资本论15劳动力价格和剩余价值的量的变化（Das Kapital 15 changes in the amount of labor prices and surplus values）

1、资本论15劳动力价格和剩余价值的量的变化（Das Kapital 15 changes in the amount of labor prices and surplus values）Changes in the quantity of labor prices and surplus valuesThe value of the labor force is determined by the value of the means of subsistence commonly required by average workersThe. These forms of subsisten

2、ce may change in form, but in a certain societyAs time goes by, their quantity is certain, so it should be regarded as an invariant. VaryingIt is the value of this quantity. Two factors determine the value of the labor force. One is laborThe cost of development varies with the mode of production; th

3、e other isNatural differences in the labour force, the male and female labor, the adult labour force, and the minor labour forceNatural differences in power. The use of these different labor forces (and this is determined by the mode of productionThe) are caused by reproduction costs working familie

4、s and in adult male valueBig difference. But in the following study, these two factors are put aside. (9b)We assume that 1. of the goods are sold at their value; the price of the 2. labor force isIt may be higher than its worth, but never lower than its value.Under this assumption, we can see the re

5、lative amount of labor price and surplus valueIn three cases: 1. the length of the work day, or the amount of extension of labor; 2., normal laborIntensity or the internal content of labor, that is, a certain amount of labor within a certain period of time; 3. finally,Labor productivity, that is, du

6、e to the degree of development of production conditions, the same amount of labor in the sameTime will provide more or less product. Obviously, these three factors can be differentA variety of combinations: or one of these factors remains unchanged; the other two factors are variable; orTwo factors

7、remain unchanged, one factor is variable, and the last or three factors change simultaneously.These factors change at the same time, but also because of the size and direction of change can be different, combination alsoIts more varied. Here are only a few of the most important combinations.Length a

8、nd labor intensity of working daysConstant (fixed) labor productivity variableUnder this assumption, the value of the labor force and the surplus value are determined by three lawsThe:First, no matter how changes in labor productivity, no matter how much the quantity of the product and the price of

9、a single commodity changes, a certain length of workday is always represented as the same value product.A twelve hour workday value product, for example, is 6 shillings, although producedThe amount of value used varies with the productivity of labor so that the value of the 6 shilling will be change

10、dAssigned to more or less goods.Second, the value of the labor force and the surplus value change in the opposite direction. labourThe change in productivity, its increase or decrease, affects the price of the labor force in the opposite directionValue that affects residual value in the same directi

11、on.The value product of a twelve hour workday is an invariant, such as 6 shillings.This constant is equal to the surplus value plus the value of the labor (the value is equal to the workers valueTo sum up). It goes without saying that in the two parts of an invariant, a partThe division does not dec

12、rease, and the other part can not be increased. The surplus value is not reduced from 3 shillings toAt 2 shillings, the value of the labor force cannot rise from 3 shillings to 4 shillings, which in turn,The value of the labor force is not reduced from 3 shillings to 2 shillings, and the surplus val

13、ue cannot be 3The shilling was raised to 4 shillings. Thus, in this case, the value of labor or surplus valueThe absolute quantity, if there is no relative quantity of them or the simultaneous change of the proportional quantity, is impossibleVarying. Labor value and surplus value can not be increas

14、ed at the same time or decreased simultaneously.Second, if the labor productivity does not increase, the value of the labor force cannot be loweredThe surplus value can not be improved. In the preceding example, if it were not labor productionThe improvement of the force makes it possible to use 4 h

15、ours of living data in 6 hoursThe value of the labor force can not be reduced from 3 shillings to 2 shillings. CounterIf it were not for the decline in labour productivity, it would be possible for students who would have been able to produce only 6 hours agoIt takes 8 hours to produce the data, and

16、 the value of the labor force can not be3 shillings go up to 4 shillings. From this it can be concluded that the increase in labor productivity will decreaseThe value of low labor, thereby increasing surplus value, and, conversely, the decline in labor productivityIt will increase the value of the w

17、orkforce and reduce the surplus value.When Ricardo expressed the law, he neglected one point: Although the surplus value or quantity remainedThe change in surplus momentum is the opposite of the amount of labor or the amount of labor necessaryPrerequisite, but never by inference,A natural, universal

18、, and only condition. He doesnt know the length of the workdayChange also does not know the change of labor intensity, so in his view, labour productivity is naturalIt has become the only variable. 2. as with all other economists, RicardoWithout studying the surplus value itself, that is, he does no

19、t put aside its special form, such as profit,Rent, etc. This to a greater extent undermined his analysis. becauseIn this way, he mixes the laws of the surplus value rate with the laws of profit marginTalk about. As has been said, the profit margin is the ratio of the surplus value to the prepaid cap

