2013集美区高考英语专题应试技巧与训练系列3--阅读应试技巧与训练

1、2013集美区高考英语专题应试技巧与训练系列3-高考英语阅读应试技巧与训练集美区教师进修学校邹丽红一、 高考阅读必备的知识与基本功（一）高考阅读必备的知识1、词汇量达到3200个2、同义词、同义词组、同义结构3、阅读原文与考题同义转换的规律知识：同义词或词组，词性转换，句型转换，比较级与最高级的转换，主被动转换，因果转换，非限制性定语从句与状语从句的转换，非谓语动词短语与定语从句的转换，非谓语动词与状语从句的转换， What 从句与定语从句的转换。4、句子结构知识：掌握英文句子结构的特点是树状结构5、语篇结构知识：不同体裁的文章的结构有自己的规律，如议论文是总+分+总的菱形结构，说明文是总+分

2、的扇形结构，记叙文是按照时间和事情的发展顺序的直线型结构。了解不同体裁文章的主题段的规律。6、段落结构知识：每个段落都包含了不同功能的句子：引言句、主题句、支持句/解释句、过渡句、终结句。了解段落的主题句的规律。7、阅读应试技巧知识：应试阅读和平常的阅读由于目的不同，因此技巧也不同，应试阅读以解题为目标，因此阅读的方法是以被问到的问题为中心展开阅读，掌握英语阅读考题的命题规律和角度以及干扰项的设置规律对解题很有帮助。（二）高考阅读必备的基本功1、迅速定位信息源的能力2、理解长难句的能力3、迅速了解篇章结构的能力4、确定段落主题句的能力5、确定文章主题段的能力6、推理判断的能力7、猜测生词的能力

3、8、归纳文章主要意思的能力9、区分主题句与支持句的能力10、区分观点与事实的能力二、高考阅读快速解题顺序1、从题目入手2、确定定位词：大写字母原则、数字原则、名词定位原则（名词在原文中一般可以找到原词）动词和形容词只作为辅助定位词，因为回原文一半找不到原词。3、回原文定位： 顺序原则-题目顺信息源：首句原则尽量现在段首句或段落标题中查找相关的定位词问题顺序与原文答案顺序一致同义替换原则-答案中的定位词往往在原文中找不到原词或原句4、精读信息源的句子砍树枝，抓句子主干5、回到题目解题通过对比原文和题目，确定最终的答案三、高考阅读的应试策略与技巧 策略一、紧扣主旨大意高考英语阅读理解的主旨大意题主

4、要是考查考生在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法对文章进行高度的概括或总结的能力。常见的设问方式有：标题类：Whats the best title/headline for the passage？大意类：The text is mainly about_.The topic/subject discussed in the passage is _ .From the passage，we can conclude that _ .作者意图类：Whats the writers purpose in writing the passage？针对主旨大意类型的题，考生

5、可以掌握以下解题策略：把握文章逻辑结构，快速找出主题；寻找主题句，确定文章中心思想；将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体，得出文章主题；逆向思维法解标题类问题。一、把握文章逻辑结构，快速找出主题高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构：1、时间顺序。按时间先后顺序说明某一事件、某一理论的发展过程，属于这种结构的文章主题通常在首段或末段。2、“总说-分述”结构。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点，属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。最典型的是新闻报道类文章，此类体裁的文章在近年高考阅读中逐渐增多。一般这类文章都有固定格式：城市名称(新闻社)新闻内容。掌握一些国际知名新闻社的英文名称是必要的

6、，路透社Reuters，美联社Associated Press，法新社Agence France Presse。3、“分述-总说”结构。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。属于这种结构的文章主题在末段。二、寻找主题句，确定文章中心思想不是所有的文章都有主题句，对于大部分有主题句的文章来说，主题句表达了文章的中心思想，找到了主题句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。主题句呈现的形式有：1、在文首。文章开门见山，提出主题，随后摆事实、讲道理来解释、支撑和发展主题句所表达的主题思想。2、在文中。通常前面只提出问题，随之陈述细节引出主题，而后做进一步的解释、支撑或发展。3、在文尾。在表述细节后，归纳要点，得出结论，以

