2015年电大病理生理学作业及参考答案

电大病理生理学作业及参考答案一、选择题1肝性脑病的假性神经递质学说中所指的假性神经递质包括A苯乙胺和酪胺B苯乙胺和苯乙醇胺C酪胺和多巴胺D苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醇胺E苯乙胺和多巴胺2急性缺氧时，下列哪项是错误的A脑血管扩张B肺血管扩张C皮肤血管收缩D肾血管收缩E冠状血管扩张3氰化物中毒引起的缺氧类型属于A循环性缺氧B低张性缺氧C组织性缺氧D循环性和低张性缺氧E循环性和组织性缺氧4慢性II型呼吸衰竭病人的通气冲动主要来自APACO2对呼吸中枢兴奋作用BPAO2对呼吸中枢兴奋作用CPAO2对外周化学感受器的刺激DPACO2对外周化学感受器的刺激EPAO2和PACO2对呼吸中枢的兴奋作用5下列哪项不是DIC的病因A细菌感染B恶性肿瘤转移C严重挤压伤D单核吞噬细胞系统功能抑制E白血病6下述与哪项内皮细胞受损引起DIC无关A激活内源性凝血系统B激活外源性凝血系统C激活补体系统D激活纤溶系统E激活激肽系统7下列哪一项与产科意外时容易发生DIC关系最密切A单核吞噬系统功能低下B血液处于高凝状态C微循环血液瘀滞D纤溶系统活性增高E血中促凝物质含量增加8全脑机能的永久性停止称为A植物人状态B濒死状态C脑死亡D生物学死亡E临床死9导致青霉素过敏的致病因素属于A生物性因素B理化性因素C先天性因素D免疫性因素E营养性因素10心力衰竭最特征性的血流动力学变化是A肺循环充血B动脉血压下降C心输出降低D毛细血管前阻力增大E体循环静脉淤血11下列哪项属于心衰时肺循环淤血的表现A肝颈静脉返流征阳性B夜间阵发性呼吸困难C下肢水肿D肝肿大压痛E颈静脉怒张12低容量性低钠血症（低渗性脱水）对机体最主要的影响是A酸中毒B尿毒症C循环衰竭D脑出血E神经系统功能障碍13严重缺钾可导致A代谢性碱中毒B代谢性酸中毒C脑出血D神经功能障碍E呼吸性酸中毒14水肿时出现钠、水潴留的基本机制是A微血管壁通透性升高B淋巴回流受阻C血浆胶体渗透压降低D肾小球肾小管失平衡E毛细血管有效流体静压增高15缺血再灌注损伤时细胞内钙超载的主要机制是A细胞膜通透性增高B线粒体损伤C内质网损伤D钠/钙交换异常E钠/氢交换异常16心肌顿抑的发生与下列哪项无关A钙超载B自由基增多CATP减少D收缩蛋白对钙敏感性增高E脂质过氧化17发热病人最常出现的酸碱平衡紊乱为A代谢性酸中毒B呼吸性酸中毒C混乱性酸中毒D代谢性碱中毒E混合性碱中毒18退热期可导致ANA潴留BCL潴留C水潴留D脱水E出汗减少19下列哪一项属于促细胞凋亡基因ABCL2BIAPCEIBD突变型P53E野生型P5320下列哪种疾病是遗传性受体病A重症肌无力B甲状腺激素抵抗综合征C巨人症D假性甲状旁腺功能减退症E霍乱21AG增高型代谢性酸中毒常见于A腹泻B使用乙酰唑胺利尿C糖尿病D肾小管性酸中毒E慢性肾衰早期22严重酸中毒引起心肌收缩力A先增强后减弱B先减弱后增强C减弱D增强E不变23慢性呼吸性酸中毒时机体的主要代偿方式是A呼吸代偿B肾脏代偿C骨骼代偿D心脏代偿E血液代偿24失血性休克血压下降早期主要与A交感神经肾上腺髓质系统衰竭有关B低血容量引起回心血量不足、心输出量降低有关C血管紧张度下降、外周阻力降低有关D血液灌流不足、微循环血管大量扩张有关E细胞严重缺氧能量代谢障碍有关25下列哪一项是多器官功能障碍综合征“二次打击”的原因A大手术B失血C创伤D感染E休克26肾功能不全患者少尿的发生关键机制是A肾灌注压下降B肾血管收缩C肾小管阻塞D肾小管原尿反流E肾小球滤过率降低27急性肾衰时引起肾小管原尿反流的直接原因是A尿量增多B肾小管基膜断裂C原尿流速缓慢D肾小管阻塞E间质水肿28下述有关慢性肾衰竭的描述，哪项是不正确A常见于慢性肾脏疾病B肾单位进行性破坏C氮质血症进行性加重D水、电解质酸碱紊乱E无内分泌功能紊乱29慢性肾衰竭的发展阶段可分为A少尿期、多尿期、恢复期B多尿期、少尿期、衰竭期C代偿期、失代偿期、尿毒症期D代偿期、肾衰竭期、尿毒症期E代偿期、肾功能不全期、肾衰竭期、尿毒症期30下述哪一因素不是肾性骨营养不良的发病因素A低钙血症B高磷血症C继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进D维生素D代谢障碍E碱中毒31、下述哪项功能障碍不可能是DIC引起的（）A、急性肾功能衰竭B、黄疸及肝功能障碍C、席汉综合症D、再生障碍性贫血32、休克早期引起微循环变化的最主要的体液因子是（）A、儿茶酚胺B、血栓素A2C、内皮素D、血管紧张素33、成年人急性失血多少才能引起失血性休克（）A、1000MLB、1500MLC、2000MLD、2500ML34、休克期微循环灌流的特点是（）A、多灌少流B、少灌多流C、多灌多流D、少灌少流35、下述哪项关于心肌肥大的叙述是不正确的（）A、心肌肥大主要是心肌细胞体积增大B、心肌肥大是一种较经济和持久的代偿方式C、肥大心肌总的收缩力增加D、心肌肥大能有效地防止心力衰竭的发生36、低输出量性心衰时下列哪种变化不可能发生（）A、心肌收缩力减弱B、休息时心率加快C、心室残余血量增多D、外周血管阻力降低37、肺泡通气、血流比例大于08，可见于（）A、肺不张B、肺水肿C、肺动脉栓塞D、慢性支气管炎38、二氧化碳潴留对下列血管的作用是（）A、皮肤血管收缩B、脑血管收缩C、广泛外周血管收缩D、肺小动脉收缩39、以下各种说法中，哪一种是错误的（）A、血氨可刺激呼吸，导致呼吸性碱中毒B、肝功能严