高考英语《中学英语语法全程复习》之--句子成分详析

1、二十五. 句子成分详析句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（一）主语：主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词和疑问代词,但相互代词和反身代词不作主语),数词(基数,序数,分数,小数,百分数), 定冠词加形容词(或现在分词,或过去分词,或姓氏复数),不定

2、式(有或无逻辑主语，疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),从句等充当。例如： A horse runs much faster than a cow. （单数可数名词） Trees usually turn green in spring.（复数可数名词） Wood burns easily in dry weather.（物质名词）During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（抽象名词） The Great Wall has a long history.（专有名词）We often

3、 speak English in class.（人称代词） Toms house is here, while mine is over there.（名词性物主代词） Those who will go home today please call me later.（指示代词） Something strange happened after he left.（不定代词） Who is there?（疑问代词） One thousand is a great number.（基数词） The first is the boy from Canada.（序数词）One-third of t

4、he students in this class are girls.（分数） Five point three is the reading on the thermometer.（小数） Twenty-five percent of the students have arrived.（百分数）The rich should help the poor.（定冠词加形容词） The wounded are taken good care of at the hospital.（定冠词加过去分词） The living should accomplish the mission of the

5、 dead. （定冠词加现在分词） The Whites are leaving for UK tomorrow.（定冠词加姓氏复数）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. = It is a great pleasure to swim in the river. （不定式）It is hard for me to finish the task in such a short time.（带逻辑主语的不定式）What to do next is not clear.（疑问词加不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.

6、（动名词）His arriving late made the chairman very angry.（带逻辑主语的动名词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.=It has not been decided yet when we are going to have an English test.（主语从句）（二）谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语动词可分为不及物动词,及物动词,短语动词(中学常见者有:动词+介词/副词,动词+名词+介词,动词+副词+介词,

7、动词+介词+名词或动名词等)。 We often swim in the lake in summer. （不及物动词） We should take notes in class.（及物动词） If you have questions to ask, put up your hand.（短语动词） We take care of the garden here. （短语动词）Please listen to the teacher carefully. （短语动词）We should take his bad health into consideration. （短语动词）Dont lo

8、ok down upon the disabled. （短语动词）谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（三）表语：表语是谓语的一部分，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态，它位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, s

9、eem等）之后。表语可由名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词),数词(基数,序数,分数,小数,百分数), 形容词,部分副词,介词短语,定冠词加形容词,不定式(或疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语), 过去分词,从句等充当。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（单数可数名词） These are your new tools.（复数可数名词） What we need deadly is enough water.（物质名词） That is his theory.

10、（抽象名词） This is Tom, our leader.（专有名词）The boy on the left in the photo is me.（人称代词）Is it yours?（名词性物主代词）What he bought is this.（指示代词）This is something you should remember.（不定代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Three times seven

11、is twenty one?（基数词）He is the first to come.（序数词）Here is two thirds of the money you want.（分数）The reading on the meter is thirty point five.（小数）What we need is five percent of the sum.（百分数）The owners of the tall buildings are the rich around here.（定冠词加形容词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）The problem

12、is how to find him as soon as possible.（带疑问词的不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）What made him happy was his sons returning.（带逻辑主语的动名词）The door is still closed.（过去分词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（从句）（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指

13、示代词,不定代词,相互代词和反身代词),数词(基数,序数,分数,百分数), 定冠词加形容词(或现在分词及过去分词以及姓氏复数),不定式(疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),从句等。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（单数可数名词） We need more workers now.（复数可数名词） Living things need water to keep alive.（物质名词） We should study his theory carefully.（抽象名词） I visited The Great Wall l

14、ast week.（专有名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（人称代词宾格） As your umbrella is broken, take mine instead.（名词性物主代词） Take this, and dont show it to others.（指示代词） I have something important to tell you.（不定代词） Lets help each other.（相互代词） He taught himself English when he was in h

15、is teens.（反身代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（基数词） Please give me the third.（序数词） They offered me three-fourths of their land.（分数词） They destroyed fifty percent of the forest. （百分数）We should respect the dead. （形容词加定冠词） We must rescue the living.（现在分词加定冠词） Everyone should do his best

16、 to help the disabled.（过去分词加定冠词） I saw the Wangs picnicking in the woods yesterday.（姓氏加定冠词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式） I really dont know where to go.（疑问词加不定式）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词） She is surprised at my returning.（带逻辑主语的动名词）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1

17、）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词,个别不定代词,形容词,部分副词,介词短语,不定式(省to或带to),现在分词,过去分词,动名词（极少），从句(极少) 充当。例如：His father named him Jack.（名词）We think it

18、something that you should keep in mind.（不定代词）They painted their boat white. We found it interesting to picnic there.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（带to不定式）I saw him buy a new car that day.（省to不定式）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）When I came back, I found the door broken.（过去分词）The children there called this act swimming.（动名词）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词,代词,形容词,个别副词,数词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,独立主格,从句等成分表示。There are thirty women teachers