国际经济学（全套课件526p）

国际经济学（全套课件526P）“”WTOOUTLINE第一章概论一、国际经济学的研究对象ECONOMICS国际经济学的研究对象国际经济学的概念“”“”“”“”国际经济学与一般经济学的联系和区别SJ威尔斯SIDNEYJWELLS“对一般经济理论与国际经济学这一特殊学科之间的联系,发现得越多,对后者的理解就越好”。国际经济学与一般经济学的区别国际经济与国内经济的运行范围和条件存在着巨大的差别国际经济与国内经济的运行范围和条件存在着巨大的差别国际经济与国内经济的运行范围和条件存在着巨大的差别二、国际经济学的主要内容三、国际经济学的产生和发展1HOTHEMERCANTILISM“”1766181720119191933HO11936120701207080“”12060204020701978“”122“”EXTERNALBALANCE1752“”22022060“”21960“”“”1973220702208012345“”“”“”“”“”“”DABCDCABCDAABCDCABCD本章结束PART1INTERNATIONALTRADETHEORYCHAPTER23THEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGECHAPTER4DETERMINATIONOFEQUILIBRIUMRELATIVEPRICESCHAPTER5THEHECKSCHEROHLINTHEORYCHAPTER6THENEWTRADETHEORIESCHAPTER7INTERNATIONALTRADEANDECONOMICGROWTHBASICQUESTIONSOFINTERNATIONALTRADETHEORIES1WHATISTHEBASISFORTRADE2WHATARETHEGAINSFROMTRADE3WHATISTHEPATTERNOFTRADECHAPTER2THELAWOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGECHAPTER221THEMERCANTILISTSVIEWSONTRADE22TRADEBASEDONABSOLUTEADVANTAGE23TRADEBASEDONCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE24COMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANDOPPORTUNITYCOSTS25THEBASISFORANDTHEGAINSFROMTRADEUNDERCONSTANTCOSTS“”21THEMERCANTILISTSVIEWSONTRADE1BACKGROUNDOFORIGINATIONEUROPEDURINGTHEFOURTEENTHANDEIGHTEENTHCENTURY2INFLUENTIALMERCANTILISTWRITERTHOMASMUNN15711641ENGLANDSTREASUREBYFOREIGNTRADE3VIEWSOFMERCANTILISMTHEWEALTHOFANATIONWASMEASUREDBYTHESTOCKOFPRECIOUSMETALITPOSSESSEDTHEAMOUNTOFGOLDANDSILVERWASFIXEDTHEORDINARYWAYFORANATIONTOINCREASEWEALTHWASTOEXPORTMORETHANITIMPORTEDTRADEWASAZEROSUMGAMEPREACHEDSTRICTGOVERNMENTCONTROLOFALLECONOMICACTIVITYANDTRADEPROTECTIONISM“”1“”“”“”“”“”“”4EVALUATION1LIMITATIONSVIEWSONNATIONALWEALTHVIEWSONTRADEANDTRADEPOLICIESECONOMICNATIONALISM2CONTRIBUTIONSTRADEANDNATIONALINCOMEONTHEORIESONREALITY5“”22TRADEBASEDONABSOLUTEADVANTAGEADAMSMITH1ORIGINATIONADAMSMITHRESEARCHONTHENATUREANDREASONOFNATIONALWEALTH,1776BACKGROUNDEUROPEINTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURY1723179017231717511764175918601770177617907172EXPLANATION1ASSUMPTIONS2COUNTRIES2COMMODITIES1FACTORLABOR2CONCEPTSABSOLUTEADVANTAGETHEMOREEFFICIENTPRODUCTIONINONECOMMODITYLOWERCOSTORHIGHEROUTPUTINTERNATIONALSPECIALIZINGINPRODUCTIONILLUSTRATIONOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGE12HOURSPERPIECE4HOURSPERPIECECOMMODITYY3HOURSPERPIECE2HOURSPERPIECECOMMODITYXCOUNTRYBCOUNTRYAILLUSTRATIONOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGE2ILLUSTRATIONOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGE354CLOTHYARDS/MANHOUR16WHEATBUSHELS/MANHOURUKUS3PROBLEMWHATARETHEGAINSFROMINTERNATIONALSPECIALIZATIONINPRODUCTIONANDINTERNATIONALTRADE1104800011212111323233332“”“”ILLUSTRATIONOFABSOLUTEADVANTAGEGAINS54CLOTHYARDS/MANHOUR16WHEATBUSHELS/MANHOURU/SUME6W6C1W1CUSUK64CLOTH66WHEATAFTERBEFORE6305CLOTH661WHEATAFTERBEFORE3CONCLUSIONSTRADEBETWEENTWONATIONSISBASEDONABSOLUTEADVANTAGETHEPATTERNOFTRADEISTHATEACHCOUNTRYSPECIALIZESINTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHECOMMODITYINWHICHITHASABSOLUTEADVANTAGEANDEXPORTIT,WHILEIMPORTINGITSABSOLUTEDISADVANTAGETHEGAINSFROMTRADEISMEASUREDBYINCREASEINTHEOUTPUTDUETOSPECIALIZATIONORMORECONSUMPTIONALLNATIONSWOULDGAINFROMFREETRADEANDADVOCATEDAPOLICYOFLAISSEZFAIRE4EVALUATION1CONTRIBUTIONSFREETRADEISPOSITIVESUMGAMECREATEANALYZINGMODELS2LIMITATIONSEXPLAINONLYAVERYSMALLPARTOFWORLDTRADE80901201001123TRADEBASEDONCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEDAVIDRICARDO1ORIGINATIONDAVIDRICARDO1817PRINCIPLESOFPOLITICALECONOMYANDTAXATION,BACKGROUNDACTOFCORNS17724181417991817181918239112THELAWOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE1CONCEPT2DERIVATION3CONCLUSIONS4ASSUMPTIONS1CONCEPTCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEISLARGERABSOLUTEADVANTAGESMALLERABSOLUTEDISADVANTAGE“”“”TABLE22COMPARATIVEADVANTAGE24CLOTHYARDS/MANHOUR16WHEATBUSHELS/MANHOURUKUS2DERIVATIONTHEGAINSFROMTRADEPROBLEMSISTHECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHEBASISFORINTERNATIONALTRADEWHATARETHEPATTERNSOFTRADEUNDERCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWHATARETHEGAINSFROMTRADEUNDERCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETABLE22COMPARATIVEADVANTAGE24CLOTHYARDS/MANHOUR16WHEATBUSHELS/MANHOURU/SUME6W6C1W1CUSUK64CLOTH66WHEATAFTERBEFORE6122CLOTH661WHEATAFTERBEFORETHERANGEFORMUTUALLYADVANTAGEOUSTRADEIS4C6W12CWHATARETHEGAINSFROMTRADEINTHEOTHEREXCHANGERATESIE,6W5C,6W7C,6W8C,6W9C,6W10C,6W11CASSUME6W8CUSUK84CLOTH66WHEATAFTERBEFORE8122CLOTH661WHEATAFTERBEFORE3CONCLUSIONSEVENIFONENATIONISLESSEFFICIENTTHANTHEOTHERNATIONINTHEPRODUCTIONOFBOTHCOMMODITIES,THEREISSTILLABASISFORMUTUALLYBENEFICIALTRADECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEONENATIONSHOULDSPECIALIZEINTHEPRODUCTIONOFANDEXPORTTHECOMMODITYOFITSCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANDIMPORTTHECOMMODITYOFITSCOMPARATIVEDISADVANTAGE4ASSUMPTIONS2NATIONS,2COMMODITIESAND1FACTORFREETRADEPERFECTMOBILITYOFLABORWITHINEACHNATIONBUTIMMOBILITYBETWEENNATIONSCONSTANTCOSTSOFPRODUCTIONNOTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSNOTECHNICALCHANGETHELABORTHEORYOFVALUE3EXCEPTIONTOTHELAWOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE24CLOTHYARDS/MANHOUR36WHEATBUSHELS/MANHOURUKUS4COMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWITHMONEY1WHATISTHEEXPRESSIONANDSOURCEOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEWITHMONEYASSUMEUSWAGERATE6/PERHOURUKWAGERATE1/PERHOUR12TABLE22COMPARATIVEADVANTAGE24CLOTHYARDS/MANHOUR16WHEATBUSHELS/MANHOURUKUS050100150PRICEOFONEYARDOFCLOTH100200100PRICEOFONEBUSHELOFWHEATUKUS2THERANGEFORMUTUALLYADVANTAGEOUSTRADETHEINEFFICIENCYOFUKLABORRELATIVETOUSLABORINCLOTHPRODUCTIONISMORETHANCOMPENSATEDFORBYTHELOWERWAGESINTHEUNITEDKINGDOMTHERANGEFORMUTUALLYADVANTAGEOUSTRADEIS1/6WUK1/23MISCONCEPTIONSABOUTCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEFREETRADEISBENEFICIALONLYIFYOURCOUNTRYISSTRONGENOUGHTOSTANDUPTOFOREIGNCOMPETITIONFOREIGNCOMPETITIONISUNFAIRANDHURTSOTHERCOUNTRIESIFITISBASEDONLOWWAGESTRADEEXPLOITSACOUNTRYANDMAKESITWORSEOFFIFITSWORKERSRECEIVEMUCHLOWERWAGESTHANWORKERSINOTHERNATIONS萨谬尔森在经济学中指出比较优势是经济学中最深刻的真理之一,它为国际贸易奠定了坚不可摧的坚实的基础,任何忽视比较优势的国家在经济增长和人民生活方面都会付出沉重的代价。“”“”“”“”24COMPARATIVEADVANTAGE4512356INTERNATIONALECONOMICS20111,2010220113PAULRKRUGMAN,MAURICEOBSTFELD,INTERNATIONALECONOMICSTHEORYANDPOLICY9THEDITION,ADDISONWESLEY,2012MERCANTILISM“就象守财奴一样,双手抱住他心爱的钱袋,用嫉妒和猜疑的目光打量着自己的邻居”。恩格斯重商主义产生的时代背景14世纪末15世纪初到18世纪中期,这一时期正是资本主义经济的资本原始积累阶段。“葡萄牙人在非洲海岸、印度及整个远东地区搜寻着黄金黄金这两个字变成了驱使西班牙人远渡大西洋的符咒黄金也是白种人刚踏上新发现的海岸时所追求的头一项重要的东西”。235467891011121314151617181920ADAMSMITH17231790112345678921502540100210512512104320151270420151270532856328515010021133020208041058105181561815“如果一件东西在购买时所花费的代价比在家里生产时花费的小,人们就永远不会在家里生产,这是每一个精明的家长都知道的格言。裁缝不想自己制作鞋子,而向鞋匠购买。鞋匠不想制作他自己的衣服,而雇裁缝裁制他们都感到,为了他们自身的利益,应当把他们的全部精力集中使用到比邻人处于某种有利地位的方面,而以劳动生产物的一部分购买他们所需的任何其他物品。如果每一个私人家庭的行为是理性的,那么整个国家的行为就很难是荒唐的。如果外国能以比我们自己制造还便宜的商品供应我们,那么我们最好就用自己有优势的商品同他们交换。”亚当斯密,17763503020152025502111O100402012100708011125O41“”234DAVIDRICARDO,177218231160208060210310751311333010204543010204555055650551606022133015304545105105610526030152010303121O1208030204560214/31O3123EILHECKSCHER,18791952BERTILOHLIN,189919791FACTORINTENSITYKLXYXYFACTORABUNDANCEABBBAALKLKABBBAARWBRWAYYXXLKLK21,LKFQ,LKFLKFQ2HECKSCHEROHLINTHEOREM2561342X65X1172X35X4263124LEONTIEFPARADOX“”11947/255078018213991309133917018184WASSILYLEONTIEF,19061999FACTORINTENSITYREVERSAL1OO40020050080021115004002105116004001000750600800600400O23112/32311600800400400400100040080020040040040020040060030021CU3131431331OCOUO13113313/411/32RECIPROCALDEMANDCURVEORSUPPLYCURVEOQ2Q3T1T2T3OQ2Q3T1T2T3EOFODODOFOETCUTDFOE3/202010102/32/310SDSDDWSW40040060080040020060040026002/31800400400600200400SU1U2U3PPPPSCSU1PPPPPPSCU3GAINSFROMTRADEGAINSFROMEXCHANGEGAINSFROMSPECIALIZATIONU1U2U2U331“”“”2RSTOPPPPRSRSPPPPT简介24224310002442451001000001003000024624724831249250,ALWALW2,ALCALW1