7、概括主题。三、将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体，得出文章主题通常有些文章会在首段提出一个重要论点，随后在各段分别进一步从不同角度继续阐述，这样我们可以找出首段的中心句，再将其和各段第一句串联在一起，就可以得出文章的中心思想。如：(2006北京卷D篇71题)Which is the best title for the passage？A.Societal Conditions in Premodern TimesB.Practices of Reducing Maternal AttachmentC.Poor Health Service and High Infant Death R

8、ateD.Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents第一段：Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused，a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.第二段：One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unname

9、d until they had survived into the second year.第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.从第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不难看出，这篇文章的标题应该是Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment.四、逆向思维法解标题类问题针对这类题型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到这样的标题，文章应该怎样写？”如：(2005全国I卷B篇62题)What would be the best title for the

10、 text？A.A Cross-country TripB.A Special Border PassC.An Unguarded BorderD.An Expensive Church Visit如果标题是A Cross-country Trip，那么文章应该讲述一次出境旅行；如果标题是A Special Border Pass，那么文章应该着重讲一个特殊的边境通行证；如果标题是An Unguarded Border，那么文章应该侧重讲边境如何不设防；如果标题是An Expensive Church Visit，那么文章应该讲一次礼拜如何花费昂贵了。经过这样的逆向思维，我们不难发现文章的内容

11、恰好与标题An Expensive Church Visit一致，因此应该选D。策略二、把握作者意图每一篇文章都有其写作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中体现自己的思想呢？他通过哪些语言向读者传达了自己的感受呢？我们在阅读的同时怎样收集、综合各种信息，体会作者的情感呢？了解这些有助于我们在做阅读理解题时把握作者思路，领会文章内涵，做出正确的选择。要做到这一点，我们需要从两个方面入手：一是把握作者的写作意图，二是把握出题的角度。下面我们就分别分析一下。一、对于写作意图的把握有的文章只是客观地介绍一件事或物，或各方观点，作者不发表自己个人的意见，如一些科技文，新闻事件报道等。这样的文章属于“广而告知型”

12、。要根据客观事实答题，一是一，二是二，凡与事实不符的选项，或文中没有提到的事实，当然都是不能选的。这样的题目难度一般都不会很大。最难于驾驭的是一些故事性、情感经历性的文章。因为作者在行文时会用到一些写作手法，如倒叙、插叙等。往往还会有一些思想、情感的波动。这就需要我们在阅读时认真把握，细心体会。1.注意连接词的使用：Near the end of the last year in middle school，my dad took me to the wildlife refuge.He needed to get some aligator blood to do the experimen

13、t.At first，I thought fishing for alligators was a bad idea.What if one tried to eat me？But we had a lot of help，and my dad knew a lot about alligators，so it was OK.通过第一句可知这是倒叙。我们知道了结果：作者去了野生动物保护区。接下来是作者当初由反感、害怕到最后打消顾虑同意去。都是通过连接词at first，but，so等展开的。所设题目是：Why did the writer think that fishing for alig

14、ators was a bad idea at first？A.Because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligatorsB.Because we should protect alligatorsC.Because the writer was not as brave as his fatherD.Because the writer knew little about alligators弄清了作者的思想波动就不难选出正确答案A了。 2.注意一些形容词及某些特定句式的使用：透过一些形容词可以看出作者的倾向，如：Isnt that wond

15、erful if we get there by air？(作者希望坐飞机去那里。)某些句型表面看上去是比较级，而实际上是最高级含义。My mother decided to take me on the trip.It couldnt be better.(It couldnt be better=Its great.意为“太好了”)某些否定形式的句子实际上是肯定含义：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much.(再怎么强调保护环境的重要性也不过分。)作者以这样的句子体现自己的观点：必须加

