《跨文化交际》.ppt

1、2020/11/12,1,Session 7 intercultural adaptation Definition,intercultural adaptation: acculturation 1: cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture also : a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact 2 : the process by whic

2、h a human being acquires the culture of a particular society from infancy,2020/11/12,2,1. The adaptation process,Excitement about the new situation Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work Growing effectiveness as new s

3、kills are acquired Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation Increased ability to deal with new and novel situations - Linell Davis,2020/11/12,3,Stages of adaptation to a new culture,1 excitement,2 confusion,3 frustration,4 effectiveness,5 app

4、reciation,6. New cultural experiences,Time in the new culture,2020/11/12,4,1) Excitement (honeymoon) curiosity, fascination and excitement viewing the new environment from our own cultural perspective neglecting differences and reinforcing similarities,2020/11/12,5,2) Confusion,Typical problems: new

5、comers often misread or misinterpret the behavior and speech of the local people because they interpret meanings according to the home culture grammar. Solution: retreat to an enclave (special communities made up of people from the home culture) Danger: interfere with or delay adaptation to the new

6、culture.,2020/11/12,6,3) Frustration,More negative attitude about the new culture: blame the new culture and its people for his difficulties. Learning to cope: pay more attention to what the people around him are actually doing.,2020/11/12,7,4) Effectiveness,Gaining intercultural skills, the sojourn

7、er has more positive feeling about the new culture sojourner n. temporary resident, one who lives in a particular place for a relatively brief period of time,2020/11/12,8,5) Appreciation,An attitude of appreciation: develop a more personal understanding of the new culture and values it (more creativ

8、e, expressive and able to take initiative and responsibility) Go native: get rid of ones home culture identity ( a rejection of the self),2020/11/12,9,Reentry shock When you go abroad, “you expect it to be different; when you come home, no one expects you to have changed.” One common sign of reentry

9、 shock is being highly critical of ones own culture. e.g.Eye contact, Appointment,2020/11/12,10,6) More challenging intercultural experiences,Repeat the adaptation process as he or she moves deeper and deeper into the new culture, returns to the home culture, or enters another new culture. Losses an

10、d gains: multicultural life but lose part of oneself,2020/11/12,11,2. Acculturation,It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups. It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place. Acculturation incl

11、udes psychological, physiological and social changes.,2020/11/12,12,John W. Berrys Model (1987),Question 2: Is it considered valuable to maintain ones original cultural identity and characteristics?,Question 1: Is it considered valuable to maintain relationships with host groups?,The answers to the

12、two questions classify the level of acculturation.,2020/11/12,13,John W. Berrys Model (1987),integration,No,Yes,Yes,No,assimilation,Separation,Marginalization,2020/11/12,14,Types of Acculturation 1) Assimilation: melting pot Unimportant to maintain ones original cultural identity, important to estab

13、lish and maintain relationship with other cultures Taking on new cultures belief, values & norms 2) Integration: multilingual Retain original cultural identity while seeking to maintain harmonious relationships with other cultures,2020/11/12,15,3). Separation Not want positive relationship and also

14、wishes to retain its cultural characteristics Segregation: forced separation Seclusion: volunteered separation 4). Marginalization Neither retain their cultural heritage nor maintain positive contacts with the other group Characterized by confusion and alienation,2020/11/12,16,Which is the best?,Int

15、egration (most preferred) Assimilation or Separation Marginalization (least preferred) a mutual accommodation is required for integration to be attained. Unlike adaptation, changes in the host culture is also required,2020/11/12,17,3. identity,an umbrella term used throughout the social sciences to

16、describe an individuals comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity. the mental image of oneself and other individuals (Samovar, Porter & Stefani, 2005).,2020/11/12,18,Who am I?,I can never feel a complete sense of my own identity wherever I go. Identity conflict: occurs when a ne

17、w component of identity is incompatible with an existing one.,2020/11/12,19,level of identity conflict,tolerance of ambiguity length of residence degree and quality of contact with host nationals cultural distance perceived discrimination.,2020/11/12,20,Intercultural Identity,intercultural identity: the perfe