胶粘剂英语部分习题

1、1 Amino-resins are polymeric products of aldehyde reaction with compounds arraying -NH2 or -NH groups such groups are mainly amide groups, such as those in urea and melamine. 氨基树脂是醛与以尿素、三聚氰胺为主的带有-NH2 或 NH基的化合物反应生成的高分子产物。2 Formaldehyde is the main aldehyde used. Other aldehydes, such as furfural（糠醛）,

2、 are generally not used for wood adhesives. 使用的醛类主要是甲醛，其它的醛，如糠醛，不常用于木材胶粘剂（的合成）。3 The advantage of amino-resin adhesives are：their initial water solubility, their hardness, nonfiammabfiity, good thermal properties.氨基树脂胶粘剂具有一定的水溶性、硬度、不燃及良好的热性能。4 Although many amino-compounds have been investigated for

3、 use in production of amino-resins, only urea and melamine and, in rare cases aniline, are extensively used. 虽然可用于氨基树脂合成的许多氨基化合物都被研究过，但广泛使用的仅有尿素和三聚氰胺。5 Thermosetting amino resins produced from urea and melamine are built up by condensation polymerization. 通过缩聚反应用尿素和三聚氰胺生产热固性氨基树脂。6 Urea and melamine

4、are reacted with formaldehyde, which results in the formation of additional products, such as methylol compounds. 尿素和三聚氰胺与甲醛反应生成如羟甲基化合物一样的加成产物。7 Methylol compounds further reaction, and the concurrent elimination of water, leads to the formation of low molecular weight condensates which are still so

5、luble. 羟甲基化合物进一步反应，同时脱水，生成仍具有水溶性的低分子量的缩聚产物。8 Higher molecular weight products, which are insoluble and infusible, are obtained by further condensing the low molecular weight condensates. 进一步的缩合低分子量的缩聚产物生成不溶不熔的高分子量产物。9 Urea- and melamine-formaldehyde (UF and MF) resins have a great deal in common as

6、regards the chemical and physical characteristics of both the cured and uncured resins. 无论是固化还是未固化的尿素和三聚氰胺甲醛树脂在化学和物理特性上都有很多共同之处。10 MF is superior to UF because of its superior water and heat resistance, hardness, and shorter curing time under less drastic conditions. 与尿醛树脂相比，三聚氰胺甲醛树脂具有较好的耐水性、耐热性，较高的

7、硬度，较短的固化时间，对固化条件的要求也没那么苛刻。11 The greatest disadvantage of MF is their bond deterioration, caused by water and moisture. 三聚氰胺甲醛树脂最大的缺点是由于水和湿作用导致化学键断裂。12 The higher resistance of MF resins to water attack is due to the considerably lower solubility of melamine in water. 三聚氰胺甲醛树脂耐水性好极可能是由于三聚氰胺在水中溶解度较低。

8、13 Melamine dissolves in hot water only, whereas urea dissolves in cold water as well. Therefore, UF adhesives are used for interior application only; 三聚氰胺仅溶于热水，而尿素也溶于冷水，所以，脲醛树脂胶粘剂仅用于室内。14 MF or melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins can be employed successfully even for rather severe outdoor condi

9、tions. 三聚氰胺甲醛树脂或三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂能成功地用于相当严酷的室外条件。15 If full exterior-grade quaity is needed, it is safer to use phenolic-type resins rather than aminoplastic resins.真正需要室外等级胶接质量时，还是用酚类树脂类（胶粘剂）替代氨基树脂（胶粘剂）更安全些。16 The reaction between urea and formaldehyde is very complex. The combination of these two chemi

10、cal compounds results in both linear and branched polymers, as well as tri-dimensional networks, in the cured resin. 17 The reaction between urea and formaldehyde is very complex. The combination of these two chemical compounds results in both linear and branched polymers, as well as tri-dimensional

11、 networks, in the cured resin. 尿素与甲醛的反应很复杂。这两个化合物的结合即生成线性也生成支化的聚合物, 且在固化的树脂中生成三维网络结构的树脂。18 The most important factors determining the properties of the reaction products are (1) the relative molar proportion of urea and formaldehyde, (2) the reaction temperature, and (3) the various pH values at whi