16、大力度保护环境。注意虚拟语气的使用。How I wish I had passed the driving test.(我多么希望已通过了驾照考试呀！)此句暗含的事实是：并没通过考试。3.将自己想象为故事中的主人公，体会其心理感受有一篇文章，写一个老太太刚刚在海边买了一座别墅，打算在那里度过余生。因为那里的气候湿润温暖，更适合她的健康。此时她站在曾经生活了25年的房子里，最后环顾这曾经装载了她的大半生的房子。所给的问题是：How does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house？正确答案是：Her feeling is com

17、plex.其他的选项如She is happy/She is sad等都片面。只要我们设身处地站在老太太的位置上想一想，就不难找到正确答案。4.把握全篇文脉，仔细揣摩事情发生的背景我们不仅要掌握一定的语言知识，还需要平时储备一定的逻辑推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知识，才能完全领会文章的主旨或者其所渗透出的幽默感。请看下面这篇介绍父子关系的文章。第一句话就开门见山：My father and I were very close.He was always proud of my success.然后用一个事例说明：If I won a spelling contest at school，h

18、e was on top of the world.如果知道be on top of the world是“高兴至极”的意思，也只是理解了语言的表层含义。接下来：When I was named President of the Ford Motor Company，I didnt know which of us was more excited.正确理解了上文的铺垫，才会真正领会此句暗含的意味及幽默：实际上父亲比我还高兴。如果对西方人的生活方式及习惯比较了解的话，也不难接受下面的句子：I hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunitynothin

19、g could have felt more natural.我们再来继续欣赏一下父亲鲜明的个性：My father was a curious man who was always trying new things.He was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle.Unfortunately，my father and his motorcycle didnt get along too well.He fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after bu

20、ying it.As a result，he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.读懂了这些，就不难理解下文中为什么父亲不让“我”拥有一辆自行车，反而当“我”刚满16岁就让我开车了。正确理解了文章的来龙去脉及内涵，对于文后题目的处理也就会轻而易举了。二、对于出题意图的把握1.正确理解一个事物的两个方面有些题目不是直接照搬原文的话，而是用一些另外的语言表达出同样的意思，因此我们必须掌握用英文解释英文的技能。如一篇介绍辍学学生的文章，文章先后两次谈到学生辍学后的感想。第一次：Most students who dro

21、pped out of school in the United States admit they made a mistake by giving up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more chalenging.第二次：three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay.文后的题目是Which of the folowing is right according to the passage？正确答案

22、是：Most dropout students hope to go back to school if possible.虽然原文没有像题目这样明确说明，但其实这是一个事物的两个方面；对于辍学的后悔其实就是希望继续上学。通过正确推断这些文句的含义，即可找出正确答案。2.以文章内容为基础进行判断有些题目要根据短文的内容来判断正误，这就需要按作者的思路去考虑，站在作者或文章内容中出现的人物的立场上予以辨析，不能依据自己的喜好或认知判断。策略三、合理推理判断推理判断题在高考中占很大的比重，学生在此类题型中也失分最多。推理判断题要求考生考虑文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，弦外之音

23、做出合理的推理和判断。一、理解定义。判断是对已知的事实仔细评价之后做出的合理决定。推理是对事实的内涵所做的陈述或以事实为依据对未知所做的陈述。注意无论是判断还是推理都是以已知事实为依据。二、推理题常见的提问形式。常以infer，imply，indicate，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。或含有表推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，mostlikely等。三、具体策略1.通过辨认细节的技巧，找到相关的事实或证据，对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价，在

