雅思阅读之找小标题作题技巧

1、雅思阅读之找小标题作题技巧 雅思阅读解题技巧丨heading题型 找小标题作题技巧1.题型要求*由若干段话组成，要求给每段话找个小标题。小标题即指该段话的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。本题型不是让你写出每段话的小标题，这样不好评判对错。而是要求从选项列表(list of headings)中选择。在现在的考试中，选项的数目往往大大多于*中段落的数目，假如*有五段话，选项的数目很可能是十个，甚至十二个。也就是说，有很多干扰选项。题目形式通常是*中的一段话标出小标题作为例子，要求选余下段落的小标题。给出小标题通常是原文的第一段。在考试中，该题型a类每次必考一组，共5题左右。有时会考两组，共十题左右。g

2、类不是每次必考，考的时候，一般只考一组，共五题左右。2.解题步骤(1)先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划去，同时，不读例子所在的段落。每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，两个段落的小标题不可能是一个选项。这是因为不同段落的主旨肯定是不同的，原文将他们分为不同的段落，就是要分别说不同的内容。如果两段的主旨相同，即表达的中心思想一致，应该将它们合为一段，是没有必要分为两段的。有时，这类题目的要求中有这样一句话：you may use any heading more than once(你可以使用任何小标题超过一次)。这句话纯属误导，也就是说，即使题目的要求中有这句话或类似的话，任何选项也不可能被使用

3、两次以上。既然每个选项最多只能用一次，所以例子所在的段落已经使用的选项是不会被其它段落使用的，将其划去，以免被其它的段落误选。而且在选其它段落的答案时，可以不看该选项，节省时间。例子所在的段落已经给出了小标题，所以不必阅读该段落了，以免浪费时间，直接从下一段读起。(2)不要先看选项，而要从*入手，读一段话，做一道题。大家先想一下，下面的做题方法好吗?先看第一个选项，读懂它的意思。然后读原文的各个段落，判断该选项是愿文纳个段落的小标题。然后按照同样的方法处理其余的各选项。这样的做法不好。因为选项的数目远远大于原文段落的数目。所以这样做，不仅花费的时间很多，而且极易受到干扰选项的误导。很可能第一个

4、选项就是干扰项，你花费了很多时间，将这个选项与原文的各段落相对照，结果发现它是一个干扰项，这已经浪费了很多时间。正确方法：先不要看选项，而是要先读*。读*的时候，不要一下把*全读完，而是读一段话，做一道题。假如原文的第一段已作为例子给出，那么，先读第二段，然后到选项列表中找该段话的小标题。然后再读第三段，同样处理，直至完成。这样做，不仅速度快，而且准确率高。(3)读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇。正确答案常常是主题句的改写。读每段话时，并不是该段落全要仔细阅读。这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的的主题句。先读该段话的第一句，然后，与选项列表中大各选项一一对应，确定正

5、确答案，正确选项一般就该句话的改写。如果答案不能确定，应再读该段话的第二句，然后，与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果答案还是不能确定，应再读该段话的最后一句，再与选项列表中大各选项一一对应。如果还是找不到正确答案，则就需要阅读整段话了。根据统计，段落的主题句在第一句的可能性超过50%，段落的主题句在第二句的可能性超过20%，段落的主题句在最后一句的可能性超过20%。也就是说，按照上述方法做这种题型，读完该段话的第一句，就能在选项列表中找出该段话的heading, 这种可能性超过50%。整段话都需要阅读的可能性不到10%。这个做题方法不仅有统计数据的依据，还有理论的基础。英文段落展开的方法比较简

6、单，主要有两种：演绎法(deductive method)及归纳法(inductive method)。演绎法指的是由观点到例子及论据，所以主题句在该段话的第一句，但有时，第一句是个过渡性或描述性的句子，主题句有可能放在放在该段话的第二句，总之，主题句在第一句或第二句，都是deductive method。inductive method 是指由例子及论据到观点，所以主题句在该段的最后一句，70%左右的段落使用deductive method写的，而且其中绝大部分主题句在第一句。20%左右的段落是用inductive method写的。有的人会问：我怎么知道某段话是用演绎法写的，还是归纳法写的

7、?是的，不读完整段话，是不知道的。但读完整段话，很浪费时间，而且，由于*句子结构复杂，再加上有一些不熟悉的单词，很可能你也读不太懂。所以，若读完整段话在来选择该段的heading, 不仅时间不够用，而且往往正确率也不高。上面介绍的方法，就是按照概率，首先认为段落是用演绎法写的，而且主题句在第一句，按照第一句的意思，在选项列表中确定正确答案。如果选项列表中有一项与这句话的意思相同，即可认为是正确答案。如果不能确定，再依次读该段话的第二句和最后一句，再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应，确定正确答案。实践证明，这种方法不仅节省时间，而且正确率也很高。(4)某段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去。

