毕业设计（论文）-笼养替代方式对蛋鸡行为的影响

河南科技大学毕业设计（论文）笼养替代方式对蛋鸡行为的影响姓名院（系）动物科技学院专业动物科学指导教师2010年5月27日笼养替代方式对蛋鸡行为的影响摘要为提高蛋鸡福利水平，采用笼养替代方式饲养蛋鸡，本试验在于探讨笼养替代方式对蛋鸡行为的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计，选择42只鸡随机分为两组，1组为对照组，采用传统笼养；2组为试验组，采用笼养替代方式即散养，对两种饲养条件下的蛋鸡的维持行为与异常行为进行观察、分析。结果表明笼养替代方式对蛋鸡的趴卧、行走、伸腿、异常行为均产生了显著影响。笼养替代饲养方式下蛋鸡行走时间显著大于笼养的P005。梳羽的时间占总时间的比例也有所降低P005。散养蛋鸡的趴窝持续时间和频次，均明显高于笼养蛋鸡，差异显著（P005THETIMEUSEDFORPREENBEHAVIORINTOTALTIMESHAVEDECREASEDP005IFCHICKENWASRAISEDINFREERANGINGCONDITIONS,TIMEANDFREQUENCYOFLAYINGBEHAVIORWERESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANTHECHICKENSRAISEDINCAGES（P005）；在对伸腿、啄癖、争斗行为方面的分析中发现，试验组蛋鸡的平均持续时间和频次与对照组蛋鸡相比，均差异显著（P005）。两组蛋鸡的展翅行为，无论是平均频次，还是平均总6持续时间，均差异显著。散养环境中，蛋鸡的梳羽、展翅、伸腿行为的时间均高于笼养环境，这说明在散养环境中蛋鸡的行为并没有笼养中那么枯燥，蛋鸡的活动较为自由，更容易表现出所应有的天性。试验组蛋鸡的饮水次数也低于对照组，平均持续时间高于对照组，但差异不显著；对于站立和采食，二者的平均持续时间差异不显著（P005），但在平均频次方面差异显著（P005）。蛋鸡在散养中的采食和饮食持续时间较长，除了是因为散养为蛋鸡提供了较大的空间外，还因为其在采食和饮水的进行中受到的其它蛋鸡的干扰很小，不会因为争斗、拥挤而造成采食和饮水的中断。另外，在散养中，蛋鸡的啄癖行为明显降低，舒展行为的次数显著增多，说明散养使蛋鸡的行为更加丰富，更利于天性的表达，较多的休息时间有利于减少蛋鸡的疾病、提高蛋鸡的身体状况。表2不同饲养环境条件下蛋鸡行为的变化（6周龄）行为饲养环境平均频次/次/2H平均总持续时间/S108571146395951410327527355938605144140175趴卧P000120031811185714140436910058213683137474321165行走P0711700011147142974258487314109429214714329277574257574257站立P0000002668117714368972454114185325857140999846929540883采食P0002100878110714385384159271142907253559478857609811饮水P0128102019171429448812206719403925285723604261229170849梳羽P0351705923舒展1114291142917143121997235714171823051406857P000620026510752312687536799278626257132267293652673异常行为P0001800389注1组为对照组，2组为试验组；表中未列入其他行为诸如探究、晃动和抓刨等的各指标变化量；异常行为包括抓挠、啄癖、争斗；32笼养替代方式对各行为的比例的影响通过对图3中对照组和试验组中各行为花费时间占总时间的比例不同进行分析后可以发现，笼养替代方式对蛋鸡各行为比例产生了很大的影响。首先，在笼养替代下，蛋鸡趴窝的时间比例，由于活动空间的增大，而大幅度增加，由笼养方式下的374增加到散养下的6228，这说明在散养给予蛋鸡以充分的活动场所和趴窝的空间。散养条件下，站立所占时间的比例由笼养条件下的3060降到926，这说明在笼养条件下，蛋鸡的站立是被动的、强迫的，通过分析蛋鸡的笼养空间也能容易地看出，在鸡笼中蛋鸡处于极度拥挤的状态，几乎没有趴窝的空间，这在一定程度上造成了蛋鸡长时间的站立。另外，在笼养替代条件下，蛋鸡采食时间所占的比例由2815降至1366，即蛋鸡采食的时间降低，经行笼养替代方式的饲养后，蛋鸡的生产性能可能会有一定程度的降低。在笼养环境中生活时，蛋鸡梳羽的时间占总时间的概率为1386，在笼养替代环境中生活的蛋鸡，其梳羽总时间占总时间的比例则降为421。同时，蛋鸡在笼养替代环境条件下中，蛋鸡进行啄癖的时间在观察总时间中的比例极小，仅为007，而蛋鸡在笼养环境中进行啄癖的时间在总是将中的比例为507，显著高于前者，这说明进行笼养替代方式的饲养后，更加是出于自己的本性，蛋鸡的行为变得丰富多样，在一定程度上摆脱了无奈、烦躁或痛苦的状态，这对于提高蛋鸡的福利有着显著的作用。通过上述分析可以看出，笼养替代方式使对蛋鸡的行为发生了较大的变化，使各个行为在总时间中的比例更加合理，这在一定程度上有利于蛋鸡的健康，也明显地改善了蛋鸡的福利水平。8试验组对照组图1试验期蛋鸡各行为持续时间比例4讨论对比笼养替代方式下饲养的蛋鸡和传统笼养的蛋鸡的行为变化，可以发现试验期内，笼养替代方式对蛋鸡的趴卧、行走、伸腿、啄癖、争斗行为产生了显著影响。试验组蛋鸡的趴窝持续时间和频次，均明显高于对照组；散养使蛋鸡的休息时间明显增多，避免了蛋鸡始终站卧于倾斜的铁丝网板上的无奈的状态，使得蛋鸡在散养中能正常地表现它们的本能行为27。试验组蛋鸡的行走持续时间显著高于对照组，对于改善蛋鸡的腿部状况非常有利，行走与趴窝、伸腿次数的增9加，可以减少蛋鸡患骨质疏松症的概率。在对啄癖、争斗行为方面的分析中发现，试验组蛋鸡的平均持续时间和频次与对照组蛋鸡相比，均差异显著。散养中的蛋鸡的展翅行为明显多于笼养的蛋鸡，很大程度上是因为散养为展翅提供了更多大的空间，因为在这种情况下，蛋鸡得到了良好的休息，通过展翅行为说明了蛋鸡在散养环境中摆脱了在笼养环境中常造成的枯燥情绪，生活的更加惬意。在散养环境下，蛋鸡活动空间的增大，行为种类的增多，使蛋鸡之间相处的更加融洽，进而减少了争斗的概率。试验组蛋鸡的饮水次数低于对照组，平均持续时间高于对照组；比较分析后可发现，散养环境中蛋鸡的平均饮水量大大多于笼养环境中的饮水量，避免了因缺水造成的家禽羽毛板结断裂，满足了家禽的生理需求，同时避免了笼养条件下家禽较多的惊群不安等强烈的应激行为28。笼养替代方式使蛋鸡的行为更加丰富，更利于蛋鸡天性的表达，也使蛋鸡长时间站立的状况得到改善，提高了蛋鸡的腿部健康水平。同时，蛋鸡在散养环境中的行为不再单调，采食、饮水等行为被较多的梳羽、伸腿、展翅等行为所间隔，使蛋鸡得到较好的休息，减少了枯燥情绪发生的概率。这对蛋鸡的健康非常有利，有利于生产性能的改善。笼养替代方式能较好的改变鸡的饲养密度，进而改变鸡的行为29。5结论本研究表明，笼养替代方式对蛋鸡的行为产生了明显的影响，首先是蛋鸡各行为发生的频次产生了显著的变化，趴窝的频率明显增多，时间也大幅度延长；改善了蛋鸡在笼养中长时间站立的不利状况；使蛋鸡的单次采食时间增长，在生活中进行采食、饮水、伸腿、展翅等活动时更加专心，不用去考虑来自其它鸡的拥挤、争斗和抓挠，这在一定程度上有利于提高采食量。散养也使使蛋鸡的异常行为的发生频次降低、持续时间变短；进而方便蛋鸡进行其它行为如抓刨、沙浴等，使蛋鸡的行为变得丰富多样。另外，在笼养环境中，蛋鸡争斗、抓挠、发生啄癖行为的概率显著降低，这说明在笼养替代环境中蛋鸡之间的关系得到了明显的改善。因此，笼养替代方式很大程度上丰富了蛋鸡的行为，提高了蛋鸡的福利水平。6建议在试验中发现，笼养替代方式能够很好的改善蛋鸡行为，使蛋鸡在一定程度上脱离单调、枯燥的生活方式，提高了蛋鸡的福利水平。但也引发了新的问题，比如在一段时间内的采食的总时间减少，不利于蛋鸡生产性能的提高。同时，散养会造成蛋鸡饲养空间、成本的增加，不利于规模化生产，在一定程度上对扩大生产规模、提高经济效益造成了影响；同时，通过本试验还发现，笼养产生的粪10便不方便清除，不容易干燥，不仅影响了鸡舍内的环境卫生，还容易使鸡群容易发生疾病，可能会导致生产性能的降低。为解决这一问题，建议除及时清除粪便、做好鸡舍的卫生和消毒工作外，还应该尝试采用新的方式来布置鸡舍，比如用稻草、沙土和锯末等多种组成成分的混合垫料放置于鸡粪洒落处，增加水分的蒸发，破坏致病微生物的生活环境，进而提高鸡群的健康水平。11参考文献1耿爱莲，李保明蛋鸡笼养福利问题以及蛋鸡养殖模式J农业工程学报，2006，（12）1211222王永康，徐新红未来蛋鸡笼养的发展趋势和动物福利问题J中国家禽，2004，24（20）143蔡元丽，宋志刚，林海蛋鸡笼养的福利问题J中国畜牧兽医，2008，35（7）1494刘向萍蛋鸡栖身之所的选择J中国家禽，2006，28634385刘世荣，刘雁征，李云开笼养蛋鸡健康养殖技术研究的现状与发展趋势J中国农学通报，2008，24（1）23286耿爱莲，李保明蛋鸡笼养福利问题以及蛋鸡养殖模式J农业工程学报，2006，22（2）1211247郭蕾，康洁，王志强动物福利及其在蛋鸡笼养中的应用J中国畜牧兽医，2008，35（4）1291318刘向萍聚焦中国福利J中国家禽2006，26（6）35429周艳萍，王洪伟浅析蛋鸡的福利与生产J家禽科学，200810151610李保明，滕光辉，庞真真，等不同笼养条件下蛋鸡健康与福利的比较研究关系J中国农业大学学报，2007，125677211赵芙蓉，李保明