英语语法---状语从句

1、英语语法-状语从句一、 时间状语从句1、常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, till/until, since，whenever2、特殊引导词：the minute，the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, instantly, immediately, directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarelywhen.除了“the day”翻译为“那一天”，其他的都翻译为“一就”3、had no sooner /hard

2、ly/scarely +donethan/when/when+did4、while 从句谓语动词要求是延续性动词5、when 从句谓语动词是延续性动词和瞬间动词都可以6、till=until， till不能用于句首，until可以用于句首。 主句 Not+瞬间动词，从句until+延续性动词：译为“直到才”例句：Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. He waited for his father until(=till) it was twelve oclock.7、directly, immediately, the moment, the

3、minute that, instantly: “一.就” He made for the door directly he heard the knock.他一听到敲门就过去了。Make for+目的地；leave for+目的地；set for+目的地 8、each time =every time 每当 By the time:到时候by the time+现在时，主句谓语动词用将来完成时（will have done）9、“It is since/before/when/that”句型It is + 段时间+since (+瞬间动词表示：从开始到现在 ；+延续性动词表示：从结束到现在)

4、 It has been +段时间+since It was +段时间+before（译为“过了多久才某事”） It will be +段时间+before（译为“还有多久就做某事”） It is/was+点时间+when(译为“当做某事的时候是几点”) It is /was +时间状语+that（强调句） 例句：It is three years since I smoked. 译为“我戒烟3年了。” It is three years since I began to smoke.译为“我开始抽了三年烟”It will be five years before he returns fro

5、m England.还有5年他就从英国回来了。10、as 用法小结(一)as 作连词的用法:（1）表示“在期间，当的时候”引导时间状语从句.注意与when、 while的用法区别。 下列情形时,只用as, 而不用when或while。 1)用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,译为“一边一边”. 如: The girl sings as she goes to school. He looked behind occasionally as he went forward in the forest. 2)表示两个同步发生的动作或行为，译为“随着”.如: As time went on / by

6、, she became more and more beautiful . As children get older, they become more and more interested in everything. 3)表示两个短暂行为或事情几乎同时发生.如:I watched her as she read the book. I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. Just as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry. 4)接在名词后面表示某一个年龄段时.如: A

7、s a young man, he was active in sports. when作当的时候解,可以指较短的(一点)时间,也可指一段时间。如:When I was at college, I could speak several foreign languages. When the clock struck twelve, I had slept for 2hours. while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生。如:Work while you work. Play while you play.表示“当时候”和when/while 通用,从句

8、强调背景动作。 句型：主句+did(瞬动)as/when/while/+was/were doing She came up as I was cooking.（2） As =Since 作既然、由于解,引导原因状语从句,常用来表示已为人们所知或显而易见的原因或理由。如: As hes been ill for ages, I will help him. As / Since youre not feeling well, you may stay at home. As he wasnt ready , we went without him. （3） As =in the way tha

9、t作像、按照的方式解,引导方式状语从句。如: Do as I told you. Remember, you must do everything as I do. （4）用于as- as或not / so/ as - as中,前一个as是副词,后一个as是连词,引导比较状语从句。若有修饰成分twice, three times, half, a quarter等则放在第一个as前。如:Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.They helped the old as much as possible. （译为：和一样）I dont speak Engl

10、ish so/ as well as she does. （译为：不如）几个关于as.as的常见句型：as.as possiblePlease answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题.as.as usual/beforeShe looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮.as long as. (引导条件状语从句)It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划.as far asHe walked as

11、far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚,他一直散步到火车站.as well asShe cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好.（5）表示虽然,尽管 等,引导让步状语从句,常用倒装语序,模式为: adj. /adv. / n.+as +主语+谓语+主句。如: Young as he is, he knows much. Tired as they were, they walked on. （6）表示“也-一样”。 She is a doctor, as was her husban

12、d.（二）as作关系代词,引导定语从句。（1）as单独引导定语从句。表示正如,这一点.如: He is very careful, as we all know. As is well-known, Taiwan belongs to China. （2）另外,当先行词被the same, such等词修饰时,常用as来引导定语从句。如: the same .asI was reading the same book as he bought yesterday.such .asSuch a clever girl as she can learn anything quickly. so+s