,L,L120,120120251PPF,PPFALCQCALWQWL21,QC2QW12025231253L/ALWL/ALCFP,QW,QCOXYYX05,05254PCPWCPC/ALCPW/ALW255PC/PWALC/ALW,PC/ALCPW/ALWPC/PWALC/ALW256257ALCALCALWALW258ALC/ALWALC/ALW22259260FPL/ALWL/ALC,QW,QC132,PC/PW,QCQC/QWQW261332622RDRD1QALC/ALWALC/ALWRS,PC/PW,QCQCQWQWL/ALCL/ALW,ALC/ALWALC/ALWALC/ALW,PC/PWALC/ALW,PC/ALCPW/ALW,PC/PWALC/ALW,PC/PWALC/ALW,263,PC/PWALC/ALW,PC/PWALC/ALW,ALC/ALWPC/PWALC/ALW,L/ALC/L/ALW26426526634267TFPTPFAB,QW,QC,QW,QCAB53C561/3ALC1ALC/1ALB1/5ALB/ABCDPR/PB2,ALR4ALB1ALR2ALB6N,WALIWALII,ALI/ALIW/W27127234W/W3,273,274275310842075RD35RS,W/W,L/L276279280281选用教材国际经济学第10版,美萨尔瓦托著,清华大学出版社2011年中文版。主要参考书1、国际经济学,美克鲁格曼、奥布斯特菲尔德著,中国人民大学出版社第8版中文版2011。2、国际经济学,李坤望、张伯伟,高等教育出版社2010年第3版。3、世界贸易与国际收支,凯弗斯、弗兰克尔、琼斯著,中国人民大学出版社第9版中文版。3、INTERNATIONALECONOMICS,美林德特等著。4、INTERNATIONALECONOMICS,美阿普费尔德等著。IPADDESIGNEDBYAPPLEINCALIFORNIA,ASSEMBLEDINCHINADELLAPPLE,CAR,COSMETICS,MACDONALD,PIZZAHUT,LENOVO4“”20082009198919862003GDP1978GDP10705530271526252419852007年中国对外贸易依存度状况1986GDP1980FDI11232123412ISLMBPASAD1WHY1232WHAT3HOW1617181234512341217231790123456ABSOLUTEADVANTAGE226046Y123XBAXYA10X5YB25X75YAXBYA20XB15Y12312317721823221234567ABXYXAAXLXXBBXLXYAAYLYYBBYLYCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE46Y123XBA86Y123XBA1/41/6Y1/121/3XBA1/81/6Y1/121/3XBAAX/AYBX/BYAXBYAX/AYBX/BYBY/BXAY/AXAX/AYBX/BYAX/BXAY/BYAXPX/PYAX/AYBX/BYPXA/PYAPXB/PYBPXW/PYWPXW/PYWPXA/PYAPXB/PYBPXW/PYWPXB/PYBPXA/PYAPXA/PYAPXW/PYWPXB/PYBPXW/PYWYPXB/PYBPXW/PYWPXA/PYA3/4XYA15X25YB375X1875Y1875X,4375YPXW/PYW120X75YAB4A16X4YB4X35YWA/AXWB/BY719361PRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIERMARGINALRATEOFTRANSFORMATION,MRTMRT|DY/DX|12MRTY/XABWHYABAXBYMCXDYNX/AXY/AYLAX/BXY/BYLBTFPTPFABYXYX2RDRD1QPXA/PYAPXB/PYBRSPX/PYXQXAQXBQYAQYBLAAXALBAYB310A8B4C2D075ERDRSWA/WBLA/LB54321PX/PYEDCBA1234581281IMFBALANCEOFPAYMENTHANDBOOK11,FLOWSTOCK,BALANCEOFPAYMENTSTATEMENTIMF1CAREALRESOURCES41GOODS2SERVICE3INCOME“”ACOMPENSATIONOFEMPLOYEESBINVESTMENTINCOME“”4CURRENTTRANSFERSABIMF2KA1CAPITALACCOUNTACAPITALTRANSFERSINVESTMENTGRANTSDEBTCANCELLATIONB/ACQUISITION/DISPOSALOFNONPRODUCT,NONFINANCIALASSTS2FINANCIALACCOUNTA1010BPORTFOLIOINVESTMENT11COTHERINVESTMENT,11DRESERVESANDRELATEDITEMS,3“”NETERRORSANDOMISSIONSNE1采用复式记账法的原理记录国际经济交易居民与非居民之间。“”2CREDIT货物和服务的出口、收益收入、接受的货物和资金的无偿援助、金融负债的增加和金融资产的减少。3DEBIT货物和服务的进口、收益支出、对外提供的货物和资金无偿援助、金融资产的增加和金融负债的减少。1CREDITSDEBITSCAKARAIMF110010010023030303100010001000440601004060515075502550257515065050501232123451212,3453SNA/MPSSNAGNPGNPCIGXMGDPGDPGNPGNPGDP1YCIG2YCIGXMCAXMSICA3SPICASGICATGICAGTCYTTBC/Y4CCB1TYBTMM5MMMY6MTBMXGICY1100P3231131ISGTXM02HPHBHC03DPDBDF04NPNGNBNCNF0RBRCRF06FP