最新2016年电大开放教育岩土力学期末复习名词解释及简答考试资料小抄【微缩打印版】

电大岩土力学期末复习考试小抄名词解释岩石岩石是组成地壳的基本物质，它是由矿物或岩屑在地质作用下按一定的规律聚集而成的自然体。地基承载力地基所能承受荷载的能力土的渗透性一般是指水流通过土中孔隙难易程度的性质。土的压缩性土体在外荷载作用下体积减小的性质。固结把空隙水从土体排出的过程称为固结。浅基础、深基础一般埋置在5M以内，直接将荷载扩散分布于浅部地层，经简单施工方法筑成的称为浅基础。而深基础相对埋置深度大，其主要作用是把所承受的荷载相对集中地传递到地基深部。刚性基础、柔性基础刚性基础是指用抗压性能好，而抗拉、抗剪性能较差的砖、毛石、素混凝土以及灰土等材料修建的基础，又称无筋扩展基础。由钢筋混凝土材料建造的基础称为柔性基础，又称扩展基础。结构面结构面是具有一定方向、延展较大、厚度较小的二维状地质界面。围岩围岩指的是隧道周围一定范围内，对洞身的稳定有影响的岩土体。沉井基础在深基础施工中，为保证开挖边坡稳定，并减少开挖土方工程量，利用一井筒形结构物，将其沉入地下并用作结构物的基础，称为沉井基础。地下连续墙地下连续墙是利用专用的成槽机械开挖出一条狭长的深槽，槽内置放钢筋笼，灌注混凝土，使在地基中筑成连续的混凝土或钢筋混凝土墙体，具有支护、防渗、承重等多重功能。填空根据地质学的岩石成因分类可把岩石分为岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩三大类。结构面的分类按其成因可分为（1）原生结构面；再细分为、沉积结构面、火成结构面、变质结构面；（2）构造结构面；（3）次生结构面。岩石的蠕变分为稳定蠕变与不稳定蠕变两类。稳定蠕变当岩石在较小的应力作用下，应变随时间增加而增加至某一值后，趋于稳定。不稳定蠕变当岩石所受应力超过某一值时，应变随时间增加而增加，直至破坏用先期固结压力PC与现时的土压力P0的比值描述土层的应力历史，将粘性土进行分类1正常固结土PCP02超固结土PCP03欠固结土PCP0地基变形的三个阶段A线性变形阶段；（塑性载荷PC）B弹塑性变形阶段；（极限载荷PU）C破坏阶段影响土压实性的主要因素含水量、击实功能、土的种类和级配等土中的应力分类（按引起的原因）1由土本身有效自重在地基内部引起的自重应力2由外荷静荷载或动荷载在地基内部引起的附加应力。地基的破坏形式1整体剪切破坏；2局部剪切破坏；3冲剪破坏。建筑物荷载通过基础作用于地基，对地基提出两个方面的要求1变形要求建筑物基础在荷载作用下产生最大沉降量或沉降差，应该在该建筑物所允许的范围内2稳定要求建筑物的基底压力，应该在地基所允许的承载能力之内。直接剪切试验方法快剪固结快剪慢剪三轴剪切试验步骤1装样；2施加周围压力；3施加竖向压力三轴试验方法1不固结不排水剪（UU）2固结不排水剪（CU）3固结排水剪（CD）洞室加固方法锚杆支护、衬砌及喷锚支护等。沉井的基本构造常用的钢筋混凝土沉井主要由刃脚、井壁、内隔壁、凹槽、封底及盖板等组成。简答GRIFFITH强度理论基本假设1岩体内的裂隙形状是扁平的椭圆形；2相邻的裂隙不会互相影响；3材料特性如强度的局部变化可以忽略；4椭圆裂缝及其周围材料上的应力系统可作为二维问题处理。影响边坡稳定性的因素影响边坡稳定性的因素有内在因素与外在因素两个方面。（1）内在因素有组成边坡岩土体的性质、地质构造、岩体结构、地应力等。它们常常起着主要的控制作用。（2）外在因素有地表水和地下水的作用、地震、风化作用、人工挖掘、爆破以及工程荷载等。其中地表水和地下水是影响边坡稳定最重要、最活跃的外在因素，其他大多起着触发作用。郎肯土压力理论假定条件墙体本身是刚性的；墙后填土水平并延伸到无限远；墙背竖直光滑库伦土压力理论假定条件墙后填土为均匀的无粘性土（C0），填土表面倾斜（0）；挡土墙是刚性的，墙背倾斜，倾角为；墙面粗糙，墙背与土体之间存在摩擦力（0）；滑动破裂面为通过墙踵的平面。朗肯理论和库伦理的共同点与不同点共同点朗肯理论和库伦理论均属于极限状态土压力理论。用这两种理论计算出的土压力均为墙后土体处于极限平衡状态下的主动土压力EA和被动土压力EP。不同点朗肯理论从土体中一点的极限平衡状态出发，由处于极限平衡状态时的大小主应力关系求解（极限应力法）；库伦理论根据墙背与滑裂面之间的土楔处于极限平衡，用静力平衡条件求解（滑动楔体法）。