13、dj.+a/an +n.+asI am not strong a man as I was. (三)、as作介词的用法. (1)表示好像。如:He dressed as a policeman. (2) 表示作为、当作。如:I found a job as a guide. (3) 当某人是某身份时。如:As a child , she was sent to abroad. (4) as引导的介词短语大多用作状语,as译为作为;少数情况引起宾语补足语。如：As a Party member, Ill take the lead in everything. (状语) She works as

14、 a model. (状语) She has me as one of her best friends.(引起宾语补足语) (四)、作副词的用法 (1)表示与-等同。如:This dress is twice as expensive as that one. (2) 像，如等。如:As before, he remained unmoved. 二、地点状语从句 1、引导词： where(-的地方)wherever(无论什么样的地方)例如他住在那He lives there.地点状语为there，他住在内蒙古He lives in Inner Mongolia. 地点状语为in Inner

15、Mongolia. 如果变成He lives where there are a lot sheep.就变成了一个地点状语从句，他住在一个有好多羊的地方。2、where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：where引导定语从句：地点名词+where Where引导地点状语从句：不及物动词+where Wherever you go, you should work hard.三、原因状语从句1、常用引导词：because、since、as、for 译为“因为”2、特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, a

16、s much as , so much as.译为“既然”。Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了， 就不应该依靠你的父母了。 Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了， 我们就开始讨论吧。 In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病， 他觉得做不了那件事。3、because、since、as、for用法区别：because引导的原

17、因状语从句一般放于主句之后， because表示直接原因， 语气最强，最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。例如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。注意： “not . because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句， 例如： The country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”)， 较为正式， 语气比because弱。例如： Since you are free today, you had

18、better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息， 你最好帮我补习数学。as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”， 语气比since弱， 较为正式， 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如： As it is raining, youd better take a taxi. 既然在下雨， 你最好乘出租汽车。for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因， 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明， for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。例如： He could not have seen me, for I was

19、 not there. 他不可能见过我， 因为我不在那里。四、目的状语从句1、常用引导词：so that, in order that 译为“为了”2、特殊引导词：in case, for fear that, lest, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that.译为“为了, 以防”3、目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, will, would等情态动词。用in order that引导：in order that的意思是“为了”。例句：He is working har

20、d in order to pass the examination.=He is working hard in order that he can pass the examination. 为了考试及格，他正在努力学习。用so that引导：so that此时的意思是“以便”。例句：She burned the letters so that her husband would never read them. 她把信都烧了，这样一来她丈夫就永远看不到了。注意：so that引导目的状语从句与引导结果状语从句时的意思不一样。用in case引导：in case此时的意思是“以防”“以备”

21、。例句：I always keep a bottle of wine by in case friends call round. 我平时总存着一瓶酒以备朋友来时喝。注意：in case引导目的状语从句与引导条件状语从句时的意思不一样。五、结果状语从句1、常用引导词：so that, so that,suchthat.译为“如此 以至于”He studied hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习用功，所以考试通过了。He was so angry that he couldnt speak. 他气得话都说不出来。He shut the window with

22、 such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。2、特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to 译为“以至于”（1）sothat 与 suchthat 的用法比较从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)：正：He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。正

23、：They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。误：They are so clever children that we all like them.此时的sothat结构可与suchthat结构转换：Its such an interesting film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。Its so interesting a film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。【注】在much, many,

24、little, few 这四个词前总是用so而不用such：He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family. 他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。（2）由so that和sothat引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和soas to引出的不定式短语转换：He arrived late so that he missed the train. / He arrived l

25、ate so as to miss the train. 他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。He wrote so carefully that he made no mistakes. / He wrote so carefully as to make no mistakes. 他写得很仔细，所以没有出错。（3）so that引导目状语和结果状语的区别含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果从句时表示的是一种事实。 形式上的区别：引导目的从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从

26、句中是否有 can / could, may / might, will /would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果从句。比较：Weve come early so that the meeting can begin promptly. 我们来得很早，以便可以马上开会。(so that 引导目的状语从句)We are all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 (so that 引导结果状语从句)I am going to the lecture early so that