8、前面已经讲过，每个选项最多用一次，也就是说，不可能两个段落的小标题是一个选项。所以，一段话的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去，以免被误选为其它段落的小标题。而且在选其它段落的答案时，可以不看选项，节省时间。但某段话的答案不太确定，如第三段可能是c，也可能不是c，这时不能将c从选项列表中划去。notice(1)如果答案不确定，先将可能的选项全部选出。(2)干扰选项的特点是：段落中未展开说明的细节。(3)如果主题句比较复杂(如复合句)，应重点看主句部分。主题句中，常常有如下的句式：although/while/despite/despite the fact的中文意思是：“虽然，但是”。前面

9、是个让步状语从句，后面是主句，要说明的观点在主句中。(4)如果主题句中有show和suggest等词，应重点看其后的宾语从句。show和suggest是“表明”、“说明”的意思，其后的宾语从句往往是要说明的观点，是该段的主旨。(5)如果主句是not onlybut also句型，应重点看but also后面的部分。not onlybut also的意思是“不仅而且”，常用来承上启下。not only的后面是“承上”，即上一段主旨，but also 后面的部分是“启下”，即本段的主旨。所以重点看but also后面的部分。(6)问句不会是主题句问句通常作为引题，是过度性的句子。(7)举例子的句子

10、不会是主题句(8)正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。例：某段话的第一句(主题句)为overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey.有个选项为：l. female studens原句的意思是：在调查中，女生的数目超过男生的数目。上述选项只提到了女生，所以它不对。应用本条规律，你会发现它与主题句中的词female students一模一样，所以也应该怀疑它不是正确选项。正确选项为：gendergender的意思是“性别”。在主题句中并没有这个词，可见正确答案应是主题句的改写。(9)如果需

11、要阅读整个段落，应重点阅读该段落中的重点词句a. 反复出现的词b. 括号里的词c. 引号里的词d. 黑体字 e.斜体字总结：每个选项只能用一次，常常是主体句的改写读一段话做一道题，选出一个就在选项里划掉一个选项通常看原文的第一句，第二句和最后一句出现复合句，重点看主句部分。although/while/despite等，后面是主句出现show/suggest时，看宾语丛句。出现not only , but also时，看but also后面。问句不会是主题句，举例子不会是主题句。雅思阅读机经真题解析-flight from realityflight from realitymobiles a

12、re barred, but passengers can lap away on their laptops to their hearts content. is one really safer than the other? in the us, a congressional subcommittee grilled airline representatives and regulators about the issue last month. but the committee heard that using cellphones in planes may indeed p

13、ose a risk albeit a slight one. this would seem to vindicate the treatment of manchester oil worker neil whitehouse, who was sentenced last summer to a year in jail by a british court for refusing to turn off his mobile phone on a flight home from madrid. although he was only typing a message to be

14、sent on landing not actually making a call, the court decided that hems putting the flight at risk.athe potential for problems is certainly there. modern airliners are packed with electronic devices that control the plane and handle navigation and communications. each has to meet stringent safeguard

15、s to make sure it doesnt emit radiation that would interfere with other devices in the plane-standards that passengers personal electronic devices dont necessarily meet. emissions from inside the plane could also interfere with sensitive antennae on the fixed exterior.bbut despite running a number o

16、f studies, boeing, airbus and various government agencies havent been able to find clearevidenceof problems caused by personal electronic devices, including mobile phones. weve done our own studies. weve found cellphones actually have no impact on the navigation system, says maryanne greczyn, a spok

17、eswoman for airbus industries of north america in herndon, virginia, not do they affect other critical systems, she says the only impact airbus found? sometimes when a passenger is starting or finishing a phone call, the pilot hears a wry slight beep in the headset, she says.cthe best evidence yet o

18、f a problem comes from a report released this year by britains civil aviation authority. its researchers generated simulated cellphone transmissions inside two boeing aircraft. they concluded that the transmissions could create signals at a power and frequency that would not affect the latestequipme

19、nt, but exceeded the safety threshold established in 1984 and might therefore affect some of the older equipment on board. this doesnt mean mission critical equipment such as the navigation system and flight controls. but the devices that could be affected, such as smoke detectors and fuel level ind

20、icators, could still create serious problems for the flight crew if they malfunction.dmany planes still use equipment certified to the older standards, says dan hawkes, head of avionics at the caas safely regulation croup. the caa study doesnt prove the equipment will actually fail when subjected to

21、 the signals, but docs show theres a danger. weve taken some of the uncertainty out of these beliefs, he says another study later this year will see if the cellphone signals actually cause devices to fail.ein 1996, rtca, a consultant hired by the federal aviation administration in the us to conduct

22、tests, determined that potential problems from personal electronic devices were low. nevertheless, it recommended a ban on their use during critical periods of flight, such as take-off and landing. rtca didnt actually test cellphones, but nevertheless recommended their wholesale ban on flights, but

