机械工程专业英语 第四课

1、4机械工程专业英语 第四课翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words 三 、增词与减词（一）增词译法:在对英文进行翻译时，若按字面翻译，句子的结构不完善，或句子的含义不明确，或词汇的概念不清晰时，需要增加某些词语，以便更完善、清楚地表达英语句子的内容。例：Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance increases weight.直译：效率花费金钱，安全增加复杂性，性能增加重量。增词译法：对设备(或器件)来说，要提高效率就要增加成本，要想保

2、证安全势必要增加其复杂程度，而要改善性能就要增加其重量。 1. 增加表示时态的概念的词 英语中表达时态的词往往是没有词义的，翻译时必须用一些中文词将其表达出来：Balloons were (and are) usually filled with hydrogen.气球过去（和现在）一般都用氢气来充气。翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing wordsWe can learn what we did not know.我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。（过去时）The generator set will start work

3、ing tomorrow.这台发电机组将于明天开始运行。（将来时）An object is said to possess kinetic energy if it if moving.如果一个物体在运动，就可以说它有了动能。（进行时）We have learned how to fit the computer.我们已经学会了怎样安装电脑。（完成时）Reamers are used to finish drilled holes.绞刀用来将已经钻好了的孔进行精加工。(过去分词表示“完成”的状态)翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and red

4、ucing words2. 补充原文省略的词 英语中常根据语法或语言习惯省略某些词语，如重复出现时，省去形容词修饰的名词，用do代替实义动词，在省略句中，省去连词、主语、谓语动词或其它成分等：In figure 5, P is the resistance, S the distance and C the effort.在图5中， P是阻力，S是距离，C是作用力。All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.所有物体均由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。(补译出 these 后面省略的molecules consist)The changes

5、 in matter around us are of two types, physical andchemical. 我们周围的物质变化有两种，物理变化与化学变化。When pure, water is a colorless liquid. 水纯时,水是无色的液体。翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words3. 补充表示数的概念的词语 一般来说，表示单数的不定冠词a和名词的复数形式是不必译出的。但在某些情况下，必须补足具体的表示数量的词。Hydrogen atom consists of an electron

6、 and a proton.氢原子由一个电子和一个质子构成。(此处的数词a 表示具体的实际数量)The bottom part of the hanging wire is placed between the poles of a small horseshoe magnet.悬挂着的导线下端放在一个小型马蹄形磁铁的两个磁极之间。We can stop this trouble if we use a special rod.如果我们用某种特制的杆，就能解决这个问题。Some typical fabrication methods are shown in Fig.11-36.若干种典型的组

7、装方法如图11-36 所示。翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words 在应当表示名词的复数概念时，要根据上下文判断其复数是“二”还是“几个”。要善于选择适当的量词。Metals can be classified as pure metals and alloys.金属可分为纯金属与合金两类。Since its formation the earth has been undergoing changes.地球自形成以来，一直经历着各种变化。Chromium improves the properties of s

8、teel.铬可改进钢的各种性能。The air is made up of mixture of gases.空气是由多种气体混合而成的气体。We saw bubbles rising from under the water.我们看到一个个水泡从水下升起。The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related. 频率、波长与声速三者密切相关。翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words4. 补充句子成分：英译汉时，有时所有的词汇都相应地译出后

9、，汉语句子的结构显得不完整。这时，应补充缺少的句子成分。It has long been known that electricity is a form of energy.我们早就知道电是能的一种形式。（补充主语）An exact solution demands much calculation.一个精确的解答要求进行很多次计算。（补充谓语）When the wire stops moving, the current stops.当导线停止移动时，则电流就停止流动。（补充宾语）Fuses are cheap, other equipment is much more expensive

10、.保险丝很便宜，但其它保险设备却昂贵得多。 （补充定语）Why do satellites stay in orbit? Why dont they shoot off intoouter space? 为什么卫星会留在轨道上运行？它们为什么不会飞出轨道而进入外层空间呢？（补充状语）翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words5. 补充解释性词语： 当按照英语句子逐词翻译不能清楚、明确表达原句概念时，可补充解释性词语进行解释说明。The following discussion assumes the teeth to

11、 be perfectly formed, perfectly smooth, and absolutely rigid.下面的讨论中假定轮齿加工没有误差， 轮齿表面完全光滑， 轮齿为绝对刚体。You can also purify water by boiling it and condensing the steam which you have collected.你也可把水煮沸,将收集到的蒸汽凝结,用这样的方法来提取纯水。The angle shown in the figure is the angle between plane PQ and a horizontal plane.

12、图中所示的角为PQ 平面和水平面之间的夹角翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words6. 补充语气连贯性词语：The reliability of semiconductor devices is very important, especially in space applications.半导体器件的可靠性至关重要, 特别是在空间技术应用中尤其如此。Take the case of the hydrogen atom. It has only one electron in the shell. How man

13、y electrons more are needed to complete this shell? The answer is one.以氢原子为例，它的壳层中仅有一个电子，还需要加几个电子来补满这个壳层呢？回答是：还需要一个。翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words（二）减词译法 有时在英语句子必不可少的词，在汉语中有时是可有可无，甚至是多余的。这时，汉译时必须省译。英语中的介词、连接词、代词、冠词等在汉译时也常常省译。Now that we are all here, we begin to make ou

14、r experiment at once.直译：既然我们都到齐了，我们立刻开始我们的实验。正译：都到齐了，我们立刻开始做实验吧。If the wire has small cross section, the electric current which flows through it per second will be small in quantity.直译：如果导线的截面积小，每秒钟通过导线的电流在数量方面将是小的。正译：导线的截面积小，每秒钟所流过的电流就小。翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words1.