27、Ill get a good seat. 我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。(so that 引导目的状语从句)I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早，所以找个好座位。(so that 引导结果状语从句)另外，so that引导目的从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导结果从句时却不能：正：So that he could buy a new car, he saved a lot of money. 他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。(引导目的状语从句)误：So that I could hardly sta

28、nd, I was tired.(引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为I was tired so that I could hardly stand. 我很累，几乎站不稳了。）（4）sothat和suchthat有时不引导结果状语句sothat和suchthat可以引导结果状语从句，但并不是说它们引导的从句就一定是结果状语。请看以下句子：Im so happy that you could visit us. 我很高兴你能来看望我们。(其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very)Its such a great pleasure that you are here. 你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。

29、(其中的that引导的是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语)六、条件状语从句1、常用引导词：unless(除非)，if（如果）if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句则用虚拟语气。unless = if not 例如： Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.2、特殊引导词：as/so long as , only if , providing/provided that, suppose that, supposing t

30、hat, in case that, on condition that。如：I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.我可以告诉你真相, 条件是你答应保守秘密。Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨, 我们的运动会还要继续举行吗?He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms. 如果我们提出更优惠的条件, 他就会在合同上签字。

31、In case it rains, do not expect me. 如若下雨, 就不要等我了。As long as you promise to come, Ill wait for you until you come. 只要你答应, 我就等你来。3、在条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替一般将来时, 一般过去时代替过去将来时。七、让步状语从句： 1、常用引导词：though， although, even if , even though译为“尽管”2、特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须倒装)，while（一般用在句首），no matter+疑问词,in spite of the

32、fact that, whatever, , wherever, whenever, however, whichever, no matter whether. whether.or.表示“不论是否”，“不管是还是”之意。Whether you believe it or not, its true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。3、用though/although 引导让步状语从句时，二者都可与

33、yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。如：Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。as引导让步状语必须倒装，though可以倒装也可以不倒装，although不可以倒装。如：Young as he is, he knows a lot=Though he is young 或Young though he is, he.他虽然年轻，但懂得很多八、比较状语从句 1、常用引导词as( 同级比较)，than（不同级比较） 2、特殊引导词：the morethe

34、more:越越.just as, so:正如一样，也 A is to B what/as X is to Y:A对B而言，就像是X对Y. Not A so much as B:A不如B Not so much A as B:与其说是A不如说是B例句：Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact.正如乌云不能总躲在太阳后面一样，谎言也不能被事实掩盖。The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance. 我们越学习，就越发现自己无知

35、。 3、同级比较（1）as+原级+as（第一个as是副词，含“如此”的意思，在主句说明所比内容的程度；第二个as是连词，含“比”或“如此”的意思，引导从句）。例如：I hope you like it as much as I do. 我喜欢你跟我一样喜欢它。在这种结构中，比较成分的前面常用表示倍数的词如times（倍），twice（两倍）等来表示相比较的两个成分相差的倍数，通常译作“像几倍那样多”，“是的几倍”。例如：This book is twice as thin as that one. 这本书的厚度是那本书的二分之一。（2）not so / as as（不像那样，不如）。第一个as

36、/so是副词，在主句中作状语，修饰其后的形容词/副词；第二个as是连词，引导从句。not soas比not asas用得比较普遍。例如： It is not as easy as you think. 事情并不像你想的那么容易。The work did not go so smoothly as we hoped. 这工作并不像我们希望的那样顺利。 4、不同级比较（1）形容词/副词的比较级+than+被比较的对象。表示两个人或事物在某（些）方面的差别。than是连词，引导从句。后面被比较对象如果是名词，多用省略形式，省去与主句中相同的部分。Man grows faster than the p

37、lanet he inhabits. 人类成长的速度远比他居住的星球快得多。注意： 从句中的主语（名词）如果与主句中的主语一致，为了避免重复，常用that代替不可数或某可数名词，用those代替可数复数名词，用one或ones代替可数名词。例如：The result of this experiment is better than that of the last one. 这次实验的结果要比上次好。The students in our class are more diligent than those in their class. 我们班的学生比他们班的学生用功。 比较状语从句的动词，如果与主句的谓语动词一致，且为行为动词时，常用do（does，did）代替，以免重复。例如：We have pro