREMOVEDASIONICMODE,ANDTHEREMAININGMOLECULARFORMULASHOULDBERETAINEDTHESPECIALTREATMENTMETHODOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDANDMICROLYSOTEISALSOREQUIRED22CHECKTHEMETHODOFPOSITIVEERROROFIONEQUATION,THREECHECKSCHARGECONSERVATION,CONSERVATIONOFMASS,COINCIDENCEOFREACTIONFACTS3COEXISTENCEOFIONSNOONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGSITUATIONSCANCOEXIST1FORMATIONOFREFRACTORYPRODUCTSCOMMONAGBR,AGCL,AGI,CACO3,BACO3,CASO3,BASO3,ETC2PRODUCEVOLATILESUBSTANCESCOMMONNH3,CO2,SO2,HCL,ETC3FORMATIONOFDIFFICULTIONIZINGSUBSTANCESCOMMONWATER,AMMONIA,WEAKACID,WEAKBASEANDSOON4OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONOCCURSFE3ANDS2,CLOANDS2IIIATOMICSTRUCTURE1RELATIONSHIPNUCLEARCHARGEPROTONNUMBERNUCLEARNUMBERATOMICNUMBERATOMICNUMBERZMASSNUMBERAPROTONNUMBERZNEUTRONNUMBERNNOTECHEMICALREACTIONSONLYCHANGETHENUMBEROFELECTRONSINTHEOUTERMOSTSHELL,SOTHENUMBEROFELECTRONSINTHEANIONICNUCLEUSISEQUALTOTHENUMBEROFPROTONS|AND|CATIONICELECTRONNUMBERPROTONNUMBERBBB02WHATITMEANS3ISOTOPESATOMSOFTHESAMEATOMWITHTHESAMENUMBEROFPROTONSANDDIFFERENTNEUTRONSNOTE1ISOTOPESREFERTOATOMS,NOTONESORCOMPOUNDS2MUSTMEANTHESAMEELEMENT3THECHEMICALPROPERTIESAREALMOSTIDENTICALTHEARRANGEMENTOFELECTRONSOUTSIDETHENUCLEUS1CHARACTERISTICSOFSPORTS2DESCRIBETHEMETHODOFELECTRONICMOVEMENT3CONFIGURATIONOFTHEELECTRONOUTSIDETHENUCLEUSSYMBOLKLMNOPQ1,2,3,4,5,6,74MASTERTHEWRITINGOFATOMICSTRUCTURESCHEMATICFOURRULESTOBEOBSERVEDINOFFCOREELECTRONCONFIGURATIONIVPERIODICTABLEOFELEMENTSANDPERIODICTABLE1WHATISTHEPERIODICLAWWHATISATOMICNUMBERWHATISTHEPERIODICLAWTHEESSENCEOFTHEPERIODICLAWWHODISCOVEREDTHEPERIODICLAW2THESTRUCTUREOFTHEPERIODICTABLE1THEPERIODORDINALTHENUMBEROFPRIMARYNUMBEROFTHEELECTRONLAYERTHEOUTERELECTRONNUMBERHIGHESTPOSITIVEVALENCE2REMEMBER“SEVENCYCLES,THREELONG,THREESHORTANDONENOTALL“,“EIGHTEENANDSIXTEEN,ANDSEVENOFTHESEVENARESTILLZEROANDEIGHT“3PERIODICORDINALNUMBERONE,TWO,THREE,FOUR,FIVE,SIXNUMBEROFELEMENTS2,8,8,18,18,324ORDEROFTHENATIONALITIESFROMLEFTTORIGHT,AANDB,B,B,B,B,B,BAANDA,A,A,OANOTEACYCLEWITHAELEMENTDOESNOTNECESSARILYADJACENT3DETERMINATIONOFTHENATUREOFELEMENTSITSEASYTOREACTWITHWATERORACIDGOLDPROPERTYTHEALKALINITYOFHYDROXIDEISWEAKITSNOTEASYTOREACTWITHHYDROGENTHERMALSTABILITYOFNONMETALLICHYDRIDESTHEHIGHESTPRICEOXYGENATEACIDITYNOTETHEABOVEISALSOTRUE4GRADUALCHANGEOFELEMENTS1THECHANGERULEOFTHESAMEPERIODANDTHENATUREOFTHEELEMENTALELEMENTSNOTEGOLDATTRIBUTEIE,THEPROPERTYOFTHELOSTELECTRON,WHICHISREDUCTIVE,NONMETALLICTHEPROPERTYOFTHEELECTRON,ISOXIDIZED2JUDGMENTOFATOMICRADIUSSIZEFIRSTLY,ANALYZETHENUMBEROFTHEELECTRONLAYERANDTHENANALYZETHEATOMICNUMBERTHEMORETHEGENERALLAYER,THELARGERTHERADIUS,THELARGERTHENUMBEROFTHESAMEATOMICNUMBER,THESMALLERTHERADIUS5VALENCEVALENCEELECTRONSARETHEPERIPHERALELECTRONSTHEPRIMARYFAMILYELEMENTISTHEOUTERMOSTELECTRONMAINNUMBERMAXIMUMNUMBEROFELECTRONSHIGHESTPOSITIVEPRICE|NEGATIVE|MAXIMUMPOSITIVEVALUE8NOTENUMBEROFATOMICNUMBER,NUMBEROFGROUPS,VALENCE,NUMBEROFOUTERMOSTELECTRONS6THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEPERIODICTABLE“POSITION,STRUCTUREANDSEX“5MOLECULARSTRUCTURETOMASTER“ONEFORCE,TWOKEYS,THREECRYSTALS“1BONDSREMEMBERCONCEPTS,TYPESOFBONDSIONICBONDS,COVALENTBONDS,METALBONDS2IONICBONDS1REMEMBERTHEDEFINITION2THEFORMATIONOFIONICBONDCONDITIONSLIVELYMETALELEMENTSA,AANDLIVELYNONMETALLICELEMENTSA,ACHEMICALCOMBINATIONBETWEEN3THECOMPARISONOFION

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