2013年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题及答案

1、关注更多2015年职称英语考试资料，及时了解职称英语考试动态，欢迎添加职业培训教育网职称英语频道微信：zhichengenglish，QQ群： 第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1、The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.A general B inflexible C complex D direct答案：B职业培训教育网名师解析：rigid “僵硬的，同定的，顽同的”，与inflexible同义。2、Rumors began

2、to circulate about his financial problems.A send B hear C confirm D spread答案：D职业培训教育网名师解析：circulate做不及物动同，意思是“传播，流通”，如：We should often open the win-dows to allow the air to circulate.我们应当经常打开窗户以使空气流通。句了的意思是：关于他的财政问题的流言开始传开。3、Come out, or Ill bust the door down.A break B shut C set D beat答案：A职业培训教育网名

3、师解析：bust “使爆裂”，句子的意思是：快点，不然我就破门而入了。这里与break同义。4、The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.A naked B blind C cautious D private答案：C职业培训教育网名师解析：wary “谨慎的，机警的”，与cautious同义。naked “裸休的”，blind “盲的”，private “私人的”。5、The contract between the two companies will expire soon.A shorten B start

4、 C end D resume答案：C职业培训教育网名师解析：expire “期满，终止”。resume是“重新开始”。6、The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members.A rejected B submitted C considered D approved答案：D职业培训教育网名师解析：endorse “赞同，认可”，如：I fully endorse everything the chairperson has said.我完全 赞同主席所说的一切。四个选项中，reject “拒绝”，submit “提交”，consider

5、“考虑”， approve “赞同”。7、The tower remains intact even after two hundred years.A unknown B undamaged C unusual D unstable答案：B职业培训教育网名师解析：intact的意思是“完整无缺的，未受损伤的”，与undamaged同义，如：The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.教堂在轰炸中被毁，但神坛却完好无损。unstable “不稳定的”。8、The drinking water has

6、 become contaminated with lead.A polluted B treated C tested D corrupted答案：A职业培训教育网名师解析：contaminated “被污染的”，可用 polluted 替换。9、The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.A reliable B effective C simple D alternative答案：C12、Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.A doubtful B

7、 untouched C certain D silent答案：A职业培训教育网名师解析：skeptical “怀疑的”，与A项同义。13、They didnt seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.A existence B cause C importance D situation答案：C职业培训教育网名师解析：magnitude有几个意思,其中一个是“重要(性)”，与importance相同。existence “存在”，cause “原因”，situation “状况”。14、Respect for life Is a car

8、dinal principle of the law.A moral B regular C hard D fundamental答案：D职业培训教育网名师解析：cardinal意为“基本的”，3D项同义。moral “道德的”，regular “规律的”。15、Three world-class tennis players came to contend for this title.A argue B compete C claim D wish答案：B职业培训教育网名师解析：contend “竞争，奋斗”。第2部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句

9、子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A ;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B ;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 In Your Face Why is this man so angry? We dont know the reason, but we can see the emotion in his face. Whatever culture you come from, you can understand the feeling that he is expressing. Forty years ago, psychologist Pa

10、ul Ekman of the University of California，San Francisco, became interested in how peoples faces show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed them to the Fore people，who live in the jungle in New Guinea. Most of the Fore had never seen foreign faces

11、, but they easily understood Americans，expressions of anger，happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise. Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problems reading the emotions on the Fore peoples

12、faces. Ekmans research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the same results. According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because they are built into our brains.

13、They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it might be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learned. For example，two people might smell newly cut grass

14、. One person spent wonderful summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembers working very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad. Once we make an emotional association in our brain，it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to change it. “Emotion

15、 is the least changeable part of the brain，” says Ekman. But we can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry, and we can think before we react. There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and customs. But a smile is exac

16、tly the same everywhere. 16 Paul Ekman studies peoples faces in different cultures. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：本文第二、三段提到，Paul Ekman对人的面部如何表达他们的感觉感兴趣，他将美国人表达不同情绪的表情拍下来给住在新几内亚丛林中的人看，又把他们面部表情的照片拍下来给美国人看，之后他又在多个国家进行相同研究，所以他是在研究不同文化的人的面部表情。题十符合文章本意，所以选择A。 17 Ekman did research in se