23、if better safe than sorry is the current policy, its applied inconsistently, according to marshall cross, the chairman of mega wave corporation, based in boylston, massachusetts. why are cellphones outlawed when no one considers a ban on laptops? its like most things in life. the reason is a little

24、bit technical, a little bit economic and a little bit political,” says cross.fthe company wrote a report for the faa in 1998 saying it is possible to build an on-board system that can detect dangerous signals from electronic devices. but crosss personal conclusion is that mobile phones arent the rea

25、l threat. youd have to stretch things pretty far to figure out how a cellphone could interfere with a planes systems, he says. cellphones transmit in ranges of around 400, 800 or 1800 megahertz. since no important piece of aircraft equipment operates at those frequencies, the possibility of interfer

26、ence is very low, cross says. the use of computers and electronic game systems is much more worrying, lie says. they can generate very strong signals at frequencies that could interfere with plane electronics, especially if a mouse is attached the wire operates as an antenna or if their built-in shi

27、elding is somehow damaged. some airlines are even planning to put sockets for laptops in seatbacks.gtheres fairly convincing anecdotal evidence that some personal electronic devices have interfered with systems. air crew on one flight found that the autopilot was being disconnected, and narrowed the

28、 problem down to a passengers portable computer. they could actually watch the autopilot disconnect when they switched the computer on. boeing bought the computer, took it to the airlines labs and even tested it on an empty flight. but as with every other reported instance of interference, technicia

29、ns were unable to replicate the problem.hsome engineers, however, such as bruce donham of boeing, say that common sense suggests phones are more risky than laptops. a device capable of producing a strong emission is not as safe as a device which does not have any intentional emission, lie says. neve

30、rtheless, many experts think its illogical that cellphones are prohibited when computers arent. besides, the problem is more complicated than simply looking at power and frequency. in the air, the plane operates in a soup of electronic emissions, created by its own electronics and by ground-based ra

31、diation. electronic devices in the cabin-especially those emitting a strong signal-can behave unpredictably, reinforcing other signals, for instance, or creating unforeseen harmonics that disrupt systems.idespite the congressional subcommittee hearings last month, no one seems to be working seriousl

32、y on a technical solution that would allow passengers to use their phones. thats mostly because no one -besides cellphone users themselves-stands to gain a lot if the phones are allowed in the air. even the cellphone companies dont want it. they are concerned that airborne signals could cause proble

33、ms by flooding a number of the networks base stations at once with the same signal this effect, called bigfooting, happens because airborne cellphone signals tend to go to many base stations at once, unlike land calls which usually go to just one or two stations. in the us, even if faa regulations d

34、idnt prohibit cellphones in the air, federal communications commission regulations would.jpossible solutions might be to enhance airliners electronic insulation, or to fit detectors which warned flight staff when passenger devices were emitting dangerous signals. but crosscomplains that neither the

35、faa, the airlines nor the manufacturers are showing much interest in developing these. so despite congressional suspicions and the occasional irritated (or jailed) mobile user, the industrys better safe than sorry policy on mobile phones seems likely to continue. in the absence of firm evidence that

36、 the international airline industry is engaged in a vast conspiracy to overcharge its customers, a delayed phone call seems a small price to pay for even the tiniest reduction in the chances of a plane crash. but youll still be allowed to use your personal computer during a flight. and while that re

37、mains the case, airlines can hardly claim that logic has prevailed.question 14-17complete the following summary of the paragraphs of reading passage, using no more than three words from the reading passage for each answer. write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.the would-be risk surl

38、y exists, since the avionic systems on modern aircraft are used to manage flight and deal with _14_. those devices are designed to meet the safety criteria which should be free from interrupting _15_ or interior emission. the personal use of mobile phone may cause the sophisticated _16_ outside of p

39、lane to dysfunction. though definite interference in piloting devices has not been scientifically testified, the devices such as those which detect _17_ or indicate fuel load could be affected.question 18-22use the information in the passage to match the organization (listed a-e) with opinions or de

40、eds below. write the appropriate letters a-e in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.a. british civil aviation authorityb. maryanne greczync. rtcad. marshall crosse. boeing company18. mobile usages should be forbidden in a specific fame.19. computers are more dangerous than cell phones.20. finding that

41、the mobile phones pose little risk on flights navigation devices.21. the disruption of laptops is not as dangerous as cellphones.22. the mobile signal may have impact on earlier devices.question 23-26do the following statements agree with the information given in reading passage 2?in boxes 23-26 on

42、your answer sheet, writetrue if the statement is truefalse if the statement is falsenot given if the information is not given23. almost all scientists accept that cellphones have higher emission than that of personal computers.24. some people believe that radio emission will interrupt the equipment

43、on plane.25. the signal interference-detecting device has not yet been developed because they are in priority for neither administrative department nor offer economic incentive.26. faa initialed open debate with federal communications commission.篇章结构体裁论说文题目电子信号影响飞行结构a段-机舱内部发射电频信号的风险b段-但是，航空公司与政府目前没有证据表明风险属实c段-