20、italThe residual value ratio is the ratio of the surplus value to the variable portion of the capital. Assumed capital(C) 500 pounds, divided into 400 pounds on raw materials, labor data, etc. (c), at vAt 100 pounds; assume the surplus value (m) = 100 pounds. In this way, the surplus value rate isM/

21、v = 100 pounds100 pounds = 100%, while profit margins m/C = 100 pounds500 pounds = 20%. In addition, it is clear that profitsThe rate is also determined by the absence of any effect on the residual value rate. Later in BenIn Book Third, I will show that the same residual value rate can be very diffe

22、rentMargins, while different residual value rates can also be expressed in the same interest under certain circumstancesMoistening rate.Working days and labor productivityConstant labor intensity variableThe improvement of labor intensity is based on the increase of labor consumption at the same tim

23、eThe. As a result, a larger working day than the same number of hours, but less intensityWorking days reflect more products. It is true that when the labor productivity increases, the same workerDaily delivery will also provide more products. But in the latter case, because the product costs laborLe

24、ss than before, the value of a single product drops; in the former case, as a result ofThe cost of the product is the same as before, and the value of a single product remains the same. stayIn this case, the number of products has increased, but their prices have not declined. With birthAs the quant

25、ity of goods increases, the total price of them increases, but in the case of higher productivityThe same amount of value, however, is reflected in an increase in the total quantity of the product. Visible, if laborWhen the number of hours remains the same, the larger working days reflect more valua

26、ble productsWhen the value of money remains the same, it is represented by more money. Greater strengthThe value of a work day; the degree to which its product deviates from its normal intensity as the intensity of itChange. As a result, the same working day is no longer as unchanged as it used to b

27、eValue products, but represent a variable value product. For example, a stronger twelveAn hour working day is not like the average intensity of twelve hours, which is 6Instead of 7 shillings, 8 shillings and so on. Obviously, if the value of a workdayA change in the product, such as from 6 shillings

28、 to 8 shillings, then the value of the productThe two part, that is, the price of labor and the surplus value, can be in accordance with the same or notThe same degree increases. If value products are raised from 6 shillings to 8 shillings, the price of laborAnd surplus value can be increased from 3

29、 shillings to 4 shillings at the same time. On this occasion, the labor forceAlthough the price increases, it does not have to exceed its value. On the contrary, at the price of labor forceThe price of labour may also fall below the value of the labor force as it improves. Labour forceThe rise in pr

30、ice does not compensate for the accelerated depletion of the labour force, which always happensSituation。We know that, apart from a temporary exception, the situation is not mentioned only in the relevant sectors of the industryThe product is added to the workers daily consumption situation, and lab

31、or productivity changes can be citedA change in the amount of labor value resulting in a change in the amount of surplus value. Such restrictionsIt is not applicable here. No matter whether the amount of labor changes in extension or in connotationChange, the value of labor, the amount of products m

32、ust change accordingly, regardless of the value of the bodyWhat is the nature of the present?.If the labor intensity of all sectors of the industry increases at the same time, new improvements will be madeThe strength becomes the normal strength of the ordinary society, and is no longer counted as a

33、n extension.But even in this case, the average labor intensity remains the same in different countriesTherefore, the law of value will change in the application of working days in different countriesOf. A strong working day in a country,Less intensive than anotherWorking days show greater monetary v

34、alue. (12)III. labor productivity and labor intensityConstant change of workdayWorking days can change in two directions. It can be shortened or extended.1. work under assumed conditions, i.e., when labor productivity and labor intensity remain unchangedThe shortening of the day will not make the la

35、bor value so as not to change the necessary labor time.But it will reduce surplus labor and surplus value. With the absolute value of surplus valueThe quantity of its relative quantity, i.e., the quantity of its relative to the invariants of the value of the labor force, is also decreased.Capitalist

36、s can only avoid losses if they keep the price of labour below its value.All the platitudes about the shortened workday are that its hereAssumed to occur under such conditions. But in fact, the opposite is true: shrinking on workdaysLabor productivity and labor intensity will occur after a short per

37、iod or after a shorter working dayChange. (13)2. extension of working days: assume that the necessary labor time is 6 hours, or the value of laborIts 3 shillings, the rest is 6 hours, and the rest is 3 shillings. So, the whole job?A day is 12 hours and is worth 6 shillings. If the workday is extende

38、d2 hours, the price of labor is constant, then the relative value of surplus value goes with its absolute valueQuantities increase together. Although the value of labor has not changed in its absolute quantity,The relative amount is reduced. The value of the labor force under the conditions assumed