沉井下沉过程中的主要问题及其处理方法（1）沉井倾斜、偏移倾斜和偏移是沉井施工过程中较为常遇见的问题，其原因有多种，如场地土层软硬不均、刃脚不平整、挖土不对称、沉井侧面受力不均匀或刃脚下局部有障碍物等。当沉井发生倾斜时可立即采取陶土法、不对称配重法、不对称射水法、水平向拉力扶正等措施。对于局部障碍物，应先进行人工排除后下沉。（2）停沉、下沉困难导致停沉的原因主要有1、开挖深度不足，阻力太大；2、发生偏斜；3、遇到障碍物或坚硬土层；4、井壁无有效减阻力措施解决停沉的方法可以利用配重法、清障法等方法。（3）突然下沉产生突然下沉的主要原因有1、出现流塑土；2、挖土太深；3、排水迫沉。可以通过控制挖土深度，或临时增设底面支承装置解决。地下连续墙的适用范围1、用作基坑支护结构，可以与预应力锚杆或内支撑结构联合使用，也可以单独形成悬臂式地下连续墙。2、用作竖向承重结构，如地下室外墙、地铁站台、地下防渗墙等。地下连续墙的特点1墙体刚度大，可用作刚性基础；2用于基坑维护工程，可以兼做挡土与止水，防渗效果好；3施工过程振动小，噪音低，对环境影响小；4适用于多种地基条件，可用于逆运作法施工；5占地少、工效高。地下连续墙的施工过程施工前的准备有关作业面积、作业空间、场地地基的加固等内容。施工程序地下连续墙的施工内容包括准备工作、成槽工作、成墙工作、按工艺要求设置临时设施、修筑道路；在施工区域设置导墙；安装挖槽、泥浆制配、处理等机具设备；安装水电线路；进行试通水、通电、试运转、试挖槽、混凝土浇筑。现浇钢筋混凝土地下连续墙的施工工艺过程（一）导墙施工二泥浆护壁三槽段开挖四钢筋笼加工和吊放（五）水下混凝土浇筑降水对周围地面的影响及预防措施影响降低地下水位时，由于土颗粒流失或土体压缩固结，易引起周围地面沉降。由于土层的不均匀性和形成的水位呈漏斗状，地面沉降多为不均匀沉降，可能导致周围的建筑物倾斜、下沉、道路开裂或管线断裂，因此，井点降水时，必须采取相应措施，以防造成危害。预防措施1回灌井点法该方法是在降水井点与需保护的建筑物、构筑物间设置一排回灌井点。在降水的同时，通过回灌井点向土层内灌入适量的水，使原建筑物下仍保持较高的地下水位，以减小其沉降程度。2设置止水帷幕法在降水井点区域与原建筑之间设置一道止水帷幕使基坑外地下水的渗流路线延长，从而使原建筑物的地下水位基本保持不变。止水帷幕可结合挡土支护结构设置也可单独设置。常用的止水帷幕的做法有深层搅拌法、压密注浆法、冻结法等。3减缓降水速度法减缓井点的降水速度，可防止土颗粒随水带出。具体措施包括加长井点，调小离心泵阀门，根据土颗粒的粒径选择适当的滤网，加大砂滤层厚度等。基坑边坡稳定基坑边坡的稳定，主要是靠土体的内摩阻力和粘结力来保持平衡的。一旦土体失去平衡，边坡就会塌方。边坡塌方会引起人身事故，同时会妨碍基坑开挖或基础施工，有时还会危及附近的建筑物。防止边坡塌方的措施（1）放足边坡（2）设置支撑常用的水平支撑方法1）横撑式支撑2）锚拉支撑3）短柱横隔支撑4）钢板桩支撑5）大型钢构架横撑6）钢筋混凝土灌注桩支撑7）土层锚杆支护8）地下连续墙加锚杆支护请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄BASKETBALLCANMAKEATRUECLAIMTOBEINGTHEONLYMAJORSPORTTHATISANAMERICANINVENTIONFROMHIGHSCHOOLTOTHEPROFESSIONALLEVEL,BASKETBALLATTRACTSALARGEFOLLOWINGFORLIVEGAMESASWELLASTELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFEVENTSLIKETHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAAANNUALTOURNAMENTANDTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAANDWOMENSNATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONWNBAPLAYOFFSANDITHASALSOMADEAMERICANHEROESOUTOFITSPLAYERANDCOACHLEGENDSLIKEMICHAELJORDAN,LARRYBIRD,EARVIN“MAGIC“JOHNSON,SHERYLSWOOPES,ANDOTHERGREATPLAYERSATTHEHEARTOFTHEGAMEISTHEPLAYINGSPACEANDTHEEQUIPMENTTHESPACEISARECTANGULAR,INDOORCOURTTHEPRINCIPALPIECESOFEQUIPMENTARETHETWOELEVATEDBASKETS,ONEATEACHENDINTHELONGDIRECTIONOFTHECOURT,ANDTHEBASKETBALLITSELFTHEBALLISSPHERICALINSHAPEANDISINFLATEDBASKETBALLSRANGEINSIZEFROM28530IN7276CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDINWEIGHTFROM1822OZ510624GFORPLAYERSBELOWTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ASMALLERBALLISUSED,BUTTHEBALLINMENSGAMESMEASURES29530IN7576CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDAWOMENSBALLIS28529IN7274CMINCIRCUMFERENCETHECOVERINGOFTHEBALLISLEATHER,RUBBER,COMPOSITION,ORSYNTHETIC,ALTHOUGHLEATHERCOVERSONLYAREDICTATEDBYRULESFORCOLLEGEPLAY,UNLESSTHETEAMSAGREEOTHERWISEORANGEISTHEREGULATIONCOLORATALLLEVELSOFPLAY,THEHOMETEAMPROVIDESTHEBALLINFLATIONOFTHEBALLISBASEDONTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBALLSBOUNCEINSIDETHECOVERINGORCASING,ARUBBERBLADDERHOLDSAIRTHEBALLMUSTBEINFLATEDTOAPRESSURESUFFICIENTTOMAKEITREBOUNDTOAHEIGHTMEASUREDTOTHETOPOFTHEBALLOF4954IN1214MWHENITISDROPPEDONASOLIDWOODENFLOORFROMASTARTINGHEIGHTOF6FT180MMEASUREDFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBALLTHEFACTORYMUSTTESTTHEBALLS,ANDTHEAIRPRESSURETHATMAKESTHEBALLLEGALINKEEPINGWITHTHEBOUNCETESTISSTAMPEDONTHEBALLDURINGTHEINTENSITYOFHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGETOURNEYSANDTHEPROFESSIONALPLAYOFFS,THISINFLATEDSPHERECOMMANDSCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONBASKETBALLISONEOFFEWSPORTSWITHAKNOWNDATEOFBIRTHONDECEMBER1,1891,INSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,JAMESNAISMITHHUNGTWOHALFBUSHELPEACHBASKETSATTHEOPPOSITEENDSOFAGYMNASIUMANDOUTLIN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