高考英语语法复习-动词的时态

1、动词的时态,动词主要表示动作，其次表达状态或性质，动作或状态的发生有一定的时间和表现方式，就是英语动词的时态。英语的时态主要有动词的不同形式来表现。,英语常见有12种时态。以do 为例,1.一般现在时 do sth. 2.现在进行时 be doing (is /am /are )+ doing sth,3.一般过去时 did sth. 4.过去进行时 was/ were doing,5.一般将来时 will /shall do sth. 6.将来进行时 will be doing,7.现在完成时 has /have done sth 8.现在完成进行时 has /have been doing

2、 sth.,9.过去完成时 had done sth. 10.过去完成进行时 had been doing sth.,11.过去将来时 would do sth. 12.将来完成时 will have done sth.,一般时态,do sth did sth will do sth would do sth,进行时态,is/ am/are doing sth Was/were doing sth Will be doing sth Has been doing sth Had been doing sth,完成时态,Has/have done sth had done sth will ha

3、ve done sth,表示现在所存在状态、性质。,1.Im a student. 2.I have an uncle. 3.He is good at music. 4.He knows a lot of English. 5.I understand what you mean,I was a student. (现在不是学生。) I will be a student. (现在不是学生。) I have been a student. (一直是学生。),状态动词只有一般时，而无进行时。 You are looking pale. (X) He is knowing a lot of En

4、glish. (X) Im understanding what you mean （）,与频率副词连用，表经常性的动作/习惯。（主要由短暂性动词） 频率副词 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, never, on Sundays等.,1.I get up at six every day. 2.Do you go to the cinema very often? 3.The old man goes to the park every morning.,区别其他时态,如该动词不表示经常性、则一般用过去式现在完

5、成时或其它时态。 区别： 1.I got up at six this morning. 2.He has gone to the park. 3.He will go to the park today.,一般现在时动词表示客观事实或普遍真理 Japan is to the east of China. The sun rises in the east. Two and two makes four. Water boils at 100C.,在时间和条件从句中可以用一般现在时动代替一般将来时。 Ill let you know as soon as I hear from him. He

6、ll go if it is fine tomorrow. Ill be away when he arrives.,We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. Mother, I wont go out unless you agree. Dont try to run before you begin to walk.,在here, there, up, down开首的句子中用一般现在时表示现在进行时。 Eg: Here comes the bus. The bus is coming here. There goes the b

7、ell. The bell is going there.铃响了。,一般现在时表示已安排或计划好的将来动作（多用于时刻表、或课程表）也表示商定好的动作。（能用该用法的动词有 begin/ start/ go/ come/ leave/ arrive/ stop/ return/ open/ close. My train leaves at 6:30.,The meeting begins at seven We leave Beijing at 9 am tomorrow and arrive in Nanjing at 2:20 Pm the day after tomorrow.,在戏剧

8、、电影等的剧本或图片的情节介绍或说明文字中，多用动词的一般现在时。 Eg: When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.,现在进行时,现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。 Im writing a letter. This isnt my raincoat. Mine is hanging behind the door. I dont work here. Im just helping out until the

9、 new secretary comes.,在语言环境中，指现阶段反复/重复的动作。 Eg: Im seeing a lot of him recently. You are smoking too much recently.,表最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。能用于该用法的动词主要有：come, go, leave, return, arrive, start等（do 有时也可用） eg: 1.They are going to Shanghai on Friday. 2.What are you doing next Saturday? 3.Im going for a walk, Are

10、 you coming with me?,现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly等副词连用，表示情感或习惯性动作.有“赞扬”“惊讶”“厌烦”“批评”等感情色彩。 Eg: He is always coming late/ falling asleep in class.,She is always thinking of others first / doing things for others. He is constantly leaving things about.(乱扔东西),一般现在时表经常性动作，现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生的动作。E

11、g: He studies hard. 他（经常）努力学习。 He is studying hard. 他（此刻）或现阶段正在努力学习。,一般现在时表示现在发生的动作，现在进行时表示眼前看得见的动作。 Boats pass under the bridge. The boat is passing under the bridge.,一般现在时不带感情色彩，现在进行时带感情色彩。（往往于always, constantly, actually, really等副词连用） eg: 1.John always does fine work at school. 2.John is constant

12、ly doing fine work at school.,He knows a lot of English now.,不表示持续行为而表示直觉、感觉、看法，认识、感情、愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时。,.感觉 see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, sound,2.心理状态 (1).hate, love, like, prefer, dislike (2).believe, know, doubt, forget, suppose, think, mean (3).want, wish, astonish, hope, forgive, worry

