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WORKINGGROUPC201APRIL2004IMPROVINGRESILIENCEINPOWERCONTROLCENTRES243243IMPROVINGRESILIENCEINPOWERCONTROLCENTRESWORKINGGROUPC201WORKINGGROUPMEMBERSPETERROCHEJOSEAMARANTENINELCUKALEVSKIKURTLINDSTROMAPRIL2004FEB2004PAGE1OF25CIGREWGC201COPYRIGHT2002TOUTDTENTEURDUNEPUBLICATIONCIGRESURSUPPORTPAPIEROULECTRONIQUENENPOSSDEQUUNDROITDUSAGESONTINTERDITES,SAUFACCORDEXPRESSDUCIGRE,LAREPRODUCTIONTOTALEOUPARTIELLEAUTREQUUSAGEPERSONNELETPRIV,ETTOUTEMISEADISPOSITIONDETIERS,DONTLADIFFUSIONSURUNRSEAUINTRANETOUUNRSEAUDENTREPRISECOPYRIGHT2002OWNERSHIPOFACIGREPUBLICATION,WHETHERINPAPERFORMORONELECTRONICSUPPORTONLYINFERSRIGHTOFUSEFORPERSONALPURPOSESAREPROHIBITED,EXCEPTIFEXPLICITYAGREEDBYCIGRE,TOTALORPARTIALREPRODUCTIONOFTHEPUBLICATIONFORUSEOTHERTHANPERSONALANDTRANSFERTOATHIRDPARTYHENCECIRCULATIONONANYINTRANETOROTHERCOMPANYNETWORKISFORBIDDENIMPROVINGRESILIENCEINPOWERCONTROLCENTRESWORKINGGROUPC201TABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYINTRODUCTION1MOTIVATORSFORIMPROVINGRESILIENCE11EXTENTOFPOWERCONTROLCENTRESYSTEM12COSTOFNONOPTIMISEDPOWERSYSTEMDISPATCHINVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDUTILITIES13RISKOFDESTRUCTIONDUETONATURALORMANMADEDISASTER14RISKSOFNONAUTHORIZEDACCESSTOPCCSYSTEMS15POTENTIALCLAIMSBYNONDISPATCHEDIPPFORLOSSOFSALE16COMPLYINGWITHDISPATCHEFFECTIVENESSTARGETSSETBYMARKETREGULATOR17COMPANYWIDEBUSINESSCONTINUITYPLANNING2FACTORSASSISTINGINIMPROVINGRESILIENCE21HIGHERPROCESSINGPOWEROFMODERNHARDWARE22LARGECAPACITYANDDISTRIBUTEDDATABASES23STANDARDISEDSOFTWAREANDPROTOCOLS24BANDWIDTHANDCAPACITYOFTELECOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKS25INTELLIGENTNETWORKSWHICHROUTERTUSIGNALSADAPTIVELY26IMPROVEDRESILIENCEFORHARDWAREUNITS27PROTECTIONAGAINSTUNAUTHORIZEDACCESS3MAJORSUBSYSTEMINPOWERCONTROLCENTRES31CONTROLCENTRE,SUBSTATIONANDGENERATINGPLANTEQUIPMENT32TELECOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEM33INFRASTRUCTURALSYSTEMS4CHOICEOFSYSTEMARCHITECTURE41MIRRORIMAGESTANDBYPOWERCONTROLCENTRE42INSTALLINGHALFOFTHESYSTEMATEACHCENTRE43PCCWITHREDUCEDLEVELOFFUNCTIONALITY441NREDUNDANCYFORANUMBEROFCONTROLCENTRES45REDUNDANTRTUCOMMUNICATIONFROMPRIMEANDBACKUPCONTROLCENTRE5OPERATIONALSTANDARDS51SCALEOFDISASTERANDDISTANCEBETWEENPRIMARYANDBACKUPCENTRE52FREQUENCYOFUPDATINGOFSTANDBYPCCDATABASESANDSOFTWARE53ADOPTIONOFSTANDARDRTUANDICCPPROTOCOLS54AVAILABILITYREQUIREMENTSFORMAJORSUBSYSTEMSPCC,TELECOMS,RTUS55PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSWHENMAINPCCISLOST56CYBERSECURITY6IMPROVINGPCCRESILIENCETHROUGHTRAINING61THETRAININGASPECTSOFTHEARCHITECTUREDESIGN62ALERTINGSTAFFTORISKANDESSENTIALPRECAUTIONS63TRAININGOFTHEOPERATINGPERSONNELPLANNINGANDDESIGNISSUES64PRACTICALIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEOPERATORTRAININGPROGRAM65EXTENTOFINVOLVEMENTOFPARTNERSINPOWERMARKET7CONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFEB2004PAGE2OF25CIGREWGC201REFERENCESIMPROVINGRESILIENCEINPOWERCONTROLCENTRESBYPETERROCHE,JOSEAMARANTE,NINELCUKALEVSKI,KURTLINDSTROMONBEHALFOFWGC201SUMMARYTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEFACTORSWHICHINFLUENCEUTILITIES,ORTHOSESEGMENTSWHICHARERESPONSIBLEFORPOWERCONTROLCENTREPCCOPERATIONS,TOEXAMINETHERISKSPOSEDTOCONTINUOUSANDSATISFACTORYOPERATIONSOFTHEIRENTERPRISESTHEFORCESWHICHGENERATEANEEDFORINCREASEDRESILIENCEARESUMMARISEDTHETECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSWHICHACTASENABLINGFACTORSININCREASINGRESILIENCEARESUMMARISEDTHESTEPSTHATCANBETAKENTOINCREASETHELEVELSOFRESILIENCEAREEXAMINEDTHESTEPSTHATCANBETAKENINSYSTEMANDEQUIPMENTDESIGN,STAFFTRAININGANDBUSINESSCONTINUITYPLANNINGAREDISCUSSEDINTRODUCTIONINTHEFIRSTCHAPTERTHEPAPEREXAMINESTHEFACTORSWHICHINFLUENCEUTILITIES,ORTHOSESEGMENTSWHICHARERESPONSIBLEFORPCCOPERATIONS,TOEXAMINETHERISKSPOSEDTOCONTINUOUSANDSATISFACTORYOPERATIONSOFTHEIRENTERPRISESFIRSTLYTHETHREATSTOCONTINUOUSANDSATISFACTORYOPERATIONSMUSTBEIDENTIFIEDSECONDLYTHECOSTOFCOUNTERINGTHETHREATNEEDSTOBEESTIMATEDANDTHIRDLYAREALISTICSTATISTICALRISKSHOULDBEASSIGNEDTOTHETHREATSOASTOASSISTINEVALUATINGIFTHELOSSESASSOCIATEDWITHTHETHREATWARRANTTHEINVESTMENTREQUIREDTOCOUNTERTHERISKINTHESECONDCHAPTERTHERECENTTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSWHICHHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOASSISTINIMPROVINGRESILIENCEAREEXAMINEDTHESEDEVELOPMENTSMAYPROVIDEACOMPUTINGORCOMMUNICATIONSCAPACITYORCAPABILITYTHATWASNOTPREVIOUSLYAVAILABLETHEEMERGENCEOFSTANDARDHARDWAREORSOFTWAREPRODUCTSMAYNOWBEAVAILABLEATANAFFORDABLEPRICETOIMPROVETHERESILIENCEOFTHESYSTEMSTHEFACTORSWHICHENABLECOMPANYMANAGEMENTTOREALISTICALLYCONSIDERIMPROVINGTHERESILIENCEOFTHEIRPCCSARELARGELYDEPENDENTONTHEGROWINGMATURITYANDCOMMODITISATIONOFTHEITANDSCADA/EMSMARKETPLACETHEEMERGENCEOFAMUCHMOREINTELLIGENTCOMMUNICATIONSNETWORKSINTHEPOWERUTILITYSECTORHASALSOPROVIDEDAVERYIMPORTANTCAPABILITYTOCREATERESILIENTSYSTEMSINTHETHIRDCHAPTERTHESCOPEOFTHESYSTEMSANDEQUIPMENTWHICHCONSTITUTETHEPCCAREDEFINEDANDDESCRIBEDINGENERALTHEEXTENTOFTHEPCCISSETATTHEBOUNDARIESOFTHEHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETHATMAKESUPTHECENTRALCONTROLSYSTEM,TOGETHERWITHTHETELECOMMUNICATIONSANDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMINSUBSTATIONSINTHEFOURTHCHAPTERTHECHOICESOFSYSTEMARCHITECTURE,WHICHCANBEUSEDTOPROVIDEAHIGHDEGREEOFRESILIENCETOAPCC,AREEXAMINEDITISNOTEDTHATTHEOBJECTIVEOFIMPROVEDSYSTEMRESILIENCEMUSTBEADDRESSEDFROMANARCHITECTURALVIEWPOINTFROMTHEOUTSETOVERTIMEANUMBEROFEQUIPMENTCONFIGURATIONSHAVEEMERGEDASBEINGAPPROPRIATEFORPROVIDINGAHIGHLEVELOFRESILIENCETHUSTHEREAREGOODREASONSFORCHOOSINGASYSTEMARCHITECTURETHATHAS1ALREADYBEENDEVELOPEDBYAPCCSUPPLIER,2ISPROVIDEDWITHONGOINGSUPPORTFROMTHESUPPLIERAND3HASBEENPROVENTOBEEFFECTIVEINOTHERUTILITIESANUMBEROFPROVENARCHITECTURES,THATHAVEBEENSHOWNTOIMPROVETHELEVELOFRESILIENCE,AREDESCRIBEDADDITIONALLYTHEMEANSBYWHICHRTUSCANBESWITCHEDBETWEENMAINTOSTANDBYPCCSAREDISCUSSEDINTHEFIFTHCHAPTERTHEKEYPERFORMANCEORDESIGNCRITERIAWHICHWILLFORMTHEBASISFORTHEDESIGNAREDISCUSSEDATTHEOUTSETITISCLEARTHATNATUREOFTHEDISASTER/EVENTAGAINSTWHICHTHESYSTEMMUSTDISPLAYRESILIENCEHASTOBEDEFINEDINADDITIONITFEB2004PAGE3OF25CIGREWGC201ISNECESSARYTOSETOUTCRITICALPERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYPARAMETERSWHICHMUSTBEACHIEVEDBYTHEDESIGNINTHESIXTHCHAPTERHUMANFACTORSARESHOWNTOBEIMPORTANTINVERYMANYASPECTSOFTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEOVERALLSYSTEMTHECONSIDERATIONSRELATINGTOPLANNINGANDDESIGNOFTHETRAININGOFPERSONNELISEXPLOREDNOTSOOBVIOUSINTHEQUESTFORIMPROVEDRESILIENCEISTHENEEDFORALLRELEVANTPERSONNELTOBETRAINEDTOBEAWAREOFTHECYBERBASEDTHREATSTOSYSTEMSECURITYINPARTICULARTHEREISANEEDFOROPERATIONSPERSONNELTOBEAWAREOFTHEROLESANDACTIVITIESOFTHEMANYPLAYERSINTODAYSELECTRICITYMARKET1MOTIVATORSFORIMPROVINGRESILIENCETHEREAREMANYREASONSWHYAHIGHLEVELOFRESILIENCEISREQUIREDOFPOWERCONTROLCENTRESPCCSSOMEARISEASACONSEQUENCEOFTHERECENTRESTRUCTURINGOFTHEELECTRICUTILITYINDUSTRY,WHILEOTHERSARELONGSTANDINGANDAPPLYREGARDLESSOFTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEINDUSTRYTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEFACTORSWHICHINFLUENCEUTILITIES,ORTHOSESEGMENTSWHICHARERESPONSIBLEFORPCCOPERATIONS,TOEXAMINETHERISKSPOSEDTOCONTINUOUSANDSATISFACTORYOPERATIONSOFTHEIRENTERPRISESINORDERTOARRIVEATACONCLUSIONATHREESTAGEANALYSISISREQUIREDFIRSTLYTHETHREATSTOCONTINUOUSANDSATISFACTORYOPERATIONSMUSTBEIDENTIFIEDSECONDLYTHECOSTOFCOUNTERINGTHETHREATNEEDSTOBEESTIMATEDANDTHIRDLYAREALISTICSTATISTICALRISKSHOULDBEASSIGNEDTOTHETHREATSOASTOASSISTINEVALUATINGIFTHELOSSESASSOCIATEDWITHTHETHREATWARRANTTHEINVESTMENTREQUIREDTOCOUNTERTHERISKATPRESENTMANYPCCSHAVEACHIEVEDAHIGHDEGREEOFRESILIENCEBYMEANSOFDUPLICATEDSYSTEMS,USUALLYEMPLOYINGREDUNDANTEQUIPMENTCONFIGURATIONSWITHAUTOMATICFAILOVERTHERISKTHATISBEINGCOUNTEREDINTHISSITUATIONISOFALIMITEDLOSSOFEQUIPMENTORFUNCTIONALITYHOWEVERTHERISKOFACATASTROPHICLOSSOFTHEENTIRESYSTEM,WHILEOBVIOUSLYLOWINPROBABILITY,ISADISTINCTPOSSIBILITYITISTHISSTATISTICALLYUNLIKELYEVENTTHATISCONCENTRATEDUPONINTHISPAPER11EXTENTOFPOWERCONTROLCENTRESYSTEMINTHISPAPERTHEEXTENTOFTHEPCCISTAKENTOEXTENDFROMTHEACTUALHARDWAREANDSOFTWAREINTHEPHYSICALCONTROLCENTRE,THROUGHTHETELECOMMUNICATIONSSUBSYSTEMANDONTOTHEEQUIPMENTINSUBSTATIONS,SUCHASREMOTETERMINALUNITSORDIGITALSUBSTATIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,PLUSTHEGENERALOVERALLSUPPORTINGINFRASTRUCTURALSCHEMESSUCHASPOWERSUPPLYSCHEMESTHESUBSYSTEMSAREBRIEFLYDISCUSSEDINCHAPTER312COSTOFNONOPTIMISEDPOWERSYSTEMDISPATCHINVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDUTILITIESIMPLICITINTHEDECISIONTOESTABLISHANYPCCISTHEEXPECTATIONTHATTHEBENEFITSWILLEXCEEDTHECOSTSINVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDUTILITIESVIUTHEBUSINESSOBJECTIVEISTOMINIMISETOTALCOSTS,WHILEMEETINGSPECIFIEDSECURITYORRESERVECRITERIATHEBENEFITSFLOWINGFROMTHEEFFECTIVEUSEOFENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMEMSSOFTWAREAREPERHAPSEASIERTOESTIMATETHANTHOSEFLOWINGFROMUSEOFSUPERVISORYCONTROLANDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMSCADAWITHINAVIUESTIMATESOFTHEBENEFITSOBTAINABLEFROMEMSHAVERANGEDFROM2TO4OFTHETOTALGENERATIONCOSTSITISCLEARTHATONECANNOTCONSIDERANEMSSYSTEMINISOLATIONITHASTOBEVIEWEDINCONJUNCTIONWITHITSASSOCIATEDSCADASYSTEMTHUSINCONSIDERINGACATASTROPHICEVENTTHATDISABLESTHEEMSSYSTEM,DISABLEMENTOFTHESCADASYSTEMMUSTALSOBEASSUMEDSOINORDERTOPROVIDEAGAINSTTOTALLOSSOFTHEEMSSYSTEM,ANALTERNATIVESCADA/EMSSYSTEMNEEDSTOBECONSIDEREDTHEQUESTIONTHATEACHPCCHASTOANSWERISWHATWILLTHECONSEQUENCESBEOFLOOSINGEMSORSCADAFUNCTIONALITYOVERANEXTENDEDPERIODFEB2004PAGE4OF25CIGREWGC201FIRSTLYANESTIMATEISMADEOFTHECOSTSOFTHENONAVAILABILITYOFANEMSSYSTEMANNUALGENERATIONCOSTSPER1,000MWOFPEAKLOAD,WITHALOADFACTOROFABOUT60200MLOSSOFCOSTEFFECTIVENESSWHENEMSISUNAVAILABLE3COSTPERMONTHOFLOSSOFEMSFACILITIES,PER1,000MW05MSECONDLYANESTIMATEOFTHEINCREMENTALCOSTOFPROVIDINGANALTERNATIVESCADA/EMSSYSTEMLOOKSEXCLUSIVELYATTHECOSTOFHARDWAREANDSOFTWARENOACCOUNTISTAKENOFTHECOSTOFPROVIDINGACCOMMODATIONORINFRASTRUCTURALSERVICESCOSTOFBASESCADACENTRALSYSTEMPLATFORMWITHFULLDATAACQUISITIONFACILITIESFORA5,000MWPEAKLOADUTILITY1MCOSTOFTYPICALEMSSOFTWAREANDSUPPORTINGHARDWARE1MCOSTOFPROVIDINGCENTRALSCADA/EMSSYSTEM2MINCREMENTALCOSTOFPROVIDINGASTANDBYCENTRALSCADA/EMSSYSTEM075MONTHEABOVESIMPLIFIEDBASISALONE,ITISEVIDENTTHATTHECOSTOFTHENONAVAILABILITYOFANEMSSYSTEMCANRAPIDLYEXCEEDTHEPRICEOFDEVELOPINGASTANDBYEMSSYSTEMASTHESIZEOFTHEUTILITYANDTHECONSEQUENTCOSTOFTHENONAVAILABILITYOFTHEEMSSYSTEMGROWSTHENTHEPAYBACKPERIODBECOMESEVENLESSTHEREISAVERYLOWPROBABILITYOFANEVENTLEADINGTOTHECATASTROPHICLOSSOFTHESCADA/EMSSYSTEMSUCHALOWPROBABILITYMAYBEDEALTWITHTHROUGHANINSURANCEPOLICYALTERNATIVELY,INLIGHTOFTHERELATIVELYLOWCOSTOFPROVIDINGASTANDBYCONTROLCENTRE,ADECISIONMAYBEMADETODEVELOPASTANDBYPOWERCONTROLCENTRE13RISKOFDESTRUCTIONDUETONATURALORMANMADEDISASTERTHEREISALWAYSAREMOTEPOSSIBILITYTHATFIRE,FLOOD,EARTHQUAKE,ETCCOULDDESTROYAPCCINTHEMODERNER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