2016【最新】电大本科开放英语3形成性考核册答案小抄(最全最准)

学前记录卡（第35页）学习资源文字教材是经常录音教材是经常录像教材是经常多媒体学习系统是经常中央电大网上文本辅导及课程讨论是经常地方电大网上辅导是经常回顾与总结学习内容1一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时21800词3新词汇太多、记单词困难4虚拟条件句、进行时的被动语态5阅读还可以、听力和口语要加强学习方法1超过7小时；不足2是；是；工作原因3一部分4网上资源课堂学习知识；网上资源5是；（全选）学习目标1听力方面听懂日常对话2口语方面用简单词汇表达3阅读方面读懂简单文章4写作方面按要求写简单短文学习计16小时23划4567学习记录卡1第78页UNIT16学习过程1ABC2ABC3ABC4ABC学习内容1UNIT16中主要学习的语法项目一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时USEDTO过去时的被动语态过去完成时定语从句2这六个单元还没有掌握的语言点过去完成时定语从句3这六个单元最喜欢的话题DESCRIBINGFAMILYRELATIONSHIP印象最深的CULTURALNOTETHECHANGEOFTHEFAMILYPATTERNS阶段性学习体会总结开学初期老师给我们讲了什么是开放教育，如何学习开放教育课程。我们对开放教育和开放教育课程有了基本的了解，也对开放英语课程有了比较全面的认识。特别是通过上英语课程，我们不仅仅学习了英语语法知识，也学习到了学习方法，还体会到了开放教育的“自我学习、教师辅导、网络资源、师生互动”的新的学习模式。由于自己的英语底子薄，基础差，所以还不能够完全掌握老师讲的内容。在老师的精心辅导下，我的英语知识有了很快的进步。自己感觉到有重新拾起了英语。心中有了成就感。目前的问题是我还不能充分地网络资源。这是因为自己的电脑知识不够好，因此不能够和老师、和同学即使地进行网上交流。作业115DACBB610DBDAB1115CDBAB1620CBADB2125CDDAB2630BDCCA3135ACDCA3640TTTFNG写作范文一CHANGESINLIFEOVERTHERECENTYEARS,IVESEENGREATCHANGESINMYLIFEMANYASPECTSARETOBECONCERNED,BUTBYSIMPLYSPECIFYINGHOWMYFAMILYAREBETTEROFFNOWTHANEVERBEFORESUFFICESITALLWEUSEDTOLIVEINACRAMPEDANDGLOOMYROOM,ANDTHINGSWERENOTSOGOODASWEHADTOSTRIVEFORLIGHTANDEVENMOREFRESHAIRNOW,INTHISSPACIOUSANDLUMINOUSROOMTHATIMTALKINGABOUT,IMLEADINGALIFETHATSMORETHANSATISFACTORYANDGETTINGAROUNDHEREANDTHEREISNOLONGERABIGPROBLEM范文二CHANGESINLIFEOVERTHEPASTTWENTYYEARSORSO,GREATCHANGESHAVETAKENPLACEINOURLIFETAKEMYFAMILYFOREXAMPLEMYPARENTSCONTACTEDOTHERSMAINLYBYSENDINGTHEMLETTERSINTHEPASTBUTNOWWECALLLONGDISTANCEATHOMEANDONCEMYPARENTSLISTENEDTOTHERADIOFORNEWSANDOTHERINFORMATIONBUTNOWWEGETTHENEWSBYWATCHINGTVANOTHERBIGCHANGEISINMYLIVINGCONDITIONSWHENTHEYGOTMARRIEDABOUTTWENTYYEARSAGO,MYPARENTSLIVEDINASMALLROOMCROWDEDWITHFIIRNITUREBUTNOWWEHAVEMOVEDINTOABIGNEWTHREEROOMAPARTMENTINSHORT,OURLIFEHASBECOMECOMFORTABLEANDCONVENIENT范文三CHANGESINLIFEMYHOMETOWN,WHICHISINTHESOUTHOFPROVINCE,ISAVERYBEAUTIFULVILLAGEITLIESONTHEEASTBANKOFASMALLRIVER,SURROUNDEDBYGREENMOUNTAINS,INTHEPASTMYHOMETOWNWASPOOR,ANDPEOPLELEDAHARDLIFETHEYCOULDNTAFFORDTOSENDTHEIRCHILDRENTOSCHOOLBUT,GREATCHANGESHAVETAKENPLACEINMYHOMETOWNINTHEPASTTWENTYYEARSMANYFAMILIESHAVENOTONLYCOLORTVSETS,BUTALSOTELEPHONES,FRIDGES,COMPUTERS,ANDSOONNEWROADS,HOUSES,SCHOOLS,HOSPITALSHAVEBEENBUILTPEOPLEINMYHOMETOWNAREWORKINGHARDFORABETTERLIFE学习记录卡2第17页（UNIT712）学习过程1ABC2ABC3ABC4ABC学习内容1、UNIT712中主要学习的语法项目现在完成时、动名词、真实条件句、构词法、祈使句、现在进行时被动、虚拟条件句、间接引语2、这六个单元还没有掌握的语言点虚拟条件句、间接引语3、这六个单元最喜欢的话题LEARNINGABOUTTHEANCIENTANDMODERNOLYMPICGAMES印象最深的CULTURALNOTEDIY自己动手阶段性学习体会总结自己通过两个月的英语课程学习，明显感觉到自己在英语语法知识和英语词汇上有了很大的进步，另外还学习到了学习方法。还体会到了如何才能够成为一个合格的开放教育的学员。辅导老师精心辅导，课堂上深入浅出，让每个学员都能够学习到知识，我的英语很快的进步。这使我在学习上有了很大的信心。目前的问题是我还不能充分地网络资源。这是因为自己的电脑知识不够好，没有真正地适应开放教育的新模式。在学习上主要还是靠辅导老师的面授，而不能够和老师、和同学即使地进行网上交流。作业215CACDD610DBBCC1115AABAB1620CADDB2125BACAC2630BCDDD3135BDCDB3640F,F,T,T,NG写作范文一HOWTOKEEPHEALTHYSOMEPEOPLEPUTLESSTIMETOTHEIROWNBODYINORDERTOEARNMONEYPERHAPSTHEYTHINKMONEYISMOREIMPROTANTTHANHEALTHICONSIDERTHATOPINIONISVERYFOOLISHBECAUSEMONEYDOESNTBUYHEALTHFOREVERSOITISIMPROTANTTOKEEPHEALTHYINMYOPINION,FIRST,WEMUSTKEEPBALANCETOEAT,WESCHOOLEATMORWFRUITANDVEGETABLE,EATLESSMEATANDDRINKLESSCOFFEANDSOONSECOND,NOW,PEOPLEAREBUSYINWORKINGORSTUDYINGALLDAYSPORTSTIMEGETLESSANDLESSITCAUSESPEOPLESHEALTHGETWORSESOWESHOULDDOMORESPORTSTOKEEPHEALTHYATLAST,PEOPLESHOUDNTBETOOEXHAYSTEDMYSTHAVEEIGHTHOURSTOSLEEPEVERYDAYIBELIEVEIFYOUFROMAGOOBALITYINDAILYLIFE,YOUMUSTHAVEAHEALTHYBOBYTOWORKANDSTUDYWELL范文二HOWTOKEEPHEALTHYITISABSOLUTELYNECESSARYTOTAKESOMEEXERCISEEVERYDAYRESEARCHSHOWSTHATGETTINGPLENTYOFEXERCISEMAKETHEHEARTBEATFASTERANDTHELUNGSWORKHARDERTHISSTRENGTHENSTHEHEART,REDUCESTHECHANCEOFHEARTATTACK,ANDHELPSLOWERBLOODPRESSURETHATSWHYMOREANDMOREPEOPLEAREBECOMINGACTIVEINVARIOUSKINDSOFSPORTSANDEXERCISESEVERYMORNINGMANYPEOPLEGETUPEARLYANDTAKEMUCHEXERCISESOMEPRACTICESHADOWBOXINGANDSWORDPLAYWHILEOTHERSRUN,JOG,WALKORDANCETOMUSICINTHEAFTERNOON,THEREAREALSOMANYPEOPLEKEENONSPORTSSOMEPLAYBASKETBALLORVOLLEYBALLORTABLETENNIS,OTHERSGOINFORGYMNASTICSORTRACKEVENTSTHROUGHSPORTSANDEXERCISE,PEOPLEBECOMEHEALTHIERANDSTRONGER范文三HOWTOKEEPHEALTHYITISVERYIMPORTANTFORUSTOTAKEMOREFRUITSANDVEGETABLESBECAUSETHEYPROVIDEVITAMINSANDTHEYHELPINTHEPROCESSOFDIGESTIONSECONDLY,WEHAVETOKEEPABALANCEDDIETANDMAINTAINREGULAREATINGHABITSPROPERNUTRITIONISIMPORTANTFORGOODHEALTHAVOIDFOODWITHLOTSOFSUGARANDFATEATPLENTYOFFOODSHIGHINPROTEINTHIRDLY,WEHADBETTERDOMORNINGEXERCISEEVERYDAY,DOSPORTSFREQUENTLYTOMAKEOURBODIESSTRONGBESIDES,WEHAVETOAVOIDTOOMUCHWORKPRESSUREGETTINGTOOTIREDALLTHETIMEMAYDEFINITELYWEAKENOURDEFENSESYSTEM,MAKINGUSGETSICKEASILYFINALLY,WEHAVETOGETRIDOFTHOSEBADHABITSTHATDAMAGEOURHEALTH,SUCHASDRINKINGANDSMOKING学习记录卡3第27页（UNIT1318）学习过1ABC2ABC3ABC程4ABC学习内容1、UNIT1318中主要学习的语法项目情态动词、动名词和动词不定式、非限定性定语从句、将来完成时、完成时的被动语态、反意疑问句2、这六个单元还没有掌握的语言点完成时的被动语态、反意疑问句3、这六个单元最喜欢的话题LEARNINGABOUTCONTINUINGEDUCATIONAFTERSCHOOLANDUNIVERSITY印象最深的CULTURALNOTE是SANDWICHCOURSE阶段性学习体会总结自己以前的英语基础不好，通过这几个月的英语课程学习，自己又一次巩固和强化了英语知识。明显感觉到自己在英语语法知识和英语词汇上有了很大的进步，明确了主要的知识点。按照自己的学习计划认真实施，做到课前预习，课后认真复习，完成辅导师布置的学习任务。自己在英语学习方面上有了进步，主要表现在语法、词汇和语言表达方面。自己通过一段时间的远程网络，掌握了一定的学习方法，但是也有一定的困难。主要体现在，基础差，底子薄，不能在短时间内掌握老师讲授的知识。另外一个是自己的工作忙，不能及时地完成老师不止的学习任务。作业315ACABA610DABBB1115ABCBB1620BCCCC2125DADCB2630ACBBC3135DDBDC3640F,T,NG,F,T写作范文一MYTVUNIVERSITYLIFEAFTERMAKINGGREATEFFORTS,ITWASMYHONORTOBEATVUNIVERSITYSTUDENTIN2009FROMTHEN,IWASENGAGEDINLONGDISTANCEEDUCATIONDURINGMYTVUNIVERSITY,IEXERTEDMYSELFTOLEARNMYALLKINDSOFWEBBASEDCOURSESTHROUGHINTERNETTOUNDERSTANDANDGRASPTHEMAINPOINTOFMYCOURSES,IALSOJOINEDONLINEDISCUSSESFORUMSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHTEACHERSANDCLASSMATESONCEFINISHINGDAILYHOMEWORK,WEALLSENTOURHOMEWORKTOTUTORBYEMAILWHENIMETANYDOUBTSINMYSTUDYING,ISOLVEDTHEDIFFICULTIESANDPUZZLESINTUTORIALMYTVUNIVERSITYEXPERIENCEGAVEMETOOMUCHPLEASUREINSEEKINGFORMEANINGOFLIFE,ITENRICHESMYKNOWLEDGEANDOPENSMYEYEREACH范文二MYTVUNIVERSITYLIFEIAMENGAGEDINLONGDISTANCEEDUCATIONMYWEBBASEDCOURSESAREENGLISH,CHINESE,COMPUTER,MATHS,POLITICS,ETCILIKEENGLISHBESTWECANJOINONLINEDISCUSSIONFORUMS,BUTITSVERYDIFFICULTFORMETOUNDERSTANDWHATTHESPEAKERSAYSEVERYDAYWECOMPLETEOURHOMEWORKONTHECOMPUTERANDSENDOURHOMEWORKTOTHETUTOR,THOUGHSOMETIMESHEORSHEISNOTONLINEHEORSHEWILLSOLVETHEDIFFICULTIESANDPUZZLESINTUTORIALILOVEMYTVUNIVERSITYLIFE范文三MYTVUNIVERSITYLIFECONSIDERABOUTTHEFUTURE,IAMENGAGEDINLONGDISTANCEEDUCATION,WHICHHAVEASORTOFWEBBASEDCOURSES,INCLUDINGCHINESE,MATH,INTERNATIONALBUSINESSANDENGLISHTHROUGHJOINONLINEDISCUSSIONFORUMS,IHAVEAGREATPROGRESSBYSENDOURHOMEWORKTOTHETUTOR,WECANKNOWHOWWELEARNEDINTHESTUDYWHENSOLVETHEDIFFICULTIESANDPUZZLESINTUTORIAL,IGETITWECLOSEDTOTHEAIMGRADUALLYITISMYTVUNIVERSITYLIFEIAMGLADTOHAVETHETIMEANDLEARNTMOREFROMIT开放英语3形成性考核册答案在开始完成考核册之前应认真阅读使用说明和记录单12页学前记录卡第3页学习过程学生按照实际情况进行选项回顾与总结第4页本学期学习目标和计划第5页学习目标1听力方面听懂日常会话2口语方面用简单的词汇表达3阅读方面读懂课文4写作方面按照老师的要求写短文学习记录卡1第78页UNIT16学习过1ABC2ABC3ABC学习内容1学习过多少时态一般现在时一般过去时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时2你现在的词汇量18003英语I中最难学习的新的词汇太多记单词最困难4还有那些没有掌握虚拟条件句,进行时的被动语态5你认为哪些是优势哪些有待改进自己在阅读方面还可以,但是挺立和口语需要提高学习方法1每周57小时不足2有计划不能坚持工作原因3一部分4网上学习资源5问老师,自己查资料程4ABC学习内容1UNIT16中主要学习的语法项目一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时USEDTO过去时的被动语态过去完成时定语从句2这六个单元还没有掌握的语言点过去完成时定语从句3这六个单元最喜欢的话题DESCRIBINGFAMILYRELATIONSHIP印象最深的CULTURALNOTETHECHANGEOFTHEFAMILYPATTERNS阶段性学习体会总结开学初期老师给我们讲了什么是开放教育，如何学习开放教育课程。我们对开放教育和开放教育课程有了基本的了解，也对开放英语课程有了比较全面的认识。特别是通过上英语课程，我们不仅仅学习了英语语法知识，也学习到了学习方法。还体会到了开放教育的“自我学习、教师辅导、网络资源、师生互动”的新的学习模式。由于自己的英语底子薄，基础差，所以还不能够完全掌握老师讲的内容。在老师的精心辅导下，我的英语知识有了很快的进步。自己感觉到又重新拾起了英语。心中有了成就感。目前的问题是我还不能充分地网络资源。这是因为自己的电脑知识不够好，因此不能够和老师、和同学及时地进行网上交流。另外一个原因是工作较忙，有时顾不上英语学习。