专业英语重点-完整版

1、专业英语重点整理1：21世纪的工业工程教育People will be the most important of the “man-machine-material” systems competing in the next century. IEs should play a crucial role in preparing organizations for the 21st century through their roles as change initiators and facilitators. Improvements are needed in IE undergra

2、duate education if that role is to be successfully carried out.在下一个世纪，人将是“人-机-物料”系统竞争中最重要的构成部分。工业工程师为21世纪在正在准备的组织工程中扮演了一个至关重要的角色，他们的角色是作为创始者和促进者。如果这个角色成功执行的话，在工业工程本科教育过程中，改进是必须的。Undergraduate education is the foundation for profession practice. Undergraduate program are the basis for entry into grad

3、uate school; and other professional fields. To facilitate this transition, urgent improvements are needed in education strategies.本科教育是专业实践的基础，本科教育的课程是进入研究院和其它专业领域的基础。为了促进这个转变，在教育策略方面作以紧迫改进是必须的。Students must understand the way the world around them works and be capable of becoming responsible contri

4、butors to the society. Interdisciplinary education offers a more holistic approach to achieving this goal.学生们必须了解他们周围世界是怎样的，并且有能力成为一个对社会有贡献的人。跨学科教育为达到这一目的提供了更全面的方法。Many young graduates mistakenly perceive their expected roles as being part of the management personnel, having little or no direct asso

5、ciation with shop-floor activities. Such views impede hand-on experience and prevent the identification of root causes of industrial problems. Consequently, this leads to the development of solutions that are short-term, unrealistic, and/or inadequate. The growing reliance of simulation models that

6、cannot be practically validated in real-world settings is one obvious symptom of this problem.许多年轻的毕业生错误地把他们未来的角色看作是管理人员，很少或者根本没有把自己与车间活动联系在一起。这种观点阻碍了他们传承实践经验，并且妨碍了他们对工程问题出现的根本原因的发现。因此，这就使得他们解决问题的方法是短期的，不切实际的或不充分的。越来越依赖在现实环境中不能切实有效运用的仿真模型就是这一现象的体现。professional morality and responsibility should be i

7、ntroduced early to IE students.Lessons on ethics should be incorporated into curriculum improvement approaches. IE graduates should be familiar with engineering code of ethics so that they can uphold and advance the integrity ，honor and dignity of their professions by：1.using their knowledge and ski

8、ll for the enhancement of human welfare；2.being honest ，loyal ，and impartial in serving the public ，their employers and client.3.striving to increase the competence and prestige of their professions； 4.supporting the professional and technical societies of their discipline.职业道德和责任应该引入早期亿学生。伦理课程应该被纳入

9、课程改进方法。亿毕业生应该熟悉工程道德规范,以便维护和推进诚信、荣誉和尊严的职业:1。使用他们的知识和技能的增强人类福利;2。诚实,忠诚,和公正的服务公众,他们的雇主和客户。3。努力提高他们的职业能力和威望;4。支持他们学科的专业和技术社会。2：工业工程的真正价值3：运筹学operations research is a rich field possessing deep intellectual content.It has many varied subfields and numerous applications in engineering ，physical science ，e

10、conomics ，management ，and social sciences .A dynamic field ，it has successfuly renewed itself through new lines of inquiry and application.运筹学是一个丰富的领域拥有深厚的知识内容。.它有许多不同的分支领域，并在工程，物理科学，经济学，管理学，社会科学广泛的应用。一个充满活力的领域，它已成功的通过探究和应用新的生产线延续本身。15.The primary objective shared by OR and artificial intelligence i

11、s to provide methods and procedures that support effective problem solving and decision making. The two disciplines approach this common objective in fundamentally different but complementary ways:AI problem solving techniques tend to be inferential and to rely on expert knowledge and heuristics; OR

12、 uses algorithmic, mathematically based approaches . artificial intelligence emphasizes qualitative aspects of problems;OR emphasizes the quantitative .A careful integration of these two approaches to problem solving shows significant promise for improving the capability and,notably,the acceptabilit