17、veral countries and got different results. A Right IB Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：B 职业培训教育网名师解析：本文第三段最后一句话提到“他在日本、巴西和阿根廷做了更多研究，得到了相同 的结果”。而题干中说得到了不同的结果，与本文不符，所以答案是B。 18 Americans get angry more often than the Fore people from New Guinea. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：C 职业培训教育网名师解析：本文第二、三段中只提到新几内亚人

18、和美国人都能读懂彼此的面部表情，没有提到美国人比新几内亚人更会经常生气，题干的意思在文章中没有休现，所以选择C。 19 Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：文中第三段第四句话提到“Elcman的研究有力地证明了表达基本情绪的面部表情在各处都是一样的这个评论”，题干符合文章本意，所以选择A。 20 Two people might feel different emotions about the same t

19、hing. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：文章第四段最后的例子提到同样闻到新修剪的草的味道的两个人，一个感到高兴另 一个感到悲伤，说明遇到同一件事的两个人有可能有不冋的情绪。题十符合文章本意，所以选择A。 21 Fear is the most difficult emotion to change. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：C 职业培训教育网名师解析：文中第五段提到情绪是大脑中最不容易发生改变的部分，但是并没有提到害怕是最难改变的情绪。题十的意思在文章中没有休现，所以选择C。 2

20、2 People of different cultures smile when they understand each other. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：C 职业培训教育网名师解析：文章第六段中提到各个地方的笑容都是一样，但是并没有提到不同文化的人在理解彼此时都会笑。题干的意思在文章中没有体现，所以选择C。 第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题, 每题1分，共8 分) 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段，每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1

21、个最佳选项。 Organic Food ：Why? 1 Europe Is now the biggest market for organic food in the world，expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more “natural”. Eating organic is a way of de

22、fining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk - food - eating masses. 2 Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man - made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation (轮种) improve soil quality and help organic far

23、mers compensate for the absence of man - made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilisers are tiny compared wi

24、th the amount of carbon dioxide emitted (排放)by transporting food. 3 Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistica

25、lly significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health. 4 The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventi

26、onal food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons，including freshness，the way the food is cooked， the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise

27、, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure (粪便)or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up. 5 The notion that organic food is safer than “normal” food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most

28、 common foods are full of natural toxins (毒素).As one research expert says：“People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact, it is the opposite that is true：the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that it will

29、poison you. Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops.” 23 Paragraph 1_ 答案：E 职业培训教育网名师解析：第一段第一句讲欧洲目前是最大的提供有机食物的市场，其余各句都是在讲为什么有机食物如此吸引人，因为它是天然的食物，所以本段主要讲的是有机食物受欢迎的原因。答案是E。 24 Paragraph 2_ 答案：B 职业培训教育

30、网名师解析：本段第一句讲有机农业不同于传统农业因为它是自然的不是人工的，第二句讲一些技术比如轮种可以提高土地质量弥补缺乏人工化学药物的缺陷，第三句讲有机农业在人力、土地的使用效率，粮食产量上存在局限，最后一句讲有机农业中不使用人工化肥所带来的环境效益很小，所以本段主要是对有机农业的相关描述。答案是B。 25 Paragraph 3_ 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：本段第一、二句话讲经常有人称有机农业比传统农业中安全，但对有机农业的研究却拒绝这种说法。本段其余各句在讲一项研究发现有机的和无机的农作物并没有太大差别，仅有的差别也没有发现对健康有很大影响，所以本段主要讲对有机食物是否要ill;好

31、 研究。答案是A。 26 Paragraph 4_ 答案：C 职业培训教育网名师解析：本段第一句话讲简单地说有机食物史健康是有误导性的，第二句讲不同食物的营养价值因受到不同因素的影响而不同，比如土地类型、烹饪方式等，第三句话讲庄稼的口味与它是否施肥等因素无关，所以本段是在讲影响食物营养价值的因素。 A Research into whether organic food Is better B Description of organic farming C Factors that affect food health value D Necessity to remove hidden d

32、angers from food E Main reason for the popularity of organic food F Testing the taste of organic food 27 Techniques of organic farming help_. 答案：C 职业培训教育网名师解析：第二段第二句话提到 “Technicjues such as crop rotation (轮种)improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the abscnce of man-made chcmica