开放英语（3）作业1（UNITS16）第一部分交际用语一、15DACBB第二部分英语知识运用二、610DBDAB1115CDBAB三、完型填空1620CBBDA2125BACAC第三部分阅读理解2630BDCCA3135ACDCD3640TTNGFF第四部分写作（20分）（供参考）CHANGESINLIFESINCETHEOPENINGANDREFORMPOLICYINCHINA,THEREHAVEBEENMANYCHANGESINMYLIFEWEAREBETTEROFFNOW,BUTINTHEPASTWELIVEDAPOORLIFENOWWEHAVECOMFORTABLECLOTHESTOWEAR,HEALTHYFOODTOEAT,BIGANDBRIGHTROOMTOLIVEINWEALSOHAVEGREATERSAYINMANYAFFAIRS,INCLUDINGNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALISSUESWECANCLEARLYREMEMBERINTHEPASTWEUSEDTOEATPRESERVEDPICKLES,LIVEINCRAMPEDANDGLOOMYROOMSANDWEDIDNTHAVESAYINMANYAFFAIRSWESHOULDHAPPYANDGRATEFULFORALLTHECHANGESHAPPENED学习记录卡2第15页（UNITS712）学习过程1ABC2ABC3ABC4ABC学习内容1、UNIT712中主要学习的语法项目现在完成时、动名词、真实条件句、构词法、祈使句、现在进行时被动、虚拟条件句、间接引语2、这六个单元还没有掌握的语言点虚拟条件句、间接引语3、这六个单元最喜欢的话题OLYMPICGAMES印象最深的CULTURALNOTEVOLUNTARYWORK阶段性学习体会总结自己通过两个月的英语课程学习，明显感觉到自己在英语语法知识和英语词汇上有了很大的进步，另外还学习到了学习方法。还体会到了如何才能够成为一个合格的开放教育的学员。辅导老师精心辅导，课堂上深入浅出，让每个学员都能够学习到知识，我的英语很快得进步。这使我在学习上有了很大的信心。目前的问题是我还不能充分地运用网络资源。这是因为自己的电脑知识不够好，没有真正地适应开放教育的新模式。在学习上主要还是靠辅导老师的面授，而不能够和老师、和同学即使地进行网上交流。开放英语（3）作业2（17页）UNITS712第一部分交际英语一、15CADDD第二部分英语知识运用二、选择填空610DBBCC1115ABBADB三完型填空1620CADDB2125BACAC第三部分阅读理解2630BCDDC3135ADCDB3640FFTTNG第四部分写作HOWTOKEEPHEALTHYNOWADAYS,MOREANDMOREPEOPLEBEGINTOREALIZETHEIMPORTANCEOFKEEPINGHEALTHYWITHOUTAHEALTHYBODY,WECANDONOTHINGGOODHEALTHENABLESYOUTOENJOYYOURLIFEHOWCANWEKEEPHEALTHYFORME,THEREARETHREEMAINWAYSTOKEEPHEALTHYFIRST,ITISNECESSARYTOKEEPABALANCEDDIET,WHICHISTHEBASISOFGOODHEALTHITISBETTERFORUSTOHAVEENOUGHFRUITANDVEGETABLESEVERYDAYSECONDLY,ITISIMPORTANTTOTAKEREGULAREXERCISES,SUCHASSWIMMING,JOGGINGDOINGYOGAANDSOONLASTBUTNOTLEAST,ITISESSENTIALTOKEEPINAGOODMOODRELAXATIONANDENTERTAINMENTAREWAYSTORENEWOURSPIRITSANDRELEASEOURSTRESSWHENWEMAKEHEALTHYHABITSAPARTOFOUREVERYDAYLIFE,WEAREBOUNDTOKEEPHEALTHY学习记录卡3第25页（UNITS1318）学习过程1ABC2ABC3ABC4ABC学习内容1、UNIT1318中主要学习的语法项目情态动词、动名词和动词不定式、非限定性定语从句、将来完成时、完成时的被动语态、反意疑问句2、这六个单元还没有掌握的语言点完成时的被动语态、反意疑问句3、这六个单元最喜欢的话题EDUCATIONAFTERSCHOOLANDUNIVERSITY印象最深的CULTURALNOTE是SANDWICHCOURSE阶段性学习体会总结自己以前的英语基础不好，通过这几个月的英语课程学习，自己又一次巩固和强化了英语知识。明显感觉到自己在英语语法知识和英语词汇上有了很大的进步，明确了主要的知识点。按照自己的学习计划认真实施，做到课前预习，课后认真复习，完成辅导师布置的学习任务。自己在英语学习方面上有了进步，主要表现在语法、词汇和语言表达方面。