高中化学讲义整理2（a high school chemistry handout）

高中化学讲义整理2（AHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYHANDOUT）SUMMARYOFCHEMICALOXYGENEQUATIONINHIGHSCHOOL1SO2ANDWATERREACTION2SO2CAOH2CASO3H2O3SO2ANDSUFFICIENTSODIUMHYDROXIDESOLUTIONSO22NAOHNA2SO3H2O4SO2SO2INTOSATURATEDBAKINGSODASOLUTIONSO2NAHCO3NAHSO3CO25SULFURDIOXIDECATALYTICOXIDATION2SO2O22SO3HEATING,CATALYST2222CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDANDCOPPERREACTIONCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDANDCARBONREACTIONC2H2SO4CO2HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYMAGNESIUM,ALUMINUMANDIRONCHEMICALEQUATIONSUMMARY1CALCIUMCARBONATESOLUTIONHEATDECOMPOSITIONCAHCO32CACO32MAGNESIUMCHLORIDEANDAMMONIAWATERMGCL22NH3H2OMGOH22NH4CL3ALUMINUMANDHYDROXIDESOLUTION2AL2NAOH2H2O2NAALO23H2UPALUMINUMREACTION4AL3MNO23MN2AL2O3HIGHTEMPERATURE5ALUMINAANDHYDROCHLORICACIDAL2O36HCL2ALCL33H2O6ALUMINAANDSODIUMHYDROXIDESOLUTIONAL2O32NAOH2NAALO2H2OALUMINUMHYDROXIDEISDIVIDEDINTO2ALOH3ALUMINUMHYDROXIDEANDHYDROCHLORICACIDALOH33HCLALCL33H2O9,ALUMINUMHYDROXIDEANDSODIUMHYDROXIDESOLUTIONALOH3NAOHNAALO22H2O10,ALUMINUMCHLORIDEANDEXCESSAMMONIAALCL33NH33H2OALOH3ALUMINIUMCHLORIDEANDANEXCESSOFSODIUMHYDROXIDEALCL34NAOHNAALO23NACL2H2OIRONANDWATERVAPOR3FEIRONANDSUFFICIENTAMOUNTOFDILUTEHYDROCHLORICACIDFE2HCLFECL2H2FE4HNO3FENO33NOARROW2H2O15IRONCOMPLETEOVERDOSEANDASMALLAMOUNTOFDILUTENITRICACIDFE38HNO33FENO322NOWRITE4H2OIRONHYDROXIDEISDECOMPOSEDINTOTWOFEOH3HIGHCHEMICALALKALIMETALCHEMICALEQUATION2NAO2NA2O2IGNITION2NASNA2S2NA2H2O2NAOHH2H222CO22NA2CO3O22NA2O22H2O4NAOHO22LI2O2LI2OIGNITIONNA2CO32HCL2NACLH2OCO2NAHCO3HCLNACLH2OCO2ARROW2NAHCO3NA2CO3H2OCO2ARROWHEATING2NACUSO42H2SO4CUOH2NA2SO4H2UP2NAHCO3CAOH2NA2CO3CACO3HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYKNOWLEDGEPOINTSUMMARYIONCOEXISTENCEPROBLEM1DUETOTHECOMPLEXDECOMPOSITIONREACTION,IONSCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIES1THEREISGASTHEACIDROOTSOFWEAKACIDS,SUCHASCO32,SO32,S2,HCO3,HSO3,HS,ETC,CANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIES2PRECIPITATIONGENERATIONSUCHASBA2,CA2,MG2,AGANDSOONCANNOTCOEXISTWITHSO42,CO32ANDSOONTHEMG2,FE2,AG,AL3,ZN2,CU2,FE3CANTCOEXISTWITHOHABUNDANCEPB2ANDCL,FE2ANDS2,CA2ANDPO43,AGANDICANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIES3AWEAKELECTROLYTEISPRODUCEDSUCHASOH,CH3COO,PO43,HPO42,H2PO4,F,CLO,ALO2,SIO32,CN,C17H35COO,ETCSOMEACIDWEAKACIDROOTSSUCHASHCO3,HPO42,HS,H2PO4,HSO3CANTCOEXISTWITHOHMUCHNH4ANDOHCANTDOALOTOFCOEXISTENCE4THEREARESOMEIONSTHATCANBEHYDROLYZED,ANDTHEREARECONDITIONSINTHESOLUTIONSUCHASALO2,S2,CO32,C6H5OMUSTBEPRESENTINSOLUTIONUNDERALKALINECONDITIONSSUCHASFE3,AL3,ETCMUSTBEPRESENTINSOLUTIONUNDERACIDICCONDITIONSTHESETWOIONSCANTBEINTHESAMESOLUTIONATTHESAMETIME,WHICHISTHE“BIHYDROLYSIS“REACTIONBETWEENIONSSUCHAS3ALO2AL3346H2OALOH3LEFT,ETC2DUETOOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONS,IONSCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIES1IONSWITHSTRONGREDUCINGPROPERTIESCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIESWITHHIGHLYOXIDIZEDIONSIFS2,HS,SO32,IANDFE3CANTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIES2INANACIDICORALKALINEMEDIUM,THEREDOXREACTIONCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIESSUCHASMNO4,CR2O7,NO3,CLOANDS2,HS,SO32,HSO3,I,FE2,ETCSO32ANDS2CANCOEXISTINALKALINECONDITIONS,BUTUNDERACIDICCONDITIONS,2S2SO326H3S3H2OREACTIONSCANNOTBECOMBINEDHANDS2O32CANTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERSAHYDROLYZEDCATIONCANNOTCOEXISTINTHEAQUEOUSSOLUTIONINLARGEQUANTITIESBIHYDROLYSISEXAMPLESAL3ANDHCO3,CO32,HS,S2,ALO2,CLO,ETCFE3ANDCO32,HCO3,ALO2,CLOCANTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERS4THEIONSINTHESOLUTIONCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIESSUCHASFE2,FE3ANDSCNCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERSFE3DOESNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIES5THEADDITIONALCONDITIONSGIVENINTHEQUESTIONSHOULDBENOTEDINTHEEXAMINATIONACIDSOLUTIONH,ALKALINESOLUTIONOH,THESOLUTIONOFGASAFTERADDINGALUMINUMPOWDER,HOROH1X1010MOL/LSOLUTIONOFWATERANDELECTRICITYCOLOREDIONMNO4,FE3,FE2,CU2,FESCN2THEMNO4,NO3ISHIGHLYOXIDIZEDUNDERACIDICCONDITIONSS2O32REDOXREACTIONOCCURSUNDERACIDICCONDITIONSS2O322HSNOTETHATTHEYREQUIRE“ALOTOFCOEXISTENCE“OR“NOTALOTOFCOEXISTENCE“6THEFOLLOWINGPOINTSSHOULDBEPAIDSPECIALATTENTIONTO1NOTETHEEFFECTOFTHEACIDITYOFTHESOLUTIONONTHEREDOXREACTIONBETWEENIONSFOREXAMPLE,FE2ANDNO3CANCOEXIST,BUTINSTRONGACIDCONDITIONSIE,FE2,NO3,HENCOUNTERCANTCOEXISTMNO4ANDCLCANTCOEXISTINSTRONGACIDCONDITIONSS2WITHSO32CANCOEXISTWITHSODIUMANDPOTASSIUM,BUTNOTINACIDICCONDITIONS2ACIDSALTCONTAININGHYDROGENWEAKACIDROOTIONSCANNOTCOEXISTWITHSTRONGBASEOH,STRONGACIDHIFHCO3OHCO32H2OHCO3ISIONIZEDFURTHERHCO3HWRITECO2H2OHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYKNOWLEDGEPOINTSUMMARYOXIDATIONSEX,REDUCTIVEFORCEWEAKJUDGEMENT1ACCORDINGTOTHEVALENCEOFTHEELEMENTTHEELEMENTSINTHESUBSTANCEHAVETHEHIGHESTPRICE,WHICHISONLYOXIDIZINGTHEELEMENTHASTHELOWESTPRICE,ANDTHEELEMENTISONLYREDUCTIVETHEELEMENTHASANINTERMEDIATEVALENCE,WHICHISBOTHOXIDIZINGANDREDUCTIVEFORTHESAMEELEMENT,THEHIGHERTHEVALENCESTATE,THESTRONGERTHEOXIDATIONTHELOWERTHEVALENCESTATE,THESTRONGERTHEREDUCIBILITY2ACCORDINGTOTHEREDOXREACTIONEQUATIONINTHESAMEOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTION,OXIDIZINGOXIDANTOXIDATIONPRODUCTREDUCTIVEREDUCTIVEPRODUCTOFTHESTRONGERTHEOXIDATIVEPROPERTIESOFOXIDANTS,THEWEAKERTHEREDUCTIONPRODUCTSOFTHECORRESPONDINGREDUCTIONPRODUCTSTHEMOREREDUCTIVETHEREDUCTANT,THEWEAKERTHEOXIDATIONOFTHECORRESPONDINGOXIDATIONPRODUCTS3ACCORDINGTOTHEEASEOFREACTIONNOTETHESTRONGANDWEAKOXIDATIONOFTHEREDOXISONLYRELATEDTOTHEDIFFICULTYOFTHEELECTRONSGAINANDLOSS,BUTNOTTHENUMBEROFELECTRONSINTHEELECTRONTHESTRONGERTHEELECTRONICPOWER,THESTRONGERTHEOXIDATIONTHESTRONGERTHELOSSOFELECTRONICPOWER,THESTRONGERTHEREDUCIBILITYNOREDOXREACTIONOCCURSBETWEENADJACENTVALENCESTATESOFTHESAMEELEMENTCOMMONOXIDANTSTHEACTIVENONMETAL,SUCHASCL2,BR2,O2,ETC