重障碍，妨碍尿素合成以致血氧升高C、PH降低使血氨易于通过血脑屏障D、低钾时肾产氨增加40、乳果糖治疗肝性脑病的机理是（）A、抑制肌肉产NH3B、抑制肠道产NH3和对NH3的吸收C、抑制肾产NH3和促进NH3向原尿分泌D、加强鸟氨酸循环，促进尿素合成41、酯型胆红素性黄疸的共同发病机制是（）A、胆红素生成过多B、肝对胆红素摄取障碍C、肝对胆红素结合障碍D、酯型胆红素排泄障碍返流入血42、下述哪项变化在功能性肾功能衰竭时不应出现（）A、肾血流量减少B、肾小管上皮细胞对NA水重吸收减少C、血尿素氮含量增高D、血钾升高43、下述哪项在非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭时不常见（）A、低比重尿B、尿钠含量减少C、氮质血症D、高钾血症44、1、组织间液和血浆所含溶质的主要差别是（）A、NAB、KC、有机酸D、蛋白质二、填空题（每个空1分共22分）1、出血开始于DIC的（）期，而微血栓最早形成于（）期。2、休克期，液体是从（）进入（）。休克期，液体从（）进入（）。3、休克早期患者的动脉压（），脉压（）。4、高血压性心脏病可引起（）心力衰竭，使（）循环淤血、水肿。5、心衰时心率加快虽能起到一定的（）作用，但如心率每分钟超过（）次，则可促使心衰的发生、发展。6、肺性脑病时的脑水肿为（）和（）两种类型。7、当脑内苯丙氨酸增多时，可抑制（）酶活性，致使酪氨酸生成（）的代谢途径受阻。8、肝细胞性黄疸患者肠内随粪排出的尿胆原（），尿内尿胆原（）。9、ATN早期的主要发病机制是持续的（）收缩，导致（）降低。10、与尿毒症有关的胍类毒性物质是（）和（）15DBCCD610DBCDC1115BCADD1620DADEB2125CCBBD2630EBEEE31、D32、A33、B34、A35、D36、D37、C38、D3、C40、B41、D42、B43、D44、D二、1、消耗性低凝期高凝期2、组织间隙毛细血管毛细血管组织间隙3、不降低甚略升高减小4、左肺5、代偿1501706、细胞中毒性血管源性脑水肿7、酪氨酸羟化酶去甲8、减少增多9、肾血管肾血流和GFR10、甲基胍胍基琥珀酸请您务必删除一下内容，O_O万分谢谢2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄INDONESIAHASEMERGEDASATOPVACATIONDESTINATIONFORCHINESETHISSUMMER,ALONGWITHTHAILANDSPHUKETISLANDANDTHEMALDIVESARCHIPELAGOENCOURAGEDBYGROWTHINCHINESETRAVELERSTOINDONESIA,THEGOVERNMENTINJAKARTAHASRECENTLYRELAXEDITSVISAPOLICYSINCEJUNE10,CHINESETOURISTSCANENTERINDONESIATHROUGHNINEAPPOINTEDLOCATIONS,INCLUDINGTHESOEKARNOHATTAINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINJAKARTA,THENGURAHRAIINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINBALIANDTHEKUALANAMUINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINMEDAN,BYJUSTGETTINGTHEIRPASSPORTSSTAMPEDONARRIVALOFFICIALLY,ITISCALLEDTHE“FREEVISA“SCHEMETHENEWPOLICYALSOMEANSCHINESETOURISTSCANSAVE35ONVISAFEES,WHICHWILLLIKELYMAKETRIPSTOINDONESIAMOREALLURINGWHILESUCHANARRANGEMENTALLOWSCHINESEVISITORSTOSTAYUPTO30DAYSFORTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELING,THOSESEEKINGEXTENSIONSWILLNEEDTOGETPAIDVISASFROMTHATCOUNTRYSMISSIONSINBEIJING,SHANGHAI,GUANGZHOUORHONGKONG,ACCORDINGTOANOFFICIALATTHEINDONESIAEMBASSYINBEIJINGSANTODARMOSUMARTO,HEADOFTHEEMBASSYSINFORMATION,SOCIALANDCULTURALSECTION,SAYSTHENEWPOLICYISAIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGPEOPLETOPEOPLECONTACTSBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESDAIYU,MARKETINGDIRECTOROFCTRIP,AMAJORCHINESEONLINETRAVELAGENCY,SAYS“WEVESEENANEARLY50PERCENTGROWTHOVERTHEPREVIOUSMONTHINTHENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSTOBALISINCETHEPOLICYWASANNOUNCED“DURINGHISTRIPTOCHINAINMARCH,INDONESIANPRESIDENTJOKOWIDODOPROPOSEDTHATHISCOUNTRYANDCHINAAIMTOINCREASETWOWAYVISITSTOAMAXIMUMOF10MILLIONPEOPLEINTHENEXTFEWYEARSTHEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHASSETTHEIRSIGHTSONGREETING2MILLIONCHINESETOURISTSBYTHEENDOFTHISYEAR,ACCORDINGTOTHEOFFICIAL“THEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHOPESTHATINDONESIANNATIONALSWOULDALSOBEGIVENPREFERENTIALTREATMENTWHILEVISITINGCHINA,“SAYSDARMOSUMARTOIN2013,THENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSWHOVISITEDINDONESIASTOODAROUND807,000LASTYEAR,ITINCREASEDTO959,000,HEADDSBALIREMAINSTHEMOSTPOPULARSITEAMONGCHINESETOURISTSINFEBRUARY,MORETHAN92,200CHINESETOURISTSMADETRIPSTOBALI,RANKINGFIRSTAMONGOVERSEASVISITORS,THEBALITIMESREPORTEDLASTYEAR,THEISLANDWITNESSEDMORETHAN586,000ARRIVALSFROMCHINA,ANINCREASEOF51PERCENTOVER2013“BALIISNTJUSTFORSIGHTSEEING,BUTALSOFORWEDDINGS,HONEYMOONS,GOLFANDMANYOUTDOORACTIVITIES,“SAYSFANWENQING,AMARKETINGEXECUTIVEATGARUDA,INDONESIASNATIONALAIRLINERGARUDAOFFERSTHREENONSTOPFLIGHTSBETWEENBEIJINGANDBALI,ANDFOUREACHWEEKBETWEENBEIJINGANDJAKARTATHEREAREDAILYFLIGHTSFROMGUANGZHOU,INGUANGDONGPROVINCE,ANDSHANGHAITOJAKARTAASWELLITTAKESFROMSIXTOEIGHTHOURSONANONSTOPFLIGHTTOREACHINDONESIAFROMCHINAINDONESIAISHOMETOMORETHAN17,000ISLANDSTOURISTSCANTOURYOGYAKARTATOSEEPRAMBANAMANDBOROBUDUR,TWOHISTORICALANDRELIGIOUSSITES,ANDEXPLORETHELOCALHANDICRAFTMARKETSTHEBASEOFAVOLCANO,BANDUNG,WHICHISALSOKNOWNASTHE“PARISOFJAVA“,ISIDEALFORADVENTURESEEKERSMANYECOTOURISMDESTINATIONS,SUCHASTOBALAKEINSUMATRA,TANJUNGPUTINGNATIONALPARKINKALIMANTANANDBUNAKENINMANADO,AREPLACESTHEEMBASSYOFFICIALRECOMMENDSFORTOURISTSINDONESIABOASTSWORLDCLASSSURFINGFACILITIESALONGTHESHORESOFSUMATRADOWNTONUSATENGGARAISLANDSRECENTLY,LOMBOK,ASISTERISLANDEASTOFBALIHASGOTTENSOMUCHATTENTIONFROMCHINESETRAVELERSTHATSOMETRAVELAGENCIESAREOFFERINGTWINPACKAGESFORBALIANDLOMBOKTHEBESTTIMETOVISITBALIISFROMMAYTOOCTOBER,WHENITDOESNTRAINMUCHANDTHEWEATHERISCOOLATPRESSTIME,AWEEKLONGPACKAGEFROMSHANGHAIORGUANGZHOUTOBALIWASALITTLEMORETHAN3,000YUAN480ONCTRIPSWEBSITECHINESETOURISTSHAVETAKENASHINETORAFTINGINUBUD,SIGHTSEEINGINTANAHLOT,ANDSURFINGANDDIVINGINNUSALEMBONGAN,SAYSDAICIVETCOFFEE,ESSENTIALOILANDWOODCARVINGSAREAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULARPRODUCTSFORCHINESETOURISTSININDONESIA,SHESAYSINDONESIANFOODISALSOSOMETHINGTHATVISITORSSHOULDNTMISSLOCALCUISINESFEATUREMANYSPICES,INCLUDINGPEPPERSANDCLOVES,ANDCOCONUTPULPFRIEDRICE,“DIRTYDUCK“ANDROASTSUCKLINGPIGARERECOMMENDEDCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFIRSTAPPEAREDINTHE1600SINEUROPETHEIRPASSAGETOCHINA,HOWEVER,TOOKMUCHLONGER,ROUGHLY300YEARSINCHINA,CHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSHAVEAHISTORYOFJUST100YEARSANDTHEIRDEVELOPMENTCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTAGESFROMEARLY1900STOMID1900S,ALARGENUMBEROFBOOKSANDMAGAZINESWITHILLUSTRATIONSAPPEAREDWITHTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMODERNPUBLISHINGINDUSTRYTHEILLUSTRATIONARTSATTHATTIMEWEREAMIXEDGENREOFCHINESETRADITIONALPAINTINGSANDTHEWESTERNSTYLE,ANDMOSTOFTHESTORIESORIGINATEFROMTHEFUNDAMENTALCHANGESTHATCHINAEXPERIENCEDAFTERTHECOLLAPSEOFQINGDYNASTY16441911,THEWARLORDSTRUGGLESANDTHEWARAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEINVASIONTHESECONDSTAGEWASFROMMID1900STOLATE1970S,WHENTHE“CULTURALREVOLUTION“196676ENDEDTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFSOMESPECIALPUBLISHINGHOUSESFORCHILDRENGAVEBIRTHTOALARGENUMBEROFILLUSTRATIONSTORYBOOKS,WHICHMADEAGOODUSEOFFOLKARTTECHNIQUES,SUCHASWOODBOARDCARVING,FRESCOES,ANDINKANDWASHPAINTING,ETCMANYOFTHEPOPULARSTORIESAREFROMCHINESEHISTORYANDWARSAFTER1900STHETHIRDSTAGEISFROMEARLY1980STOLATE1990S,AGOLDENPERIODFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEREFORMANDOPENINGUPBROUGHTINNEWCONCEPTSANDIDEASFROMTHEWESTTOCHINA,ACOUNTRYTHATHADBEENCLOSEDTOTHEWESTFORNEARLYTHREEDECADESFASTDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMY,SOCIETYANDCULTUREPROVIDEDTHEWRITERSANDPAINTERSWITHALOTOFINSPIRATIONTOCREATENEWLITERATUREWORKSANDDRAWILLUSTRATIONSCHINAALSOIMPORTEDLARGEAMOUNTSOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFROMTHEWESTANDJAPANMANYYOUNGPARENTSINCHINAHAVEASTRONGNOSTALGIAABOUTCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEYREADINTHE1980SAND1990STHISISALSOTHELASTERAINCHINASARTISTICINNOVATIONBEFORETHEADVENTOFTHEINTERNETPERIODTHEFOURTHSTAGEISFEATUREDWITHTHESPREADOFTHEINTERNETANDTHEOTHERCOMPUTERIZEDMEANSOFARTINNOVATIONTHEHANDDRAWNCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSAREGRADUALLYREPLACEDBYCARTOONSDRAWNANDCOPIEDBYSOFTWAREANDMACHINES,ANDSHOWNONTABLETS,COMPUTERS,TELEVISIONANDSMARTPHONES,INSTEADOFBOOKSHAINANTROPICALWILDLIFEPARKANDBOTANICALGARDENISNATURESHAVEN,WITHNOLESSTHAN4,000RAREBIRDSANDANIMALSREPRESENTING200SPECIESWITHTROPICALFORESTCOVERINGOVER90PERCENTOFITSAREA,THEGARDENOFFERSBEAUTIFULVIEWSOFAWIDERANGEOFTROPICALPLANTS,FLOWERSANDFRUITTREESTHESCENICSPOTABOUT25KILOMETERSFROMTHECENTEROFHAIKOUOFFERSADRIVETHRUSAFARITOURWHEREYOUCANGETUPCLOSEWITHELEPHANTS,LIONSANDBEARSTHE“SAFARIONFOOT“AREAFEATURESWALKINGTRAILSWHEREVISITORSCANSEETHERESTOFTHEANIMALS,INCLUDINGHIPPOSANDMONKEYS,ANDFEEDTHEMFORASMALLFEEVISITORSALSOCANSEEWHATHAPPENSWHENYOUBREEDALIONANDATIGERTWOUNIQUEATTRACTIONSARERAREHYBRIDSALIGER,THEOFFSPRINGOFAMALLIONANDAFEMALETIGERANDATIGON,WHICHISCREATEDBYAFEMALELIONANDAMALETIGERASATEACHINGCENTEROFTHENATIONALPOPULARSCIENCEEDUCATIONPROGRAM,THEPARKALSOSERVESASASECONDCLASSROOMFORSTUDENTSTOLEARNABOUTWILDLIFEANDPLANTSSINCEITWASESTABLISHEDIN1995,ITHASRECEIVEDMORETHANONEMILLIONSTUDENTVISITORSATACRUCIALMOMENTWHENPESSIMISMHASBROUGHTTHEGREEKCRISISTOSUCHAHEADTHATTHECOUNTRYISCLOSERTOADEFAULTONITSDEBTREPAYMENTSTHANEVER,LIOFFEREDASPARKOFENTHUSIASMTORESTARTTHESTALLEDTALKSBYCALLINGONGREECEANDITSCREDITORSTOREACHALASTMINUTEDEALTHATWILLALLOWGREECETOREMAININTHEEUROZONEGIVENTHEESCALATIONOFTHECOUNTRYSCRISISOVERTHEWEEKENDSENTASHOCKWAVETHROUGHTHEGLOBALSTOCKMARKETSONMONDAY,THEREAREAMPLEREASONSTOWORRYABOUTTHEUNCERTAINTIESSURROUNDINGTHEEVENTSINGREECEANDTHEEFFECTADEFAULTWOULDHAVEONEUROPE,RELATIONSBETWEENCHINAANDTHEEU,GLOBALFINANCIALSTABILITYANDTHENASCENTGLOBALECONOMICRECOVERYGREECEHASANNOUNCEDTHATITWILLHOLDAREFERENDUMONABAILOUTPLANPROPOSEDLASTWEEKBYTHECOUNTRYSCREDITORSINRESPONSE,GREECESEUROZONEPARTNERSHAVEREFUSEDTOEXTENDTHECOUNTRYSBAILOUTPROGRAMANDTHEEUROPEANCENTRALBANKCAPPEDITSEMERGENCYSUPPORTFORTHECOUNTRYSBANKSAREALDANGERNOWLOOMSOFGREECEEXITINGTHEEURO,WHICHMIGHTDERAILTHEGLOBALECONOMICRECOVERYANDDAMAGETHELONGTERMVIABILITYOFTHEEUROASACURRENCYHOWEVER,SUCHATRAGEDYISNEITHERCERTAINNORUNAVOIDABLETHEEUSHOULDSHOULDERITSRESPONSIBILITYTOPREVENTTHEGREEKCRISISFROMOVERSHADOWINGTHEFRAGILEGLOBALRECOVERYASAMAJORCUSTOMERANDSUPPLIEROFTHE28NATIONEU,ANDARESPONSIBLELONGTERMHOLDEROFEUROBONDS,CHINASCONFIDENCEINANDCOMMITMENTTOASTRONGEUROZONEOFFERSEULEADERSTHENECESSARYSUPPORTTOLOOKATTHEGREEKCRISISFROMABROADERANDLONGERPERSPECTIVEWHENLISAIDTHATCHINAWILLNO