，赵亚军，等笼养密度对肉仔鸡行为的影响及其与胸囊肿发生率的关系J中国农业大学学报，2007，125616612赵阳，赵亚军，李保明，等饲养密度和鸡笼局部遮光对肉种鸡产蛋期行为福利的影响J动物学研究，2006，27443344013HUGHESBO，APPLEBYMOINCREASEINBONESTRENGTHOFSPENTLAYINGHENSHOUSEDINMODIFIEDCAGESWITHPERCHESJTHEVETERINARYRECORD，1989，124（18）48348414WILSONS，HUGHESBO，APPLEBYMC，ETALEFFECTSOFPERCHESONTRABECULARBONEVOLUMEINLAYINGHENSJBRITISHPOULTRYSCIENCE1993，54220721115WALLH，TAUSONR，ELWINGERKPOPHOLEPASSAGESANDWELFAREINFURNISHEDCAGESFORLAYINGHENSJBRITISHPOULTRYSCIENCE，1984631454816TAUSONR，ABRAHAMSSONPFOOTANDSKELETALDISORDERSINLAYINGHENSEFFECTSOFPERCHDESIGN,HYBRID，HOUSINGSYSTEMANDSTOCKINGDENSITYJACTAAGRICSCANDSECTIONAANIMSCI，1994,，4411011917TAUSONRHEALTHANDPRODUCTIONINIMPROVEDCAGEDESIGNJPOULTRYSCIENCE12，1998，771820182718SHANAWANTMMINFLUENCEOFLITTLEWATERHOLDINGCAPACITYONBROILERWEIGHTANDCARCASSQUALITYJARCHGEFLGELK,1992,5617717919WATHESCMAERIALEMISSIONFROMPOULTRYPRODUCTIONJWORLDSPOULTSCIJ，1985，5424125120KRISTENSENHH,BURGESSLR,DEMMERSTGH,ETALTHEPREFERENCESOFLAYINGHENSFORDIFFERENTCONCENTRATIONSOFATMOSPHERICAMMONIAJAPPLANIMBEHAVSCI,2000,68307231821CAREYJBRFFECTSOFPULLETSTOCKINGDENSITYONPERFORMANCEOFLAYINGHENSPOULTRYSCIENCE，1987，6681283128722NICOLCBEHAVIORALREQUIREMENTSWITHINACAGEENVIRONMENTJWORLDPOULTRYSCIENCEJOURNAL，1990，46313323FLEMINGRH,WHITEHEADCC,ALVEYD,ETALBONESTRUCTUREANDBREAKINGSTRENGTHINLAYINGHENSHOUSEDINDIFFERENTHUSBANDRYSYSTEMSJBRPOULTSCI,1994,35651266224WEBSTERABWELFAREIMPLICATIONSOFAVIANOSTEOPOROSISJPOULTRYSCIENCE,2004,83218419225WEBSTERABWELFAREIMPLICATIONSOFAVIANOSTEOPOROSISJPOULTRYSCIENCE20048，3330730926EDDIEAEBBEHAVIOROFFASTANDSLOWGROWINGBROILERSTO12WEEKSOFAGEANDTHEPHYSICALCONSEQUENCESJAPPLIEDANIMALBEHAVIORSCIENCE,2003,81597227刘世荣，刘雁征，李云开笼养蛋鸡健康养殖技术研究的现状与发展趋势J中国农学通报，2008，24（1）232828刘向萍蛋鸡栖身之所的选择J中国家禽，2006，286343829李保明，滕光辉，庞真真，等不同笼养条件下蛋鸡健康与福利的比较研究关系J中国农业大学学报，2007，125677213致谢本论文是在赵芙蓉老师的悉心指导下完成的。从研究的选题到论文的总体设计，从试验方案的实施到毕业论文的写作无不浸透着赵老师的心血和智慧。值此论文完成之际，衷心感谢赵老师对我的辛勤培育和谆谆教导，以及在我的学业、生活中给予的无微不至的关心和帮助。