自己通过一段时间的远程网络，掌握了一定的学习方法，但是也有一定的困难。主要体现在，基础差，底子薄，不能在短时间内掌握老师讲授的知识。另外一个是自己的工作忙，不能及时地完成老师布置的学习任务。开放英语（3）作业3（第27页）UNITS1318第一部分交际用语一、15ACABA第二部分英语知识运用二、选择填空610DABBB1115ABCBB三、完形填空1620BCCCC2125DADCB第三部分阅读理解2630ACBBC3135DDBDC3640FTNGFT第四部分写作MYTVUNIVERSITYLIFENOWIHAVEBEENENGAGEDINLONGDISTANCEEDUCATIONMYWEBBASEDCOURSESINCLUDEENGLISH,CHINESE,COMPUTER,MATH,POLITICSANDSOONILIKEENGLISHBESTWECANJOINONLINEDISCUSSIONFORUMS,BUTITSVERYDIFFICULTFORMETOUNDERSTANDWHATTHESPEAKERSSAYEVERYDAYWECOMPLETEOURHOMEWORKONTHECOMPUTERANDSENDOURHOMEWORKTOTHETUTORHEORSHEWILLSOLVETHEDIFFICULTIESANDPUZZLESINTUTORIALILOVEMYTVUNIVERSITYLIFEWHICHMAKEMYLIFECOLORFULANDMEANINGFUL请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄ACETYLCHOLINEISANEUROTRANSMITTERRELEASEDFROMNERVEENDINGSTERMINALSINBOTHTHEPERIPHERALANDTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMSITISSYNTHESIZEDWITHINTHENERVETERMINALFROMCHOLINE,TAKENUPFROMTHETISSUEFLUIDINTOTHENERVEENDINGBYASPECIALIZEDTRANSPORTMECHANISMTHEENZYMENECESSARYFORTHISSYNTHESISISFORMEDINTHENERVECELLBODYANDPASSESDOWNTHEAXONTOITSEND,CARRIEDINTHEAXOPLASMICFLOW,THESLOWMOVEMENTOFINTRACELLULARSUBSTANCECYTOPLASMACETYLCHOLINEISSTOREDINTHENERVETERMINAL,SEQUESTEREDINSMALLVESICLESAWAITINGRELEASEWHENANERVEACTIONPOTENTIALREACHESANDINVADESTHENERVETERMINAL,ASHOWEROFACETYLCHOLINEVESICLESISRELEASEDINTOTHEJUNCTIONSYNAPSEBETWEENTHENERVETERMINALANDTHEEFFECTORCELLWHICHTHENERVEACTIVATESTHISMAYBEANOTHERNERVECELLORAMUSCLEORGLANDCELLTHUSELECTRICALSIGNALSARECONVERTEDTOCHEMICALSIGNALS,ALLOWINGMESSAGESTOBEPASSEDBETWEENNERVECELLSORBETWEENNERVECELLSANDNONNERVECELLSTHISPROCESSISTERMEDCHEMICALNEUROTRANSMISSIONANDWASFIRSTDEMONSTRATED,FORNERVESTOTHEHEART,BYTHEGERMANPHARMACOLOGISTLOEWIIN1921CHEMICALTRANSMISSIONINVOLVINGACETYLCHOLINEISKNOWNASCHOLINERGICACETYLCHOLINEACTSASATRANSMITTERBETWEENMOTORNERVESANDTHEFIBRESOFSKELETALMUSCLEATALLNEUROMUSCULARJUNCTIONSATTHISTYPEOFSYNAPSE,THENERVETERMINALISCLOSELYAPPOSEDTOTHECELLMEMBRANEOFAMUSCLEFIBREATTHESOCALLEDMOTORENDPLATEONRELEASE,ACETYLCHOLINEACTSALMOSTINSTANTLY,TOCAUSEASEQUENCEOFCHEMICALANDPHYSICALEVENTSSTARTINGWITHDEPOLARIZATIONOFTHEMOTORENDPLATEWHICHCAUSECONTRACTIONOFTHEMUSCLEFIBRETHISISEXACTLYWHATISREQUIREDFORVOLUNTARYMUSCLESINWHICHARAPIDRESPONSETOACOMMANDISREQUIREDTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEISTERMINATEDRAPIDLY,INAROUND10MILLISECONDSANENZYMECHOLINESTERASEBREAKSTHETRANSMITTERDOWNINTOCHOLINEANDANACETATEIONTHECHOLINEISTHENAVAILABLEFORREUPTAKEINTOTHENERVETERMINALTHESESAMEPRINCIPLESAPPLYTOCHOLINERGICTRANSMISSIONATSITESOTHERTHANNEUROMUSCULARJUNCTIONS,ALTHOUGHTHESTRUCTUREOFTHESYNAPSESDIFFERSINTHEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEMTHESEINCLUDENERVETONERVESYNAPSESATTHERELAYSTATIONSGANGLIAINBOTHTHESYMPATHETICANDTHEPARASYMPATHETICDIVISIONS,ANDTHEENDINGSOFPARASYMPATHETICNERVEFIBRESONNONVOLUNTARYSMOOTHMUSCLE,THEHEART,ANDGLANDULARCELLSINRESPONSETOACTIVATIONOFTHISNERVESUPPLY,SMOOTHMUSCLECONTRACTSNOTABLYINTHEGUT,THEFREQUENCYOFHEARTBEATISSLOWED,ANDGLANDSSECRETEACETYLCHOLINEISALSOANIMPORTANTTRANSMITTERATMANYSITESINTHEBRAINATNERVETONERVESYNAPSESTOUNDERSTANDHOWACETYLCHOLINEBRINGSABOUTAVARIETYOFEFFECTSINDIFFERENTCELLSITISNECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDMEMBRANERECEPTORSINPOSTSYNAPTICMEMBRANESTHOSEOFTHECELLSONWHICHTHENERVEFIBRESTERMINATETHEREAREMANYDIFFERENTSORTSOFRECEPTORSANDSOMEARERECEPTORSFORACETYLCHOLINETHESEAREPROTEINMOLECULESTHATREACTSPECIFICALLYWITHACETYLCHOLINEINAREVERSIBLEFASHIONITISTHECOMPLEXOFRECEPTORCOMBINEDWITHACETYLCHOLINEWHICHBRINGSABOUTABIOPHYSICALREACTION,RESULTINGINTHERESPONSEFROMTHERECEPTIVECELLTWOMAJORTYPESOFACETYLCHOLINERECEPTORSEXISTINTHEMEMBRANESOFCELLSTHETYPEINSKELETALMUSCLEISKNOWNASNICOTINICINGLANDS,SMOOTHMUSCLE,ANDTHEHEARTTHEYAREMUSCARINICANDTHEREARESOMEOFEACHTYPEINTHEBRAINTHESETERMSAREUSEDBECAUSENICOTINEMIMICSTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEATNICOTINICRECEPTORS,WHEREASMUSCARINE,ANALKALOIDFROMTHEMUSHROOMAMANITAMUSCARIA,MIMICSTHEACTIONOFACETYLCHOLINEATTHEMUSCARINICRECEPTORSACETYLCHOLINEISTHENEUROTRANSMITTERPRODUCEDBYNEURONSREFERREDTOASCHOLINERGICNEURONSINTHEPERIPHERALNERVOUSSYSTEMACETYLCHOLINEPLAYSAROLEINSKELETALMUSCLEMOVEMENT,ASWELLASINTHEREGULATIONOFSMOOTHMUSCLEANDCARDIACMUSCLEINTHECENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMACETYLCHOLINEISBELIEVEDTOBEINVOLVEDINLEARNING,MEMORY,ANDMOODACETYLCHOLINEISSYNTHESIZEDFROMCHOLINEANDACETYLCOENZYMEATHROUGHTHEACTIONOFTHEENZYMECHOLINEACETYLTRANSFERASEANDBECOMESPACKAGEDINTOMEMBRANEBOUNDVESICLESAFTERTHEARRIVALOFANERVESIGNALATTHETERMINATIONOFANAXON,THEVESICLESFUSEWITHTHECELLMEMBRANE,CAUSINGTHERELEASEOFACETYLCHOLINEINTOTHESYNAPTICCLEFTFORTHENERVESIGNALTOCONTINUE,ACETYLCHOLINEMUSTDIFFUSETOANOTHERNEARBYNEURONORMUSCLECELL,WHEREITWILLBINDANDACTIVATEARECEPTORPROTEINTHEREARETWOMAINTYPESOFCHOLINERGICRECEPTORS,NICOTINICANDMUSCARINICNICOTINICRECEPTORSARELOCATEDATSYNAPSESBETWEENTWONEURONSANDATSYNAPSESBETWEENNEURONSANDSKELETALMUSCLECELLSUPONACTIVATIONANICOTINICRECEPTORACTSASACHANNELFORTHEMOVEMENTOFIONSINTOANDOUTOFTHENEURON,DIRECTLYRESULTINGINDEPOLARIZATIONOFTHENEURONMUSCARINICRECEPTORS,LOCATEDATTHESYNAPSESOFNERVESWITHSMOOTHORCARDIACMUSCLE,TRIGGERACHAINOFCHEMICALEVENTSREFERREDTOASSIGNALTRANSDUCTIONFORACHOLINERGICNEURONTORECEIVEANOTHERIMPULSE,ACETYLCHOLINEMUSTBERELEASEDFROMTHERECEPTORTOWHICHITHASBOUNDTHISWILLONLYHAPPENIFTHECONCENTRATIONOFACETYLCHOLINEINTHESYNAPTICCLEFTISVERYLOWLOWSYNAPTICCONCENTRATIONSOFACETYLCHOLINECANBEMAINTAINEDVIAAHYDROLYSISREACTIONCATALYZEDBYTHEENZYMEACETYLCHOLINESTERASETHISENZYMEHYDROLYZESACETYLCHOLINEINTOACETICACIDANDCHOLINEIFACETYLCHOLINESTERASEACTIVITYISINHIBITED,THESYNAPTICCONCENTRATIONOFACETYLCHOLINEWILLREMAINHIGHERTHANNORMALIFTHISINHIBITIONISIRREVERSIBLE,ASINTHECASEOFEXPOSURETOMANYNERVEGASESANDSOMEPESTICIDES,SWEATING,BRONCHIALCONSTRICTION,CONVULSIONS,P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