13、,3.存在状态的动词。 Be, belong to, contain, own, posses, have, matter, owe, equal, fit, depend on, feel like, seem.,一般过去时动词主要表时过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况。 时刻： 1.The train arrived 10 minutes ago. 2.What time did you get up yesterday?,时段 1.He served in the army from 1957 to 1959. 2.LiHong lived in Shanghai for 10

14、years. 3.He was a student in the past. （ 表达现在已不存在这种情况。）,过去时间状语，常用：yesterday / the day before yesterday/last night / last week / last yeartwo days ago /in 1980/the other day, just now,一般过去时都和过去时间状语连用，如无可在上下文中体现。eg: Im sorry, I didnt hear/ recognize you. He entered the classroom, sat down at his desk

15、and began to work.,常用过去时的结构。 It is since 过去时 I would rather sb. did sth. Its time that sb .did I wish did 。as if sb. did. 表时过去习惯还可用以下结构 would do used to do sth.,过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。 1.This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson 2.The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.

16、3.I first met Lisa 3 years ago, she was working at a radio-shop at that time.,过去某一时段内正在进行或持续的动作或状态。Eg: I was writing a letter this morning. I was reading a novel last night. (all through the night),过去进行时，常于always, continually, frequently等词连用，表时过去习惯、带有感情色彩。Eg: The old man was always mislaying his key

17、s. The two brothers were frequently quarreling .,表示“来去”等动词和短暂性动词，进行时表将要发生的动作。Eg: 1. I didnt know he was coming until yesterday. 2. He said he was leaving the next day.,与过去时的区别：过去时强调动作完成。 Eg: 1. I read a story last night (已完成). 2.He wrote a letter to his friend. 区别 He was writing a letter to his frie

18、nd, but I dont know whether he has finished.,一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或情况，主要有以下几种表达方式： shall/ will + 动原形 will习惯 意愿 临时决定 疑问句will you? Shall命令 承诺 shall I / he? be going to + 动原形 计划 迹象表明 be to do sth. 计划 命令 注定会 be about to do sth. be doing sth. do sth,表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观愿望 一般第一人称I (We) 用shall (或will)而二，三人称You/ he /s

19、he/ they 用will。Eg. I _be free tomorrow. I _be 20 years old next year. Winter _come soon You_ graduate next year. Tomorrow _ be Sunday. Answer: shall;shall;will;will;will.,带有意愿的将来（认为意志）用will I will never do it again I will tell all about it. Will you go and see the film with me.,带有命令“必须”的将来，用shall或wi

20、ll. You will / shall finish it by noon You will take these to the gentlemans address.,表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 Fish will die without water. The door wont open,表示临时的决定（即得知某情况后所作出的反映） （1） There is someone knocking at the door. Ill go and open it. （2） Sorry, I forgot to post the letter. never mind, Ill post it my

21、self today. （3） The last bus has left. Ill take a taxi there.,但是表示承诺“允诺”的将来用shall。, You shall have the book as soon as I get it.,表示商量，征询对方意见,Shall he open the door? Shall we go for an outing next Sunday?,表示事先经过考虑的打算.eg: I have bought some bricks and Im going to build a kitchen with them. He is worki

22、ng hard and is going to try for the college entrance examination,有迹象表明将来发生或即将发生某种情况.eg: Looking at the clouds. Its going to rain Watch out! The piece of brick is going to fall. The boy is going to be sick. He looks quite pale.,be going to可用于if条件从句中，而will不能。 eg: 1.If you are going to the cinema this

23、evening, youd better youre your umbrella with you.,will一般不可用于if条件从句，但表“意愿”时，可用于if条件句.eg: If youll learn to play table tennis, Ill coach you.,表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 We are to meet at the station at 7 tomorrow morning. There is to be a sportsmeet on Saturday. The queen is to visit Japan next year.,表示命令、禁止、可能

24、性。（说话人要求必须做到的） eg: You are to finish the work by 5 this afternoon You are to be back by 10 clock. You are to stand here. Do you understand?,You are to do your homework before you watch TV. All the things are to be answered for.,对于非人们意志的动作不用形式。 Eg: 一般不说Its to rain 而说 Its going to rain 。 注：be to.表示打算和

25、安排时，可和be going to互换，若表示非人意志控制的动作时，只用be going to.,Be doing.表计划、安排、近期要发生的动作，仅限于少数表示往返、位置转移的动词。eg:come, go , leave, return, arrive, start等。 He is leaving tomorrow. Where are you going this afternoon?,表示说话人即将要发生的动作 Look！ The tree is just about to fell down We are about to leave.,此结构不可和将来时状连用。Eg: Im abou

26、t to go at once/ immediately（） 应为：Im going to leave in a minute/ at once.,表示按照规定，时刻表或安排，将要发生的动作，具有不可改变或随便更改性，其主要动作是go, come, leave等。 The train leaves at 7:30. The plane takes off at 10:00. School begins on September.,常用在时间，条件状语从句中代替将来时。Eg: Please give it to him as soon as he comes.,表示将来某个时刻/某段时间内正在进