15、 省译从修辞角度看不必重复的词Steel contains a smaller proportion of carbon than cast iron contains.钢的含碳率比铸铁小。(第二个contains 系重复词)Matter is constantly changing and is constantly moving.物质在不断地变化和运动着。2. 省译逻辑上不必要的说明语The present process of making steel from iron in only about 100 years old.目前的炼钢法只有约100年的历史。（不必译出“由铁炼钢的方法

16、”）Domestic lighting circuits should be at least two in number.家用照明电路至少应该是两条。 （不必译出“在数量上是两条”）翻译的基本方法 增词与减词Skills of Translation adding and reducing words3. 省译修辞上所不需要的词Copper is a material which has the property of elasticity.铜是一种具有弹性的材料。(省译property因为“弹性”已表明“性质”To start a car moving, work must be done

17、 on it.要开动汽车，就必须对它做功。(不必译为“开动汽车运动”)There are two kinds of materials used in engineering.工程材料有两种。（不必译为“工程中所使用的材料”“工程材料”自然是“使用在工程中”的。）A generator can not produce energy, what it does is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.发电机不能产生能量,它只是把机械能变为电能. (省译“它所做的事”)机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and S

18、prings 2Springs are mechanical members which are designed to give a relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load. Hookes Law, which states that deflection is proportional to load, is the basis of behavior of springs. However, some springs are designed

19、to produce a nonlinear relationship between load and deflection. The following is a list of the important purposes and applications of springs:机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learningspring 1. 普通词义:春天, 泉，2. 专业词义：弹簧,弹性,弹力,发条Spring begins in March. 春天从三月开始。There is a hot spring in the village. 村子里有一口温泉。Please ad

20、just the spring on the equipment to increase the axial spring applied on the axle.请调节一下设备上的弹簧，使作用在轴上的弹力增加。elastic deflection 弹性变形When a force is applied on a spring, elastic deflection will appear. 当对弹簧加力时，弹簧就会发生弹性变形。We can make a light signal deflect to another direction by a Prism. 我们可以用一个棱镜使光信号偏转

21、一个角度。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learningstate 陈述, 说明, 状况，国家The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly in this article. 本文简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。Every body continues in its state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by forces applied on it.每一个物体保持其静止状态,除非有加于其上的力,它才会改变那种状态。

22、state universities 国立大学；critical state 临界状态；existing state 现状； finished state 成品形状；机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learningnonlinear relationship 非线性的，非直线的The output voltage and input current in this circuit is a nonlinear relationship. 这个电路的输出电压与输入电流是一种非线性关系。The deformation of a metal bar on a elongation test

23、 machine and the force on it is nonlinear relationship after its elastic deformation.在拉伸试验机上拉伸金属棒,在弹性变形之后其变形量与所加的力成非线性关系。 be linear with 与成线性关系Deformation of a spring is linear with the force applied on it.弹簧的变形量与施加在其上的作用力成线性关系。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2(1) Control of motion in machines.

24、 This category represents the majority of spring applications such as operating forces in clutches and brakes. Also, springs are used to maintain contact between two members such as a cam and its follower.(2) Reduction of transmitted forces as a result of impact or shock loading. Applications here i

25、nclude automotive suspension system springs and bumper springs.(3) Storage of energy. Applications in this category are found in clocks, movie cameras and lawn mowers. Many parking meters use spring mechanisms which perform the timing function.(4) Measurement of force. Scales used to weigh people is

26、 a very common application for this category.机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learningcategory 种类，类别，范畴Works place all machined parts in category so that the installation of the production line will be more efficiency.工人们把加工好的机器零部件分门别类的放好以便提高生产线的安装效率。represents 表现，表示，描写The basic concepts of laser technology and

27、 data collected are represented in this paper.本文给出了激光技术的基本概念和收集的数据。maintain 维持，坚持，维修，保养He bring enough food to maintain life and leave for forest. 他带够了足够维持生命的食物然后向森林出发了。Engineers maintain all machines once a year.机械师每年将全部设备维修一次。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learningstorage 贮藏， 存储器A storage is such a device t

28、hat can retain data.存储器是一种可以保存数据的设备。Spring is a storage element.弹簧是一种储能元件。performfunction 实现功能, 起作用This program performs optic calculating function in the computer.该程序在计算机上实现光学计算功能。Bolts and nuts perform fastening function on the machine.螺栓螺母在设备上起紧固作用。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2Most sprin

29、gs are made of steel, although silicon bronze, brass and beryllium copper are also used. Springs are universally made by companies which specialize in the manufacture of springs. The helical coil spring is the most popular type of spring; torsion bars and leaf springs are also widely used. If the wi

30、re diameter (assuming a helical coil spring) is less than 8mm, the spring will normally be cold-wound from hard-drawn or oil-tempered wire. For larger diameters, springs are formed using hot-rolled bar.机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learninguniversal 普遍(的), 通用(的), 世界的, 万向的, 万能(的)A universal chuck and the univ

31、ersal motor are fitted on the new lathe.新车床装上了万向卡盘和通用电机。specialize 专攻, 专门研究 He specializes in physics. 他专攻物理学。The factory specialized in manufacturing mechanic products in 1990s but now change to electronic products.这个厂在90年代专门生产机械产品，但现在转为生产电子产品了。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learningassuming 假定，设想Assuming th

32、e friction is neglect, does a machine can be made 100% efficiency? 假定不考虑摩擦力，机器的效率可做到100%吗？be cold-wound 冷卷绕(法)The cylinders can be cold-wound by circle rolling machine as they are big diameter and small thickness.这些圆柱筒由于直径大厚度小，可以在滚轧机上冷卷出来。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2It is good practice to consult with a spring manufacturing company when selecting a spring design, especially if high loads or temperatures are to be encou