33、ls”，说明一些技术比如轮种可以提高土地质量并帮助农民弥补缺乏人工化学药物的缺陷，所以答案是C。 28 There is no convincing evidence to_. 答案：E 职业培训教育网名师解析：第三段第一、二句话提到 “Organic fanning is often claimcd to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to rcjcct this claim”，意思是 “经常有人称有机农业比传统农业更安全，但全世界对有机农业的研究

34、却一直拒绝这种说法”，所以答案是E。 29 The weather conditions during the growth of crops_. 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：第四段第二句话提到 “Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cookcd, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of

35、sunlight and rain crops have rcceivcd, and so on” ,说明 “食物是天然的产物，不同食物的营养价值因受到不同因素的影响而不同，包括新鲜度， 食物的烹饪方式，它生长的土地类型，太阳光亮，吸收的雨水量等”，所以答案是A。 30 The closer a plant is to Its natural state, the less suitable it is to_. 答案：D 职业培训教育网名师解析：第五段第四句提到 “In fact, it is the opposite that is true： the closer a plant is

36、to its nat-ural state, the more likely it is that it will poison you”，说明事实上，一种植物越接近它的自然状态，它就越有可能让你中毒，所以答案是D。 A affect their nutritional content B be specially trained C improve soil quality D be eaten E show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones F poison you 第4部分：阅读理解(第31-45题,每题3分,共45分

37、) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。 第一篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badger On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert，a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers(獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the de

38、sert. Their main aim was to study the badgers，movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地)as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour, They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animals reputation, thi

39、s was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,”he says. Thai, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture, if they sense you have food, for example, they wont

40、 be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They1 re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen. ” The research confirmed many things that were

41、 already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animals fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water co

42、ntent. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物) The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups., They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research,

43、including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other. Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometres. Although they seem happy to share these territor

44、ies with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species. As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being t

45、he subject of the animals curiosity or their sudden aggression. The badgerseating patterns，which had been disrupted, returned to normal It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to adopt the badg

46、ers relaxed attitude when near humans. 31 Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert? A To find where honey badgers live. B To observe how honey badgers behave. C To catch some honey badgers for food. D To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation. 答案：B 职业培训教育网名师解析：第一段 Their main

47、aim was to study the badgers movements and behaviour as discrcetly (谨慎地) as possible.可推断出此次调查的目的是了解獾的习性。 32 What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers? A They show interest in things they are not familiar with. B They are always looking for food. C They do not enjoy human company. D It is common

48、for them to attack people. 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：第二段讲述的Khama对獾的评价，它们有很强的好奇心。 33 What did the team find out about honey badgers? A There were some creatures they did not eat. B They were afraid of poisonous creatures. C They may get some of the water they needed from fruit. D Female badgers did not mix wi

49、th male badgers. 答案：C 职业培训教育网名师解析：由第三段可知，獾对当地的西瓜很感兴趣，而西瓜含水量很高，它们吃西瓜是为了得到水分。獾通常会吃它们所能抓到的任何动物，连毒蛇也不怕，因此A、B选项错误。 獾会组成松散的家庭，因此可排除D项。 34 Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers? A They dont run very quickly. B They hunt over a very large area. C They defend their territory from other

50、badgers. D They are more aggressive than females. 答案：B 职业培训教育网名师解析：第四段讲了雄性獾的特征，它们能在短时间内行进很长的距离，因此B项正确。它们乐意同其他雄性獾分享领地，因此C错误。文中并没有提到它们在好斗性力面同雌性獾的区别，因此排除D项。 35 What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them? A They lost interest in people. B They became less aggressive towards other cr

51、eatures. C They started eating more. D Other animals started working with them. 答案：A 职业培训教育网名师解析：最后一段 As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals curiosity or their sudden aggression.獾在习惯人的存在

52、之后兴趣就不那么浓厚了。 第二篇 DNA Fingerprinting DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals (哺乳动物)the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes (染色体).With the exception of identical twins, the complete DNA of each individual is unique. DNA finger

53、printing is sometimes called DNA typing. It Is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva (唾液).The sample is then segmented using enzymes (酶)，and the segments are ar

54、ranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person. DNA fingerprinting was first developed as

55、 an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal Investigations, DNA fingerpri

56、nts derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas：the accuracy of the r

57、esults, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm th

58、e uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted, in addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results. DNA fi