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一、外文原文TALLINGBUILDINGANDSTEELCONSTRUCTIONALTHOUGHTHEREHAVEBEENMANYADVANCEMENTSINBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGYINGENERALSPECTACULARARCHIEVEMENTSHAVEBEENMADEINTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFULTRAHIGHRISEBUILDINGSTHEEARLYDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSBEGANWITHSTRUCTURALSTEELFRAMINGREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDSTRESSEDSKINTUBESYSTEMSHAVESINCEBEENECONOMICALLYANDCOMPETITIVELYUSEDINANUMBEROFSTRUCTURESFORBOTHRESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALPURPOSESTHEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSRANGINGFROM50TO110STORIESTHATAREBEINGBUILTALLOVERTHEUNITEDSTATESARETHERESULTOFINNOVATIONSANDDEVELOPMENTOFNEWSTRUCTUALSYSTEMSGREATERHEIGHTENTAILSINCREASEDCOLUMNANDBEAMSIZESTOMAKEBUILDINGSMORERIGIDSOTHATUNDERWINDLOADTHEYWILLNOTSWAYBEYONDANACCEPTABLELIMITEXCESSIVELATERALSWAYMAYCAUSESERIOUSRECURRINGDAMAGETOPARTITIONS,CEILINGSANDOTHERARCHITECTURALDETAILSINADDITION,EXCESSIVESWAYMAYCAUSEDISCOMFORTTOTHEOCCUPANTSOFTHEBUILDINGBECAUSETHEIRPERCEPTIONOFSUCHMOTIONSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE,ASWELLASSTEEL,TAKEFULLADVANTAGEOFINHERENTPOTENTIALSTIFFNESSOFTHETOTALBUILDINGANDTHEREFOREREQUIREADDITIONALSTIFFENINGTOLIMITTHESWAYINASTEELSTRUCTURE,FOREXAMPLE,THEECONOMYCANBEDEFINEDINTERMSOFTHETOTALAVERAGEQUANTITYOFSTEELPERSQUAREFOOTOFFLOORAREAOFTHEBUILDINGCURVEAINFIG1REPRESENTSTHEAVERAGEUNITWEIGHTOFACONVENTIONALFRAMEWITHINCREASINGNUMBERSOFSTORIESCURVEBREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGESTEELWEIGHTIFTHEFRAMEISPROTECTEDFROMALLLATERALLOADSTHEGAPBETWEENTHEUPPERBOUNDARYANDTHELOWERBOUNDARYREPRESENTSTHEPREMIUMFORHEIGHTFORTHETRADITIONALCOLUMNANDBEAMFRAMESTRUCTURALENGINEERSHAVEDEVELOPEDSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSWITHAVIEWTOELIMINATINGTHISPREMIUMSYSTEMSINSTEELTALLBUILDINGSINSTEELDEVELOPEDASARESULTOFSEVERALTYPESOFSTRUCTURALINNOVATIONSTHEINNOVATIONSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOFBOTHOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGSFRAMEWITHRIGIDBELTTRUSSESINORDERTOTIETHEEXTERIORCOLUMNSOFAFRAMESTRUCTURETOTHEINTERIORVERTICALTRUSSES,ASYSTEMOFRIGIDBELTTRUSSESATMIDHEIGHTANDATTHETOPOFTHEBUILDINGMAYBEUSEDAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISSYSTEMISTHEFIRSTWISCONSINBANKBUILDING1974INMILWAUKEEFRAMEDTUBETHEMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYOFTHETOTALSTRUCTUREOFATALLBUILDING,FORBOTHSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS,TORESISTWINDLOADCANBEACHIEVEDONLYIFALLCOLUMNELEMENTCANBECONNECTEDTOEACHOTHERINSUCHAWAYTHATTHEENTIREBUILDINGACTSASAHOLLOWTUBEORRIGIDBOXINPROJECTINGOUTOFTHEGROUNDTHISPARTICULARSTRUCTURALSYSTEMWASPROBABLYUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHE43STORYREINFORCEDCONCRETEDEWITTCHESTNUTAPARTMENTBUILDINGINCHICAGOTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTUSEOFTHISSYSTEMISINTHETWINSTRUCTURALSTEELTOWERSOFTHE110STORYWORLDTRADECENTERBUILDINGINNEWYORKCOLUMNDIAGONALTRUSSTUBETHEEXTERIORCOLUMNSOFABUILDINGCANBESPACEDREASONABLYFARAPARTANDYETBEMADETOWORKTOGETHERASATUBEBYCONNECTINGTHEMWITHDIAGONALMEMBERSINTERESTINGATTHECENTRELINEOFTHECOLUMNSANDBEAMSTHISSIMPLEYETEXTREMELYEFFICIENTSYSTEMWASUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEONTHEJOHNHANCOCKCENTREINCHICAGO,USINGASMUCHSTEELASISNORMALLYNEEDEDFORATRADITIONAL40STORYBUILDINGBUNDLEDTUBEWITHTHECONTINUINGNEEDFORLARGERANDTALLERBUILDINGS,THEFRAMEDTUBEORTHECOLUMNDIAGONALTRUSSTUBEMAYBEUSEDINABUNDLEDFORMTOCREATELARGERTUBEENVELOPESWHILEMAINTAININGHIGHEFFICIENCYTHE110STORYSEARSROEBUCKHEADQUARTERSBUILDINGINCHICAGOHASNINETUBE,BUNDLEDATTHEBASEOFTHEBUILDINGINTHREEROWSSOMEOFTHESEINDIVIDUALTUBESTERMINATEATDIFFERENTHEIGHTSOFTHEBUILDING,DEMONSTRATINGTHEUNLIMITEDARCHITECTURALPOSSIBILITIESOFTHISLATESTSTRUCTURALCONCEPTTHESEARSTOWER,ATAHEIGHTOF1450FT442M,ISTHEWORLDSTALLESTBUILDINGSTRESSEDSKINTUBESYSTEMTHETUBESTRUCTURALSYSTEMWASDEVELOPEDFORIMPROVINGTHERESISTANCETOLATERALFORCESWINDANDEARTHQUAKEANDTHECONTROLOFDRIFTLATERALBUILDINGMOVEMENTINHIGHRISEBUILDINGTHESTRESSEDSKINTUBETAKESTHETUBESYSTEMASTEPFURTHERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESTRESSEDSKINTUBEUTILIZESTHEFAADEOFTHEBUILDINGASASTRUCTURALELEMENTWHICHACTSWITHTHEFRAMEDTUBE,THUSPROVIDINGANEFFICIENTWAYOFRESISTINGLATERALLOADSINHIGHRISEBUILDINGS,ANDRESULTINGINCOSTEFFECTIVECOLUMNFREEINTERIORSPACEWITHAHIGHRATIOOFNETTOGROSSFLOORAREABECAUSEOFTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHESTRESSEDSKINFAADE,THEFRAMEDMEMBERSOFTHETUBEREQUIRELESSMASS,ANDARETHUSLIGHTERANDLESSEXPENSIVEALLTHETYPICALCOLUMNSANDSPANDRELBEAMSARESTANDARDROLLEDSHAPES,MINIMIZINGTHEUSEANDCOSTOFSPECIALBUILTUPMEMBERSTHEDEPTHREQUIREMENTFORTHEPERIMETERSPANDRELBEAMSISALSOREDUCED,ANDTHENEEDFORUPSETBEAMSABOVEFLOORS,WHICHWOULDENCROACHONVALUABLESPACE,ISMINIMIZEDTHESTRUCTURALSYSTEMHASBEENUSEDONTHE54STORYONEMELLONBANKCENTERINPITTBURGHSYSTEMSINCONCRETEWHILETALLBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTEDOFSTEELHADANEARLYSTART,DEVELOPMENTOFTALLBUILDINGSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEPROGRESSEDATAFASTENOUGHRATETOPROVIDEACOMPETITIVECHANLLENGETOSTRUCTURALSTEELSYSTEMSFORBOTHOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGSFRAMEDTUBEASDISCUSSEDABOVE,THEFIRSTFRAMEDTUBECONCEPTFORTALLBUILDINGSWASUSEDFORTHE43STORYDEWITTCHESTNUTAPARTMENTBUILDINGINTHISBUILDING,EXTERIORCOLUMNSWERESPACEDAT55FT168MCENTERS,ANDINTERIORCOLUMNSWEREUSEDASNEEDEDTOSUPPORTTHE8INTHICK20MFLATPLATECONCRETESLABSTUBEINTUBEANOTHERSYSTEMINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFOROFFICEBUILDINGSCOMBINESTHETRADITIONALSHEARWALLCONSTRUCTIONWITHANEXTERIORFRAMEDTUBETHESYSTEMCONSISTSOFANOUTERFRAMEDTUBEOFVERYCLOSELYSPACEDCOLUMNSANDANINTERIORRIGIDSHEARWALLTUBEENCLOSINGTHECENTRALSERVICEAREATHESYSTEMKNOWNASTHETUBEINTUBESYSTEM,MADEITPOSSIBLETODESIGNTHEWORLDSPRESENTTALLEST714FTOR218MLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETEBUILDINGTHE52STORYONESHELLPLAZABUILDINGINHOUSTONFORTHEUNITPRICEOFATRADITIONALSHEARWALLSTRUCTUREOFONLY35STORIESSYSTEMSCOMBININGBOTHCONCRETEANDSTEELHAVEALSOBEENDEVELOPED,ANEXAMLEOFWHICHISTHECOMPOSITESYSTEMDEVELOPEDBYSKIDMORE,OWINGSMERRILINWHICHANEXTERIORCLOSELYSPACEDFRAMEDTUBEINCONCRETEENVELOPSANINTERIORSTEELFRAMING,THEREBYCOMBININGTHEADVANTAGESOFBOTHREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDSTRUCTURALSTEELSYSTEMSTHE52STORYONESHELLSQUAREBUILDINGINNEWORLEANSISBASEDONTHISSYSTEMSTEELCONSTRUCTIONREFERSTOABROADRANGEOFBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONINWHICHSTEELPLAYSTHELEADINGROLEMOSTSTEELCONSTRUCTIONCONSISTSOFLARGESCALEBUILDINGSORENGINEERINGWORKS,WITHTHESTEELGENERALLYINTHEFORMOFBEAMS,GIRDERS,BARS,PLATES,ANDOTHERMEMBERSSHAPEDTHROUGHTHEHOTROLLEDPROCESSDESPITETHEINCREASEDUSEOFOTHERMATERIALS,STEELCONSTRUCTIONREMAINEDAMAJOROUTLETFORTHESTEELINDUSTRIESOFTHEUS,UK,USSR,JAPAN,WESTGERMAN,FRANCE,ANDOTHERSTEELPRODUCERSINTHE1970S二、原文翻译高层结构与钢结构近年来，尽管一般的建筑结构设计取得了很大的进步，但是取得显著成绩的还要属超高层建筑结构设计。最初的高层建筑设计是从钢结构的设计开始的。钢筋混凝土和受力外包钢筒系统运用起来是比较经济的系统，被有效地运用于大批的民用建筑和商业建筑中。50层到100层的建筑被定义为超高层建筑。而这种建筑在美国得广泛的应用是由于新的结构系统的发展和创新。这样的高度需要增大柱和梁的尺寸，这样以来可以使建筑物更加坚固以至于在允许的限度范围内承受风荷载而不产生弯曲和倾斜。过分的倾斜会导致建筑的隔离构件、顶棚以及其他建筑细部产生循环破坏。除此之外，过大的摇动也会使建筑的使用者们因感觉到这样的的晃动而产生不舒服的感觉。无论是钢筋混凝土结构系统还是钢结构系统都充分利用了整个建筑的刚度潜力，因此不能指望利用多余的刚度来限制侧向位移。钢结构中的体系钢结构的高层建筑的发展是几种结构体系创新的结果。这些创新的结构已经被广泛地应用于办公大楼和公寓建筑中。刚性带式桁架的框架结构为了联系框架结构的外柱和内部带式桁架，可以在建筑物的中间和顶部设置刚性带式桁架。1974年在米望基建造的威斯康森银行大楼就是一个很好的例子。框架筒结构如果所有的构件都用某种方式互相联系在一起，整个建筑就像是从地面发射出的一个空心筒体或是一个刚性盒子一样。这个时候此高层建筑的整个结构抵抗风荷载的所有强度和刚度将达到最大的效率。这种特殊的结构体系首次被芝加哥的43层钢筋混凝土的德威特红棕色的公寓大楼所采用。但是这种结构体系的的所有应用中最引人注目的还要属在纽约建造的100层的双筒结构的世界贸易中心大厦。斜撑桁架筒体建筑物的外柱可以彼此独立的间隔布置，也可以借助于通过梁柱中心线的交叉的斜撑构件联系在一起，形成一个共同工作的筒体结构。这种高度的结构体系首次被芝加哥的JOHNHANCOCK中心大厦采用。这项工程所耗用的刚才量与传统的四十层高楼的用钢量相当。筒体随着对更高层建筑的要求不断地增大。筒体结构和斜撑桁架筒体被设计成捆束状以形成更大的筒体来保持建筑物的高效能。芝加哥的110层的SEARSROEBUCK总部大楼有9个筒体，从基础开始分成三个部分。这些独立筒体中的终端处在不同高度的建筑体中，这充分体现出了这种新式结构观念的建筑风格自由化的潜能。这座建筑物1450英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的大厦。薄壳筒体系统这种筒体结构系统的设计是为了增强超高层建筑抵抗侧力的能力（风荷载和地震荷载）以及建筑的抗侧移能力。薄壳筒体是筒体系统的又一大飞跃。薄壳筒体的进步是利用高层建筑的正面（墙体和板）作为与筒体共同作用的结构构件，为