名词用法归纳

1、名词用法归纳 March 16, 2008一. 名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词: 人名, 地名, 机构等名称。如：Tom，Shanghai , Beijing University普通名词: 某类人或东西中的个体。如：boy, dog, country集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体。如：family, team, police物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。如：air, water, food抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 感情等抽象概念。如：progress, health, fun(注意：普通名词和集体名词可数。物质名词和抽象名词不可数。)二. 名词的数：可数名词都有单数和

2、复数之分。1规则的可数名词的复数变化规则1) 一般情况加 s 。如：books, mouths, houses 2) 以 s , sh , ch , x结尾的加 es。如：classes , boxes, matches (但stomachs)3) 辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies。如：cities, countries, parties 4) 以 o 结尾的词多数 + es。如：heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes / zeros 以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s。如：radios, zoos, bamboos (但pianos , kilos，

3、photos)5) 以f， fe 结尾的多数 + es。如：leaves , lives ,wolvesThe thiefs wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life. 但：也有一些 + s。 如：roofs , proofs, gulfs, beliefs(handkerchiefs / handkerchieves)6）特殊变化的名词。foot- feet tooth- teeth goose-geese ox-oxen child- children mouse-mice man /

4、woman- men / women2. 名词词尾的读音规则1) 在 p t k f等清辅音后读s。如：cups， cakes，roofs 2) 在s z t等音后读iz。如：glasses, faces, roses3) 在其他情况下读作z。如：beds, days, knives4) 以th结尾的词原来读清辅音， 加词尾后多数读浊辅音。 如： mouthmouths, pathpaths 但也有不变化的，如： monthmonths, ninthninths, youthyouths(但houses)3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则1) manmen, womanwomen, tootht

5、eeth, footfeet, childchildren, mousemice, goose-geese, ox-oxen2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works, fish等。如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如：There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时, 两个词都变化。 man servant men servants. (但boy / girl students)woman doctor women do

6、ctors.4.复合名词的复数形式son-in-law sons-in-law , looker-on lookers-on 主体名词变化。film-goer film-goers, grown-up grown-ups 没有主体名词,词尾加复数。5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 s 或 s There are two ls in the word “ all ”.Your 7s and 9s look alike.It happened in the 1960s /1960s.I will not accept your ifs and buts.6. 物质名词一般没有复数，有时用复数形

7、式表示不同种类。wheats, foods, fruits, vegetables 有时表示比原文更广的词义：woodwoods, waterwaters, sandsands, mannermanners7. 抽象名词一般不可数；但是如果表示某一具体的情况，或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。He jumped with joy.My children are a great joy to me.8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。 the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数。( people 作民族

8、、种族时, 有单复数两种形式)Many cattle are kept on the farm. Several police were on duty.The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.The English are a funny people.10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数都有，但意义不同。The class is big.The class are taking notes in English. (前者看作整体，后者

9、强调每一个人。)The population in China is larger. 80% of the population in China are peasants. （同上）11. hair， fruit 通常作单数，表示总体。His hair is grey. They have a rich harvest of fruit almost every year.如果表示若干根头发，表示种类的水果时，可以加复数词尾。He had a few white hairs. 他有几根白发。Are fruits on sale in this season ? 这个季节有水果销售吗？12.

10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics, 等。13. glasses， trousers， scissors， shoes， spectacles，等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/ that pair of等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定。Where are my glasses ？My new pair of trousers is too long.Here are some new pairs of shoes.14. 不可数名词没有复数形式，常考的不可数名词有：progress, a

11、dvice, fun, practice, news, information, knowledge, weather, equipment, furniture, clothing, jewellery, luggage, baggage, food, bread, nature, space如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词。a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal / equipment / furniturea bottle of ink, a grain of rice ,

12、a cake of soap抽象名词具体化可加不定冠词，如：a pleasure, a surprise, a help, a success, a failure, a shock, a pity, a shame, a joy, a sorrow, a difficulty, a trouble15. 名词作定语1）表示用途：a coffee cup 咖啡杯a tobacco company 烟草公司a vegetable garden2) 表示材料：a stone bridge 石桥paper money 纸币a diamond necklace 钻石项链3）表示时间或地点：winter

13、 holiday 寒假morning paper 晨报city people 市民4) 表示类别：a shoe shop, street lights, seat belts, a telephone number, water pollution 水污染，body temperature 体温，weight problem 体温5）表示身份：a woman doctor，a boy student注意：名词作定语常用单数： shoe shop，college students，basketball match但man / woman 随后边名词变化： a woman doctor，two w

14、omen doctors a man doctor，two men doctors6) 有些只用复数做定语a sports meeting， a goods traina sales manager， a customs officer三. 名词的所有格:1 有生命的名词所有格的构成1) 一般在词尾加s： the teachers office, todays newspaper2) 以 s 结尾的复数名词只加： workers rest homes 工人疗养所the masses request 群众的请求3) 不以s结尾的复数名词加s： childrens toys4) 复合名词只在最后一

15、个词的后面加 s： my sister-in-laws brother5) 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加s： This is Tom, Bob and Dicks room.6) 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加s at Mr. Greens , at my uncles, at the tailorsJennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south.7) 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 s a quarter of an hours talk, a ten minutes drive, a four days holi

16、day2. 名词所有格的用法：1) 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系。Lei Fengs dairythe Working Peoples Palace of Culture 劳动人民文化宫2) 也可用于表示时间的名词。todays paper, an hours drive, Fridays work3) 也可用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词。the countrys plan, the farms fruit, Chinas population4) 也可用于表示由人组成的集体名词。our partys stand 我党的立场5) 也可用于表示度量、价值的名词。two dol

17、lars worth of books, a pounds weight3. 凡不能用s 属格的情况, 可用 of 属格表示所属关系。the City of New York, a map of China 特别是下列情况要用of 属格：1) 当名词有较长的定语时，如：the name of the girl standing at the gateHave you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday？2)所修饰的名词前有数量词时，如：a play of Comrade Lis, some friends o

18、f my brothers 3) 所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词时，如：that performance of the teachers 4. 双重所有格：当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词，如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few, another等修饰时，用双重所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的。a poem of Lu Xuns a friend of / mine / his / hers some friends of my brothers Which novel of Dickens are you reading ?5. 几种特