24、此基础上再作决定。切记：推断是以文章提供的事实为依据，而不是凭空想象，更不是读者自己的意愿。2.借助常识。在推理判断题中，我们平时积累的一些常识通常会派上用场。2006年陕西高考英语试卷中一篇关于通信发展史的阅读最为典型。 A.The postal service has over the years become faster. B.The postal service has over the years become slower.大家都应知道交通越来越发达，邮电业当然是faster.此篇还涉及到有关发邮件的常识，如果同学们有这个common sense，就如鱼得水了。3.务必要用排除法

25、。排除法在此类题型中发挥着不可磨灭的作用。根据在文章中找到的事实依据和常识排除错误信息，再排除和文章中一词不差的信息 (文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果，但通过同义词或句型转换过的选项有可能是正确答案)，最后再排除无关或偏离信息，正确答案就不言而喻了。4.词句段篇，相互交融。词的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解也离不开篇。单独说floor谁都知道是什么意思，但she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover，in her own handwriting这个语境里是surprised的意思。因此不能独

26、立地看某个词或某句话。此外，学生对一词多义或一些习语的积累也是很有必要的，这就要靠同学们课下多下工夫了。 5.平时扩大词汇量的同时也要注意学习词的深刻内涵。从措辞去寻找文章的感情色彩，猜测作者的态度或写作意图。现仅举一简单的例子。When the phone finally rang，he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it.从这几个词我们能形象地看出他等电话之久，紧张迫不及待的心情，同时也说明电话之重要，这正是作者的真正意图。例He is an old cobbler(修鞋匠) with a shop in the Mar

27、ais，a historic area in Paris.When I took him my shoes，he at first told me：“I have no time.Take them to the other fellow on the main street;hell fix them right away.”But Id had my eye on his shop for a long time.Just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather，I knew he was a skilled

28、 craftsman(手艺人).“No，”I replied，“the other fellow cant do it well.”“The other fellow”was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys “while-u-wait”-without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys.They work carelessly，and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋带)you might

29、 as well just throw away the pair.My man saw I wouldnt give in，and he smiled.He wiped his hands on his blue apron(围裙)，looked at my shoes，had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said，“Come back in a week.”I was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.“S

30、ee what I can do？”he said with a pride.“Only three of us in Paris can do this kind of work.”When I got back out into the street，the world seemed brand-new to me.He was something out of an ancient legend(传说)，this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly，his very strange，dusty felt hat，his fu

31、nny accent from who-knows-where and，above all，his pride in his craft.These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line，when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”，when，in short，people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消费) rather than a way to realize their

32、 own abilities.In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.1.Which of the following is true about the old cobbler？A.He was equipped with the best repairing tools.B.He was the only cobbler in the Marais.C.He was proud of his

33、 skils.D.He was a native Parisian.2.The sentence“he was something out of an ancient legend.”implied that_A.nowadays you can hardly find anyone like himB.it was difficult to communicate with this manC.the man was very strangeD.the man was too old解析：1.C文中多处提到关于自豪的字眼a cobbler who gets his greatest sati

34、sfaction from pride in a job well done.And he said with a pride.这正是C项的涵义。A，D是无关信息文中没有提及排除B是错误选项。依据：The other fellow还有Only three of us in Paris can do2.A说他像古代传奇中的人物。言行，打扮尤其对自己手艺的自豪，现代社会罕见。In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job we

35、ll done.B，D在文章中没有任何依据，排除。C项的strange很有迷惑性但文中说到的是strange hat not the man.【试试看吧】All through my boyhood and youth，I was known as an idler;and yet I was always busy on my own private end，which was to learn to write.I kept always two books in my pocket，one to read，one to write in.As I walked，my mind was b

36、usy fitting what I saw with appropriate words;when I sat by the roadside，I would either read， or a pencil and a note-book would be in my hand，to note down the features of the scene or write some poor lines of verse.Thus I lived with words. And what I thus wrote was for no future use;it was written c

37、onsciously for practice.It was not much that I wished to be an author(though I wished that，too)as that I had vowed that I would learn to write.That was a proficiency that tempted me ;and I practised to acquire it.Description was the principal field of my exercise;for to anyone with senses there is a

38、lways something worth describing and town and country are but one continuous subject.But I worked in other ways also;I often accompanied my walks with dramatic dialogues，in which I played many parts;and often exercised myself in writing down conversations from memory.This was all excellent，no doubt.

