英语文章中常见的逻辑关系

1、英语文章中常见的逻辑关系 英语文章中常见的逻辑关系 1.并列关系 and, and also, or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas; 2.递进关系 also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed; 3.因果关系 because, for, sinc

2、e, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so.that, such.that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason; 4.转折关系 but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary,

3、by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately; 5.让步关系 although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow 6.列举（顺序）关系 firstsecondlast of all, in the first placein the second placefinally, to begin with to continue, firstthen, on one handon t

4、he other hand, for one thingfor another, oneanother, someothersstill others; 7.对比关系 while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not. but; 8.时间关系 when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time; 9.条件关系 if, only if, if only,

5、 unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with; 10.举例关系 such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifi

6、cally speaking, namely; 关联词运用实例说明 1表示举例说明 a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstrate a) many southern cities are growing above the national average at

7、lanta is a case in point. b) the news about calcium and kidney stones is a case in point. c) prisoners should be treated with respect they are human beings after all. d) these are, after all, very familiar species. e) its extremely expensive to live in new york. for example, i pay $1, 250 for a one-

8、bedroom apartment. f) many countries, for example mexico and japan, have a lot of earthquakes. g) old english was in many ways similar to modern german. for instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected. h) we need to rethink the way we consume energy. take, for instance, our appr

9、oach to transport. i) automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months. j) his last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular. k) one of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job.

10、1) the issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurement of drugs. m) the rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation. n) were talking about money specifically, the money we need to repair our schools. o) one solution would be to change the shap

11、e of the screen, that is, to make it wider. 2表示增补意义 additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only.but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, wha

12、ts more a) they may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function. b) and again, these workshops will benefit the community considerably. c) dunne was murdered, along with three guards. d) sugar is bad for your teeth. it can also contribute to heart

13、 disease. e) this is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike. f) fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes. g) the organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities. h) people

14、choose jobs for other reasons besides money. i) we want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation. j) it is possible to make good movies cheaply. further, k) the majority of americans increased their wealth in the past decade. furthermore, the gains were substantial. l) a new security s

15、ystem was installed. in addition, extra guards were hired. m) the company provides cheap internet access. in addition, it makes shareware freely available. n) the tax only affects people on incomes over $200, 000in other words, the very rich. o) the clams were delicious. likewise, the eggplant was e

16、xcellent. p) using language is a very complex enterprise. moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together. q) the system was not only complicated but also ineffective. r) the cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. similarly, fuel prices have fallen q

17、uite considerably. s) money makes money. to put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be. t) the problem demands a global solution. to put it another way, local regulations will have very little effect. u) first you need to collect all the information and make d

18、etailed notes. then you can start to actually write your essay. v) think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase. w) gas is a very efficient fuel. and what s more, its clean. 3表示强调 above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in par

19、ticular, most important, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt a) although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun. b) he got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the ti

20、me he got home. c) and, as a matter of fact, the u. s. golf association was delighted. d) books and people certainly affected him. e) most of the essays were very good indeed. f) her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf. g) automobile prices in particular have

21、 fallen in recent months. h) but the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty or whose guilt is widely perceived. i) this is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically for the young. j) of course there will be some difficult times

22、 ahead. k) if a sign were needed that the internet has become a real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it. l) throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity. m) it was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job. n) if we truly be

23、lieve we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it. o) undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined. p) sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school. 4表示对比或对照 by contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise,

24、unlike, whereas, while, yet a) the birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased. b) the purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people. c) american consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, british buyers

25、like brown eggs. d) scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the carib bean is most popular in the winter. e) the stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents. f) instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased. g) it wasnt a good thing; on

26、 the contrary it was a huge mistake. h) nuclear power is relatively cheap. on the other hand, you could argue that its not safe. i) it is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seriously misled. j) unlike most people in the office, i dont come

27、 to work by car. k) a bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $1. 5, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $0. 5 per bowl. l) the old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple. m) schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.

28、 n) last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day. 5表示比较 by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarly a) after months of living in a tropical climate, spain seemed cool by compari

29、son. b) by comparison with other european countries, car prices in the uk are very high. c) even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability. d) many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. equally important, they do

30、 not know how to prevent it. e) an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treat f) cotton production was on the increase. however, it was still a small industry compared to hemp and canvas production. g) the deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having ev

31、erything except language experience. h) there is often stronger social control evident in the socialisation of girls in comparison to boys. i) good management accounts separate the well-organised from the rest but are not vital in the same way. j) i dont want him treating me like jim treated me. k)

32、the clams were delicious. likewise, the eggplant was excellent. l) the cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. 6表示让步 admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nev

33、ertheless, of course, still, true a) the technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly. b) printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible after all the library is an attractive place, isnt it? c) i realise she can be very annoying, but i think you should apolog

34、ise all the same. d) we decided to take rooms in longwood house, although we knew we could not really afford the rent. e) we are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals. f) clearly, the racial problems in america have no easy answers. g) the fines for speeding are large, but

35、 even so, they are not always a deterrent. h) and it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm. i) but in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made. j) a false belief may nevertheless be justified. k) though employment growth is down, the a

36、rea is still attracting health care, high tech, banking and sports-related industries. 7表示结果 accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus a) some of the laws were contradictory. accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them. b) as many as 2, 500

37、 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves. c) most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient. d) the cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. hence factory location is an important co

38、nsideration. e) in this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain. f) the building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money. g) most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. 8表示

39、转折 although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet a) you can copy down my answers, although im not sure if theyre right. b) in the us it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in britain. c) des

40、pite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks. d) pen pros: except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction. e) the rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy. f) this is a cheap and simple process. however there are dangers. g) in spite of her suc

41、cess, spencer continues to get depressed. h) cardew did not join the navy. instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor. i) thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it. j) reintroduction of food a

42、fter elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the greatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used. k) the hamburger was tough and overcooked. the fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money. l) stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise i

43、t will be lumpy. m) it presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis. n) there is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected. o) the offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.

44、p) they charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more. 9表示结论 as has been noted(mentioned，stated)，at last，finally，in a word，all in all，in brief, in conclusion, in short，in sum，in summary，to conclude，to sum up，to summarize a)an inhibition，as mentioned above，is rarely used b)at

45、 last, we were able to afford a house c)we finally found a decent apartment close to campus d)pop，in a word，is fascination versus meaning e)it was，all in all，more like a prison than an office f)in brief，the president plarts to cut defense spellding and lowet taxes. g)in conclusion，i want to thank al

46、l the people who have volunteered their time to our organization h)in short，the report says that more money should be spent on education. i)in sum，we need to cut costs j) in summary, do not sell your shares. k) to conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons. l) to sum up, for a healthy he