13、y of problem solving systems.主要的目标是由OR和人工智能共享提供支持有效地解决问题和决策的方法和程序。这两个学科接近这个共同的目标，从根本上不同但互补的方式：人工智能解决问题的技巧往往是推理，并依靠专业知识和启发;或使用的算法，数学基础的方法。人工智能强调的问题的定性方面，或强调定量细心整合这两种方法来解决问题给出了改进的能力显著诺和，值得注意的是，问题的可接受性解决系统。（谷歌）主要的目的是共享的或与人工智能提供了方法和程序，支持有效的解决问题和决策。这两个学科的方法，这个共同的目标从根本上不同但互补的方法：人工智能问题求解技术往往是推理和依靠专家知识和启发式算

14、法；或使用，以数学为基础的方法。人工智能着重于定性分析；或强调定量。仔细整合这两种方法解决问题的能力显示了显着的承诺和提高，值得注意的是，解决问题的系统的可接受性。（百度）4：基于作业测量的劳动标准Summary Sice practically everyone is already using standard times in one form or another ,using work measurement to develop these times is simply an improvement on what you are already doing .(You are

15、using times from source ,even if they are simply educated guesses .) Computerization not only speeds development,but fosters maintenance of standards. The following 6 points will help clarify some points regarding standard times :SICE几乎每个人都已经在使用的一种形式或另一种标准的时间，使用的工作计量开发这些时间仅仅是在你已经做了改进。（你是从源代码使用时间，即使他

16、们只是猜测。）电算化不仅加速发展，但促进维护标准。下面的6分将有助于澄清一些关于标准时间：1.Standard times are necessary for costing and cost-estimating ,and for scheduling and manpower allocation .标准时间是必要的成本核算和成本估算，以及调度和人力配置2.a. A standard time is not a standard time unless all parties involved agree it is a standard time .一个标准的时间是不是一个标准的时间，除

17、非各方同意这是一个标准的时间b.Never use the word “accurate ” when discussing standard times .千万不要在讨论标准的时候，用的是“准确”3.The more realistic your standard times ,the more realisutic your costing and scheduling .更现实的标准的时候,更现实的成本和调度4.Use the fastest ,easiest work measurement technique that is consistent with the task bein

18、g measured :motion analysis ,time study ,activity sampling ,historical data ,or estimates.用最快，最简单的工作，测量技术是与被测量的任务是一致的：运动分析，学习时间，活动取样，历史数据或估计。5.a. Constantly check to be sure the method being used is the same as the standard-time method .经常检查，以确保所使用的方法是一样的标准时间的方法 b.Change a standard time as more data

19、 becomes available for the task (such as historical data.)随着越来越多的数据变为可用的任务更改标准时间（如历史数据。） c.Change a standard time whenever the method change.更改标准时间只要方法变更。6.Use a computer.使用电脑5：人因学Ergonomics is the scientific discipline that is concerned with the interaction between humans and artifacts and the desi

20、gn of systems where people participate. It deals with the design of systems that people use at work and leisure,tools that are used to perform tasks,and procedures and practices that organize human activity. The purpose of the design activities is to match systems, jobs,products and environments to

21、the physical and mental abilities and limitations of people.人机工程学是一门学科，是有关人类和文物和那里的人们参与系统设计之间的相互作用。它涉及的系统，人们用在工作和休闲的设计，这是用来执行任务的工具，程序和做法，组织起来的人类活动。设计活动的目的是匹配系统，工作，产品和环境对人的生理和心理的能力和局限性。Technology transfer from the Western world is important, but must be concerned not only with the adaptation and use

22、of machines but also with the entire infrastructure of training local users to develop independent capabilities so that they can act freely on the global market. Ergonomists who understand these problems will have a significant role to play.从西方的技术转移是重要的，但必须关注的不仅是适应和使用机器，而且要关注与培训当地用户的整个基础设施发展的独立能力以便他

23、们可以自由行动的全球市场。工作学者知道这些问题的解决，他们将发挥重要的作用。Ergonomics will continue to evolve and professional ergonomists must extend their knowledge to deal with a rapidly changing scenario. This will require increasing interaction with other disciplines to solve problems of an interdisciplinary nature. There is also

24、a need for communication and collaboration between ergonomists in proposing ergonomics design measures. Activities in research and development may be based on local information, but the design solution may be supported by many ergonomists working in synergy around the world.人机工程学将继续发展，专业的生物工程学家必须扩大他