27、行的动作。 eg: 1.This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 2.When I get up tomorrow morning , my brother will be getting breakfast for me.,一般现在完成时指在说话之前已经完成的动作，而后果影响至今仍然存在，（把过去的动作和现在的结果联系在一起），而过去时表示过去动作本身，与现在结果无关。 Eg:He has gone to Shanghai.(He went to Shanghai and isnt here now.),I have o

28、pened the window.(=I opened the window and it is open now.) I have had breakfast.(=I had breakfast and Im not hungry now.),开始于过去，持续到现在的动作或状态。 1.I have worked for 10 years. 2.He has been ill since last week. 3.They have been in Beijing since 1949. 此种用法其谓动必须是延续性动词，如live, study, learn, know, teach, hav

29、e, be等。,从过去到现在一段时间内发生的事情，综合起来累计的总量和反复的总量。Eg: Ive read 2 letters from him this month. Ive read 3 pages of the book. Ive been there 3 times. We have learned 1000 English words this term.,have been to sp（曾经去过） have gone to sp（现在不在家） eg: He has been to Hangzhou. He has gone to Hangzhou.,He has married f

30、or 3 years. (X) I have received/ got his letter for a week. (X) How long have you borrowed(bought) the book this week? (X),注意：终止性动词如：begin/ start/ marry/ close/ open/ join/ see/ go/ come/ receive; borrow; get to不可以与for 短语连用。,His father has died. for a month(X) His father has been dead for a month,可以

31、用以下句型改写上述错误： It is / has been + 段时 + since过去时 主 + 谓(过) + 段时 + ago 段时间 + has/ have passed + since 过去时 主 + have been + 对应的形容词/副词 + since/ for,现在完成时搭配的时间状语。 already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently, lately, today, these days, 3 times, this week(month, year), up to/ till now; so far; during/ in

32、 the pass + 段时; in recent years.,终止性动词，从动作发生的那一段时间算起。 延续性。从动作或状态结束时算起。 eg: I have worked here since I came here. 我从来这儿就在这儿工作。 Its a week since I was in hospital (=left) 不住院。,A month has passed since he smoked (=gave up smoking)不抽烟。,常用句型 It is / has beensince This is /Its the first time that clause.

33、Have gone to sp Have been to sp,现在完成时不和明确的时间状语( last year; when I came in等)连用，但可以和already, before等连用，也可以和包括现在在内的时状(this morning, today, this term)等连用. Eg: It has been hot this summer. I have met him before.,现在完成时对现在造成影响，而过去时与现在无关。 Eg: I have been ill for a week.（现在还病） I was ill for a week.（现在好了） I h

34、ad my lunch at school.（指表明吃饭了） I have had my lunch.（吃过饭，现在饱）,Who （see) my pen， I cant find it anywhere.。 区别过去时eg: Have you found my pen? I cant find it anywhere. I just（ put ）it there but its not there. Answer:have seen put,现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时表达从过去一直持续到现在的动作，这个动作还有可能持续下去。,Eg: 1.She has been living there

35、 since 1910. 2.He has been staying here for 2 hours.,2.现在完成进行时表示到说话时为止的一段时间内，不断反复重复的动作。Eg:,1.They have been drinking black tea all the afternoon 2.I have been telephoning to you these days.,1.现在完成重结果 2.现在完成进行时侧重动作的延续性。 1.He has drunk 5 cups of tea. 2.He has been drinking tea.,3.The fellow has drunk

36、my tea. 4.That fellow has been drinking my tea.,表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作，强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前（简单说：过去之过去） eg: 1.By yesterday evening they had written the letter.,2.By the end of last year, we had built many new houses. 3.I thought I had met him before. 4.When I came in, he had finished his homework.,表示过去的动作

37、或状态，一直持续到过去某一时刻。 Eg:1.By the end of last month, I had lived in Beijing for 5 years. 2.By six o clock they had worked for 8 hours. 3.When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time.,I wish I hadnt said that. If I hadnt wasted the time. I would have passed the examination 4.在上下文暗示的句子语境中。Eg:

38、 1.I saw Tom yesterday. We hadnt seen each other for 3 years. 2.They were in low spirits. They had lost the games.,hardly/ scaredywhen/ no soonerthan would rather sb. had done wish宾从 as if (as though)从 had wanted/had hoped/had thought/had expected/had wanted to do sth.,eg: .I met her last Christmas, but I _(know) her since 1972., Hellon _(leave) china last year. Oh, you mean she _(live)in china for 3 years. I_(hope)to call on you, but I couldnt get away. Hellen _(leave) her keys in the offic