39、And yet this was not the most efficient part of my training.Good as it was，it only taught me the choice of the essential note and the right word.And regarded as training，it had one grave defect;for it set me no standard of achievement.So there was perhaps more profit，as there was certainly more effo

40、rt，in my secret labours at home.Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me，in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety ，in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction(巧妙特色) in the style，I must sit down at once and set myself to ape

41、 that quality.I was unsuccessful and I knew it;and tried again，and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful;but at least in these vain bouts I got some practice in rhythm，in harmony，in construction and the coordination of parts.I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hzlitte，to Lamb，to Wordswor

42、th，to Defoe，to Hawthorne.That，like it or not，is the way to learn to write;whether I have profited or not，that is the way.It was so，if we could trace it out，that all men have learned.1.In this passage_.A.an expert tells about how writers become successfulB.a writer tells about the techniques of writi

43、ngC.a student tells about how he learned to writeD.a writer tells about his experience of learning to write2.Fromt his passage we can infer that_.A.it is a good habit for everyone to take books in his pocket while idling in the street.B.practice and imitation are important in learning to writeC.one

44、had better start to learn to write from ones younger daysD.failure is the mother of success参考答案:DB四、 高考阅读能力训练的策略与步骤1、 阅读解题2、 运用评析表分析错题原因3、 积累解题经验和技巧4、 积累阅读中的同义表达和生词附： 阅读理解训练过程评析表姓名_日期_做题时间正确率错题的类型主旨大意题_事实细节题_词义猜测题_推理判断题_分析错题失误的原因统计由于思维判断失误造成的错题数统计由于信息定位错误造成的错题数统计由于看不懂句子或句子理解错误造成的错题数五、高考阅读微技能训练考试说明指出

45、：阅读部分要求考生读懂公告，说明，广告以及书，报，杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能： （1） 理解主旨要义 （2） 理解文中具体信息（3） 根据上下文推断生词的词义（4） 作出简单判断和推测 （5） 理解文章的基本结构 （6） 理解作者的意图，观点和态度 因此，高三英语第二阶段的复习要特别注重学生阅读技能的训练，在各种体裁题材的阅读材料的训练中，强化阅读微技能，全面提高学生的阅读理解能力和水平。一 、 主旨大意（一）设题方式：主旨大意题即句、段、篇主旨和大意理解性问题。题目要求阅读短文后能正确理解文中句、段、篇的主题思想或主要论点。这种题型主要是考查学生领悟文章大意和归纳、概括文章主题

46、的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题(主题型、标题型和目的型)。这类问题属于全局性问题，常见的问题形式有： Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage? Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage? The main(central)idea/The best title/The main fact of the story suggests.（二）解题技巧：1.首先要找出文章的主题句

47、，了解文章的主题和中心观点，其他句子则为支撑句或扩展句，是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的。 2.灵活运用细读、跳读和略读等技巧，特别要注意第一段和最后一段，通常第一段包含文章要阅述的观点，而最后一段往往是文章的结论性的观点。同时，要注意每一段的头一句话，因为这一句话往往是理解这一段的主要内容和回答问题的关键。 3.学会归纳概括。不少文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。把注意力放在阅读材料的开头和结尾，放在观点性、归纳性和概括性的句子上，放在被许多句子说明和证实的句子上。同时，要注意由in summary, in a word, as

48、 a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等“信号词”引导的句子。但必须注意，不要以部分代整体，也不要过度概括。（三）训练与解析训练一（2012全国卷I A）Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is

49、 to find a wild bees nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actuall

50、y like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and pe

51、ople. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the ho

52、ney, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share. Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.59. What can be the best title f