25、们的知识来应对迅速变化的场景。这将需要与其他学科的相互作用增加解决问题的跨学科性质。也有提出措施解决人机设计之间的沟通和协作的需要。在研究和开发活动可能是基于局部信息的，但设计的解决方案可以得到许多来自世界各地的协同工作者的支持。6：21世纪的工厂布局there is an emerging consensus that existing layout configurations do not meet the needs of multiproduct enterprises and there is a need for a new generation of factory layou

26、t that are more flexible，modular，and easy to reconfigure。还有，现有的布局配置不符合多产品企业的需要形成共识，并有必要建立一个新一代的工厂布局更加灵活，模块化和易于重新配置。Three approaches to layout design address three distinct needs of the flexible factory。The first two approaches present novel layout configurations ，namely distributed and modular layou

27、ts。In the third approach，we use operational performance as a design criterion to generate what we term agile layouts。三种方法布局设计解决三个不同的需求灵活的工厂。前两种方法提出了新的布局配置，即分布式和模块化布局。在第三种方法中，我们使用运行性能作为设计准则，以产生我们所谓的灵活布局7：运作管理Throughout this history，regardless of its name，the departments core mission has been to ident

28、ify，extend，and unify scientific knowledge that contributes to the understanding and practice of operations management, defined as the design and management of the transformation processes that creat value for society。纵观这段历史，无论它的名字，该部门的核心任务是识别，扩展和统一的科学知识，有助于运营管理的认识和实践，定义为创造价值，为社会转型过程的设计和管理。8：工业工程在工程经

29、济学中的作用The potential of IE for the firmAttempting to evaluate and justify complex and strategic capital investments is far from simple.Not only does it require the expertise of several members of the firm,but all this knowledge must be funneled through a systematic process.Industrial engineers are un

30、iquely positioned to contribute to such a process.Their technical background makes it possible for them to bridge the gap between purely technical and financial aspects of an industrial project.Because they are well versed in topics such as total quality ,ergonomics,information systems,and manufactu

31、ring systems（all essential in todays competitive environment）,their ability to play key roles in complex capital investment justification is likely to make them attractive assets to management.试图评价、分析复杂的和战略上的主要投资是不简单的。它不但需要公司多个成员的专业知识，而且所有知识必须通过一个系统的过程汇集起来。工业工程仕独特的定位是为了促成这一过程。他们的技术背景使工业项目中单纯的技术和财政方面

32、能够联系起来成为可能。因为他们精通一些主题，比如：全面质量管理，人因，信息系统，制造系统（在当今竞争环境中这些是基本的）。他们在复杂的主要投资分析中扮演重要角色的能力可能使他们对资产管理有吸引力。9：系统工程和工程管理In the academic world ,SE and engineering management ( EM) are typical taught in the same academic department . The principle of SE are invaluable for enabling practicing engineering managers

33、 to deliver effective products on time and within budget that meet customer expectations.在学术界，SE和工程管理（EM）是典型的被放置在同一学术部门教授的。 SE在实践中使工程管理人员能够按时并在预算范围内提供有效的产品，满足客户的期望的原则的是非常重要的。career development perspective：职业发展视角The career paths of the systems engineer and engineering manager are very different. The

34、EM often comes from the ranks of the traditional engineer. The EM career path is typically characterized by progressive responsibility for larger systems.These are typically larger systems within the same product line(e.g. gears for a transmission,transmission,power train,etc.).Most systems engineer

35、s also come from the ranks of traditional engineers.Like EM,there are few undergraduate programs in SE;however,the number of SE programs at the undergraduate level is on the increase.After an initial apprentice position,they typically move into the role of systems integrators.Within most organizatio

36、ns,the SE functions as part of an interdisciplinary effort. 系统工程师和工程经理的职业生涯路径是非常不同的。工程经理往往来自于传统的工程师队伍。工程经理的职业道路的典型特征是较大的系统性负责任。这些都是典型的大系统在同一产品线（如齿轮传动，传动，传动系统，等）。大多数的系统工程师，也来自传统的工程师队伍。像他们，在SE很少有本科生；然而，在本科阶段的SE课程的数量在增加。最初的学徒职位之后，他们通常进入系统集成商的角色。在大多数组织中，这些功能作为一个跨学科的努力的一部分。10：并行工程The primary requirements for successfully implementing a CE philosophy are management support, enhanced communication, team building and appropriate tool use.Where CE has been successful, much credit is attributed to the involvemen