我国服务贸易滞后的原因及对策 外文文献及中文翻译

WORLDTRADEANDINTERNATIONALTRADEINTODAYSCOMPLEXECONOMICWORLD,NEITHERINDIVIDUALSNORNATIONSARESELFSUFFICIENTNATIONSHAVEUTILIZEDDIFFERENTECONOMICRESOURCESPEOPLEHAVEDEVELOPEDDIFFERENTSKILLSTHISISTHEFOUNDATIONOFWORLDTRADEANDECONOMICACTIVITYASARESULTOFTHISTRADEANDACTIVITY,INTERNATIONALFINANCEANDBANKINGHAVEEVOLVEDFOREXAMPLE,THEUNITEDSTATESISAMAJORCONSUMEROFCOFFEE,YETITDOESNOTHAVETHECLIMATETOGROWANYORITSOWNCONSEQUENTLY,THEUNITEDSTATESMUSTIMPORTCOFFEEFROMCOUNTRIESSUCHASBRAZIL,COLOMBIAANDGUATEMALATHATGROWCOFFEEEFFICIENTLYONTHEOTHERHAND,THEUNITEDSTATESHASLARGEINDUSTRIALPLANTSCAPABLEOFPRODUCINGAVARIETYOFGOODS,SUCHASCHEMICALSANDAIRPLANES,WHICHCANBESOLDTONATIONSTHATNEEDTHEMIFNATIONSTRADEDITEMFORITEM,SUCHASONEAUTOMOBILEFOR10,000BAGSOFCOFFEE,FOREIGNTRADEWOULDBEEXTREMELYCUMBERSOMEANDRESTRICTIVESOINSTEADOFBATTER,WHICHISTRADEOFGOODSWITHOUTANEXCHANGEOFMONEY,THEUNITEDSTATERECEIVESMONEYINPAYMENTFORWHATITSELLSITPAYSFORBRAZILIANCOFFEEWITHDOLLARS,WHICHBRAZILCANTHENUSETOBUYWOOLFROMAUSTRALIA,WHICHINTURNCANBUYTEXTILESGREATBRITAIN,WHICHCANTHENBUYTOBACCOFROMTHEUNITEDSTATEFOREIGNTRADE,THEEXCHANGEOFGOODSBETWEENNATIONS,TAKESPLACEFORMANYREASONSTHEFIRST,ASMENTIONEDABOVEISTHATNONATIONHASALLOFTHECOMMODITIESTHATITNEEDSRAWMATERIALSARESCATTEREDAROUNDTHEWORLDLARGEDEPOSITSOFCOPPERAREMINEDINPERUANDZAIRE,DIAMONDSAREMINEDINSOUTHAFRICAANDPETROLEUMISRECOVEREDINTHEMIDDLEEASTCOUNTRIESTHATDONOTHAVETHESERESOURCESWITHINTHEIROWNBOUNDARIESMUSTBUYFROMCOUNTRIESTHATEXPORTTHEMFOREIGNTRADEALSOOCCURSBECAUSEACOUNTRYOFTENDOESNOTHAVEENOUGHOFAPARTICULARITEMTOMEETITSNEEDSALTHOUGHTHEUNITEDSTATESISAMAJORPRODUCEROFSUGAR,ITCONSUMESMORETHANITCANPRODUCEINTERNALLYANDTHUSMUSTIMPORTSUGARTHIRD,ONENATIONCANSELLSOMEITEMSATALOWERCOSTTHANOTHERCOUNTRIESJAPANHASBEENABLETOEXPORTLARGEQUANTITIESOFRADIOSANDTELEVISIONSETSBECAUSEITCANPRODUCETHEMMOREEFFICIENTLYTHANOTHERCOUNTRIESITISCHEAPERFORTHEUNITEDSTATESTOBUYTHESEFROMJAPANTHANTOPRODUCETHEMDOMESTICALLYACCORDINGTOECONOMICTHEORY,JAPANSHOULDPRODUCEANDEXPORTTHOSEITEMSFROMWHICHITDERIVESACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEITSHOULDALSOBUYANDIMPORTWHATITNEEDSFROMTHOSECOUNTRIESTHATHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTHEDESIREDITEMSFINALLY,FOREIGNTRADETAKESPLACEBECAUSEOFINNOVATIONORSTYLEEVENTHOUGHTHEUNITEDSTATESPRODUCESMOREAUTOMOBILESTHANANYOTHERCOUNTRY,ITSTILLIMPORTSLARGENUMBERSOFAUTOSFROMGERMANY,JAPANANDSWEDEN,PRIMARILYBECAUSETHEREISAMARKETFORTHEMINTHEUNITEDSTATESFORMOSTNATIONS,EXPORTSANDIMPORTSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTINTERNATIONALACTIVITYWHENNATIONSEXPORTMORETHANTHEYIMPORT,THEYARESAIDTOHAVEAFAVORABLEBALANCEOFTRADEWHENTHEYIMPORTMORETHANTHEYEXPORT,ANUNFAVORABLEBALANCEOFTRADEEXISTSNATIONSTRYTOMAINTAINAFAVORABLEBALANCEOFTRADE,WHICHASSURESTHEMOFTHEMEANSTOBUYNECESSARYIMPORTSINTERNATIONALTRADEISTHEEXCHANGEOFGOODSANDSERVICESPRODUCEDINONECOUNTRYFORGOODSANDSERVICESPRODUCEDINANOTHERCOUNTRYTHEREARESEVERALREASONSFORITTHEDISTRIBUTIONLFNATURALRESOURCESAROUNDTHEWORLDISSOMEWHATHAPHAZARDSOMENATIONSPOSSESSNATURALDEPOSITSINEXCESSOFTHEIROWNREQUIREMENTSWHILEOTHERNATIONSHAVENONEFOREXAMPLE,BRITAINHASLARGERESERVESOFCOALBUTLACKSMANYMINERALSSUCHASNICKEL,COPPER,ALUMINUMETC,WHEREASTHEARABSTATESHAVEVASTOILDEPOSITSBUTLITTLEELSEINTHECULTIVATIONOFNATURALPRODUCTSCLIMATESWHEREASOTHERS,SUCHASCITRUSFRUITS,REQUIREAMEDITERRANEANCLIMATEMOREOVER,SOMENATIONSAREUNABLETOPRODUCESUFFICIENTOFAPARTICULARPRODUCTTOSATISFYALARGEHOMEDEMAND,FOREXAMPLE,BRITAINANDWHEATTHESEARETHEREASONSWHYINTERNATIONALTRADEFIRSTBEGANWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMANUFACTURINGANDTECHNOLOGY,THEREAROSEANOTHERINCENTIVEFORNATIONSTOEXCHANGETHEIRPRODUCTSITWASFOUNDTHATITMADEECONOMICSENSEFORANATIONTOSPECIALIZEINCERTAINACTIVITIESANDPRODUCETHOSEGOODSFORWHICHITHADTHEMOSTADVANTAGES,ANDTOEXCHANGETHOSEGOODSFORTHEPRODUCTSOFOTHERNATIONSWHICHANDADVANTAGESINDIFFERENTFIELDSTHISTRADEISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE,ALSOCALLEDTHECOMPARATIVECOSTTHEORY,WASDEVELOPEDBYDAVIDRICARDO,ANDOTHERECONOMISTSINTHENINETEENTHCENTURYITPOINTSOUTTHATTRADEBETWEENCOUNTRIESCANBEPROFITABLEFORALL,EVENIFONEOFTHECOUNTRIESCANPRODUCEEVERYCOMMODITYMORECHEAPLYASLONGASTHEREAREMINOR,RELATIVEDIFFERENCESINTHEEFFICIENCYOFPRODUCINGACOMMODITYEVENTHEPOOFCOUNTRYCANHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINPRODUCINGITTHEPARADOXISBESTILLUSTRATEDBYTHISTRADITIONALEXAMPLETHEBESTLAWYERINTOWNISALSOTHEBESTTYPISTINTOWNSINCETHISLAWYERCANNOTAFFORDTOGIVEUPPRECIOUSTIMEFROMLEGALANDTYPINGMATTERSBUTTHETYPISTSCOMPARATIVEDISADVANTAGEISLEASTINTYPINGTHEREFORE,THETYPISTHASARELATIVECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTYPINGTHISPRINCIPLEISTHEBASISOFSPECIALIZATIONINTOTRADESANDOCCUPATIONSATTHESAMETIME,COMPLETESPECIALIZATIONMAYNEVEROCCUREVENWHENITISECONOMICALLYADVANTAGEOUSFORSTRATEGICORDOMESTICREASONS,ACOUNTRYMAYCONTINUETOPRODUCEGOODSFORWHICHITDOESNOTHAVEANADVANTAGETHEBENEFITSLFSPECIALIZATIONMAYALSOBEAFFECTINGBYTRANSPORTCOSTSGOODSANDRAWMATERIALSHAVETOBETRANSPORTEDAROUNDTHEWORLDANDTHECOSTOFTHETRANSPORTNARROWSTHELIMITSBETWEENWHICHITWILLPROVEPROFITABLETOTRADEANOTHERIMPEDIMENTTOTHEFREEFLOWOFGOODSBETWEENNATIONSISTHEPOSSIBLEINTRODUCTIONOFARTIFICIALBARRIERSTOTRADE,SUCHASTARIFFSORQUOTASINADDITIONTOVISIBLETRADE,WHICHINVOLVESTHEIMPORTANDEXP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TANCECOMECOM,THELATINAMERICANFREETRADEASSOCIATIONLAFTA,THECENTRALAMERICANCOMMONMARKETCACM,THECARIBBEANFREETRADEAREACARIFTA,THECARIBBEANCOMMUNITYANDCOMMONMARKETCARICOM世界贸易和国际贸易在当今复杂的经济世界个人和国家都不是自给自足。国家有利用不同的经济资源，人们开发了不同的技能。这是世界贸易和经济活动的基础。此贸易和活动中，导致的国际金融和银行已经演化。例如，美国是主要使用者的咖啡，但它并没有增加任何气候或自己。因此，美国必须引进高效种植咖啡的国家如巴西、哥伦比亚、危地马拉咖啡。在另一方面，美国有大型工厂能生产多种化工和，可以出售给需要它们的国家的飞机等的货物。如果国家交易如为10000袋咖啡，一个汽车的项的项外贸会非常麻烦和制约。如此的即无钱交换的商品贸易的口味而不是美国用于它的销售支付收到钱。它为巴西咖啡，巴西可以随后使用。反过来可以买纺织品，然后可以买到从美国来的烟草，买澳大利亚的羊毛用美元支付。外贸，各国之间的商品交换，原因是很多地方都需要很多不同的商品。首先，没有一个国家的商品能满足国家本身的所有需要，各种原料分散在世界各地，大型铜矿分布在秘鲁和扎伊尔，南非生产钻石，中东石油资源丰富，自己国界内部不能生产的资源，必须向生产这些资源的国家购买。对外贸易的发生是因为每个国家没有足够的能力生产所有满足本国需要的产品，虽然美国是主要的糖生产国，但是其国内消耗远远超过其生产能力，因此其必须进口。第三，一个国家可以卖一个比其他国家较低的成本的一些项目。日本已经能够出口收音和电视机，因为它可以比其他国家更有效的大量生产它们。美国从日本购买比在国内生产这些便宜。根据经济理论，日本应该生产和出口的是从它派生的一个比较优势的项目，还应该购买那些在本国生产成本比其他国家高的产品。最后，对外贸易需要那些创新的产品，尽管美国是世界上最大的汽车生产国，但是仍需要从德国、日本、瑞典进口大量汽车，主要是为了满足本国的市场需要。对于大多数国家，出口和进口是最重要的国际活动。当国家的出口多于进口，这是一种贸易顺差，当进口多于出口，是贸易逆差。联合国试图保持良好的贸易平衡，保证用必要的手段来购买他们需要进口的货物，在一个国家生产的商品和服务在与另一个国家生产服务的交流。它有几个原因。分布在世界各地的天然资源，很不平衡，在一些国家有些资源拥有过多，而其他矿藏相对较少，甚至没有。例如，英国煤炭储量很大，但是缺乏如镍，铜，铝等多种矿物质，而阿拉伯国家有丰富的石油储量，但其他资源几乎没有。在自然生物方面，如柑橘类水果，适合在地中海气候地区种植，此外，一些国家生产的某种产品不能满足本国的需要，例如，英国的小麦。这是贸易发生的原因之一。随着制造技术的发展，因而产生了另一个国家鼓励，交流他们的产品。结果发现，它使一个国家的经济在一定意义上，专门生产这些商品的活动，并为其中最有优势，以换取其他国家的产品和优势的货物，在不同的领域。这种贸易是基于比较优势的原则。对比较优势理论，也被称为比较成本理论是由大卫李嘉图发展，在19世纪的其他经济学家。它指出，国家之间的贸易可以为所有有利可图，即使其中一个国家能生产各种商品更便宜。在生产一种商品，甚至国家的效率，只要有轻微的，相对的差异可以在生产它的比较优势。矛盾的是最好的说明了这个传统的例子在城市最好的律师亦是城里最好的打字员。由于该律师不能放弃从法律和打字事项宝贵的时间。但相比打字员的劣势是至少在打字。因此，打字员在打字上有相对比较优势。这个原则是行业专业化和职业化的基础，即使它在经济上是有利的，完成专业化可能永远不可能发生，出于战略的原因，一个国家可以继续生产它并不具有优势的商品。专业化的好处也可能会影响了运输成本商品和原材料都必须在世界各地运送，运输成本的降低将证明它是有利可图的贸易。造成另一个国家的货物自由流动的障碍可能是人为的障碍，如推行贸易关税或配额。除了有形贸易，其中涉及货物进口和出口的商品；也有无形贸易，其中涉及国家之间的服务交换。如希腊和挪威等国家运用大型海洋运输船队并提供服务。这就是一种无形贸易。当一个出口商安排装运，他租了一条船货舱，并为出口货物购买了稳健的保险。而在海上，货物很容易受到许多危险。因此，保险是一项服务。这成为一些国家的专业。比如英国由于劳合社伦敦的发展，额成为这项服务的主要出口国，以赚取投保其他国家的外贸费。在一些国家内，他们拥有的商品或制成品出口的方式很少，但他们有一个温和晴朗的气候。在冬季，用旅游来吸引游客的国家，由于酒店住宿，餐费，出租车大量资金等，是旅游形成另一种无形的贸易形式。因此，这是在无形贸易方面可以作为重要的原材料