39、in Section 1An absolute quantity does not change, and its relative quantity cannot change. On the contrary, here,The change in the relative quantity of labor value is the result of the change of the absolute quantity of surplus value.Because of the value of the work day, the product increases as the

40、 workday increases,Therefore, the price and surplus value of the labor force can increase at the same time or in an unequal amount.This simultaneous growth can occur on two occasions: an absolute extension of the workday, or a jobThere is no absolute extension of the day, but the intensity of labour

41、 increases.As the workday grows, the price of labour is nominally unchanged, and even soIt may still fall below its value. We remember the daily value of the labor forceCalculated according to the normal average duration of the labor force or the normal life of the workerAnd based on the correspondi

42、ng, normal, and human nature from the life substance to the movementCalculated by qualitative conversion. (14) the labor force is inseparable from the extension of the working dayLosses can be compensated for by increasing pay at a given point. More than this, the lossAll the normal articles that in

43、crease in geometric progression while reproducing and functioning the labor forceThe pieces were damaged. The price of the labor force and the exploitation of the labor force are no longer accessibleAbout the amount.The duration of labor and the productive forces of laborSimultaneous changes in labo

44、r intensityObviously, there may be many combinations here. Maybe two factors change, oneThe factor is constant, or three factors change simultaneously. They may be in the same degreeOr varying in degrees; may change in the same direction or in the opposite direction so thatTheir changes can be parti

45、ally or totally offset each other. In fact, according to I, II, IIIThe explanation given in section is not difficult to analyze all possible situations. Just put it in orderA factor is considered variable, and other factors are considered unchanged, and any one can be obtainedThe result of a combina

46、tion of energy. So, below, we just talk about two important thingsCondition.1., labor productivity decreased while working days extended:The reduction of labour productivity discussed here refers to some of these labour sectorsThe product determines the value of the labor force. Because of the decli

47、ne of soil fertility and the corresponding increase of agricultural productsThis is an example of the reduction in labour productivity caused by prices. Lets say the workday is 12For an hour, its value product is 6 shillings, half of which compensates for the value of the labor force, anotherSemi fo

48、rmed surplus value. As a result, the workday is divided into 6 hours, necessary labor and 6 hours leftSurplus labor. Suppose that the price of the labor force increased from 3 shillings to 4 because of the price increase of agricultural productsShillings, so the necessary labor time increased from 6

49、 hours to 8 hours. If workdayUnchanged, the remaining labor will be reduced from 6 hours to 4 hours, the surplus value will be from 3 firstDown to 2 shillings. If the working day is extended by 2 hours, that is, from 12 hours to 14At that hour, the remaining labor remained 6 hours,The surplus value

50、is still 3 shillings, howeverThe amount of surplus value declined as compared with the value of the labor measured by the necessary labor. asIf the working day is extended by 4 hours, that is, from 12 hours to 16 hours, then the surplus valueAnd the amount of labor value, the amount of surplus labor

51、 and the amount of necessary labor will not change.But the absolute value of surplus increased from 3 shillings to 4 shillings, and the absolute amount of surplus laborThe amount was also increased from 6 labor hours to 8 labor hours, i.e., an increase of 1/3 or 331/3%.It can be seen that even if th

52、e labor productivity is reduced and the working days are extended at the same time, even the surplus priceThe amount of value is reduced, and its absolute quantity remains constant even if the surplus value is absoluteAs the volume increases, its proportion remains the same, and the workday prolongs

53、 to a certain extentThe proportion, quantity, and absolute quantity of surplus value may increase.During the period from 1799 to 1815, the rise in the price of living materials in England was causedNominal wage increases, though, were reduced by the actual wages expressed in subsistence data. WesAs

54、a result, the decline in agricultural labor productivity led to a decrease in the surplus value of and RicardoConcludes and assumes that this assumption, which exists only in their fantasy, is the starting point,Make an important analysis of the relative quantities of wages, profits, and rents. howe

55、verAt that time, the surplus value was also due to the improvement of labor intensity and the extension of labor timeIncreased absolutely and correspondingly. This is the extension of the unlimited amount of dayPeriod of recognition (15), the characteristics of this period are: on the one hand, capi

56、tal growth accelerated; on the other handExtreme poverty, which requires relief, also accelerates growth. (16)2., labor intensity and labor productivity are increased while working days are shortened:The increase of labor productivity and the increase of labor intensity, on the one hand, play the sa

57、me roleSample action. They all increase the total amount of products produced for any period of time. becauseIn this way, they can shorten the need for workers to produce their own subsistence or equal price goodsWorkday part. The absolute minimum limit of workday is always necessary for workdayBut capable of diminution. If the whole working day is reduced to this necessary