赵老师严谨的治学态度、渊博的学术水平、崇高的敬业精神、乐于奉献的高尚品德以及开拓进取的创新精神，无时无刻不深深地激励着我，催我奋进在此，谨向赵老师表示衷心的感谢并致以崇高的敬意衷心感谢所有关心、指导、帮助过我的老师、同学和朋友们管俊涛20010年5月27日14DUSTBATHINGBYBROILERCHICKENSACOMPARISONOFPREFERENCEFORFOURDIFFERENTSUBSTRATESSARAJSHIELDS,JOSEPHPGARNER,JOYAMENCHDEPARTMENTOFANIMALSCIENCE,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATDAVIS,ONESHIELDSAVENUE,DAVIS,CA95616,USARECEIVED28FEBRUARY2003RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM28AUGUST2003ACCEPTED21JANUARY2004ABSTRACTLEGABNORMALITIESLEADINGTOLAMENESSINBROILERCHICKENSAREASERIOUSWELFAREPROBLEMPREVIOUSWORKINOURLABORATORYDEMONSTRATEDTHATPROVIDINGBROILERCHICKENSWITHTHEOPPORTUNITYTOEXERCISEBYPERFORMINGMORENATURALBEHAVIORSSUCHASPERCHING,WALKINGUPANDDOWNINCLINESANDDUSTBATHINGCANIMPROVETHEIRABILITYTOWALKNORMALLYJAMENCH,JPGARNER,CFALCONE,BEHAVIORALACTIVITYANDITSEFFECTSONLEGPROBLEMSINBROILERCHICKENS,INHOESTER,CWYSSEDS,PROCEEDINGSOFTHESIXTHEUROPEANSYMPOSIUMONPOULTRYWELFARE,WORLDSPOULTRYSCIENCEASSOCIATION,ZOLLIKOFEN,SWITZERLAND,2001,PP152156WITHTHELONGTERMGOALOFSTIMULATINGDUSTBATHINGTOIMPROVELEGCONDITION,THEAIMOFTHISSTUDYWASTODETERMINETHEDUSTBATHINGSUBSTRATEPREFERREDBYBROILERCHICKENSWECONDUCTEDADUSTBATHINGCHOICETESTEXPERIMENTUSINGFOURDIFFERENTBEDDINGTYPESPINEWOODSHAVINGS,RICEHULLS,CONSTRUCTIONGRADESAND,ANDARECYCLEDPAPERANIMALBEDDINGPRODUCTFOURDIFFERENTBROILERCHICKENSWERETESTEDEACHWEEKFOR6WEEKSSTARTINGWHENTHECHICKSWERE1WEEKOLDTHEYWERESELECTEDFROMTWOGROUPSOFBROILERCHICKENSHOUSEDINLARGEHOMEPENSBEDDEDWITHWOODSHAVINGSSELECTEDBIRDSWERETESTEDINSMALLERPENSWHERETHEYWEREDEPRIVEDOFALLLOOSEBEDDINGMATERIALEXCEPTDURINGTESTING,WHICHWASCARRIEDOUTFOR1HEACHDAYFORTHREECONSECUTIVEDAYSPERWEEKDURINGANOBSERVATION,EACHCORNEROFTHETESTPENWASFILLEDWITHADIFFERENTBEDDINGTYPE,ANDTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEFOCALCHICKRECORDEDVERTICALWINGSHAKESVWSWEREUSEDASTHEPRIMARYMEASUREOFDUSTBATHINGACTIVITYBROILERSPERFORMEDSIGNIFICANTLYMOREVWSPERHOURINSANDF3,361352,P00005ANDSPENTAGREATERPROPORTIONOFTHEIRTOTALTIMEINSANDF5,60515,P0001THANINTHERICEHULLS,PAPER,ORWOODSHAVINGSTHEYALSOVISITEDTHESANDSIGNIFICANTLYMORE15OFTENTHANTHEPAPERORTHEWOODSHAVINGSF5,609647,P00005THEREWERENODUSTBATHSINTHERICEHULLSTHELATENCYTOENTERSANDWASSIGNIFICANTLYSHORTERTHANTHELATENCYTOENTERANYOFTHEOTHERTHREESUBSTRATESF3,15524,P00113GROUNDPECKINGGENERALLYPRECEDESADUSTBATHINGBOUT,ANDTHERATEOFPECKINGANDTHEPROPORTIONOFTHETOTALTIMEBUDGETSPENTPECKINGWEREALSOHIGHESTFORSANDF3,512449,P00001ANDF3,511528,P00001,RESPECTIVELYTHEPREFERENCEFORSANDWASAPPARENTINTHEFIRSTWEEK,ANDWASSTABLEWITHAGETHERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYSUGGESTTHATSANDISATTRACTIVETOBROILERCHICKENSANDISAPOTENTSTIMULUSFORDUSTBATHINGFURTHERWORKISNEEDEDTODETERMINEIFSTIMULATINGBROILERCHICKENSTODUSTBATHEBYPROVIDINGSANDCANIMPROVETHEIRLEGCONDITION,ANDTHUSTHEIRWELFARE2004ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONEXERCISEISESSENTIALFORTHEHEALTHANDWELLBEINGOFANIMALSFORBROILERCHICKENSEVENWALKINGMAYBEDIFFICULTASTHEBIRDSAGEDUETORAPIDGROWTHRATEANDTHEINCREASINGINCIDENCEOFLEGDISORDERSWEEKSETAL,2000KESTINETAL,1992MENCH,2004PREVIOUSWORKINOURLABORATORYMENCHETAL,2001ANDOTHERWORKTHORPANDDUFF,1988SUGGESTTHATEXERCISEISIMPORTANTFORREDUCINGTHEINCIDENCEANDSEVERITYOFLEGPROBLEMSFORBROILERCHICKENS,ONEFORMOFEXERCISEISDUSTBATHINGBEHAVIORBECAUSEDUSTBATHINGINVOLVESROTATIONALANDPUSHINGMOTIONSOFTHELEGS,ITCOULDBEAFORMOFEXERCISETHATIMPROVESLEGCONDITIONLAYINGHENSHAVEBEENFOUNDTOHAVECLEARPREFERENCESFORDUSTBATHINGSUBSTRATESPETHERICKANDDUNCAN,1989VESTERGAARDANDBARANYIOVA,1996VANLIERE,1991,BUTTHEPREFERENCESOFBROILERCHICKENSHAVENOTYETBEENTHOROUGHLYEXAMINED,PARTICULARLYFORBEDDINGTHATISAVAILABLEONACOMMERCIALSCALEINTHEUSOURAIMWASTODETERMINEWHICHSUBSTRATE,OUTOFFOURCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLEBEDDINGTYPES,WASTHEBESTFORELICITINGDUSTBATHINGBYBROILERCHICKENSADUSTBATHINGBOUTISCOMPOSEDOFASEQUENCEOFBEHAVIORALCOMPONENTSKRUIJT,1964PECKINGANDSCRATCHINGATAPOTENTIALDUSTBATHINGSITEUSUALLYPRECEDEADUSTBATHINGBOUTTHESEQUENCEOFDUSTBATHINGBEHAVIORALCOMPONENTSUSUALLYBEGINSWITH“BILLRAKING”,WHERETHEBIRD,INASITTINGPOSITION,PULLSLOOSESUBSTRATECLOSERTOITSBODY,CONSTRUCTINGASMALLRIDGEOFLOOSESUBSTRATETHEN,WHILESTILLINASITTINGPOSITION,THEBIRDPERFORMSVERTICALWINGSHAKESVWSDURINGWHICHSMALLPARTICLESARETOSSEDUPWARDI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