12、ch the condensation takes place. 决定生成物性能最主要的因素是（1）尿素与甲醛反应的摩尔比；（2）反应温度）；（3）缩聚反应发生时pH值的变化。19 The reaction between urea and formaldehyde is divided into two stages. 尿素和甲醛间的反应分为两个阶段。20 The first is the alkaline addition to form mono-, di-, and trimethylolureas. 第一阶段就是碱性条件加成以形成一羟、二羟和三羟甲基脲。21 The second s

13、tage is the acid condensation of the methylolureas, first to soluble and then to insoluble cross-linked resins. 第二阶段是酸性羟甲基脲的缩聚，首先生成可溶的，然后是不溶的交联的树脂。22 On the alkaline side, the reaction of urea and formaldehyde at room temperature leads to the formation of methylolureas. 碱性条件下，室温下尿素与甲醛反应导致羟甲基脲的形成。23

14、When condensed, they form methylene-ether links between the urea molecules. 缩聚的时候，形成亚甲基脲连接的尿素分子。24 The condensation reaction of melamine with formaldehyde is similar to the reaction of formaldehyde with urea. Formaldehyde first attacks the amino groups of melamine, forming methylol compounds. 三聚氰胺与甲

15、醛的反应与尿素和甲醋的反应相类似。甲醛首先攻击三聚氰胺的氨基生成羟甲基化合物。25 Formaldehyde addition to melamine occurs more easily and completely than to urea. The amino group in melamine accepts easily up to two molecules of formaldehyde. 与和尿素加成相比，甲醛能更容易和更完全地与三聚氰胺发生加成。26 Thus up to six molecules of formaldehyde are attached to a mole

16、cule of melamine. The methylolation step leads to a series of methylol compounds with two to six methylol groups.因此能有最多六个分子的甲醛加成到一个三聚氰胺分子上形成带有二到六个羟甲基的羟甲基系列化合物。27 Another important difference between MF and UF is that the MF condensation and curing occurs not only under acid conditions, but also unde

17、r neutral or even slightly alkaline conditions.三聚氰胺甲醛树脂和脲醛树脂的另一个重要的区别是三聚氰胺甲醛树脂不仅可以在酸性条件下发生固化，也可以在中性条件下甚至碱性条件下发生固化。28 The formation of N,N-di-methylol-urea from mono-methylol-urea is about 1.5 times that of mono-methylol-urea from urea. 从一羟甲基脲中生成N,N-二羟甲基脲的速率是从尿素中生成一羟甲基脲速率的1.5倍。29 The decomposition of

18、 N,N-di-methylol-urea to mono-methylol-urea is three times that of mono-methylol-urea to urea.N,N-二羟甲基脲分解成一羟甲基脲的速率是一羟甲基脲分解成尿素速率的三倍。30 It is very important in the commercial production of urea-formaldehyde UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins to be able to cont

19、rol the size of the molecules by the condensation reaction, since their properties change continuously as they grow larger. 能有效地控制尿素甲醛、三聚氰胺甲醛、三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂缩聚反应生成的分子大小十分重要，因为随着分子量的增加其性能也持续地发生变化。31 The most perceptible change is the increase in viscosity. Low-viscosity syrups are first formed. These ch

20、ange into high-viscosity syrups which are clear to turbid. 最明显的变化是粘度的增加。首先形成低粘度液体，这些低粘度的液体变成高粘度的液体并伴着从清澈到混浊的变化。32 These products may still be completely water soluble, but they may prove to be alcohol insoluble n later stages of the reaction. 这些产物可能仍然是完全溶于水的，但反应的后期可能是是酒精也不溶解的。33 The most important f

21、actors influencing the final properties of amino-plastic resins in industrial manufacture are the purity of the reagent, the molar proportions of the materials used, the preparation process used, and the pH variation and control. 工业生产上影响氨基树脂产品性能的最重要的因素是原料纯度，所用原料的摩尔比，制备过程，pH值的变化及其控制。34 Every commerci

22、al grade of formaldehyde contains some methanol from its manufacture in order to stabilize the formalin solution. 每一种商用甲醛加工后都含有一定量的甲醇以稳定甲醛溶液。35 If methanol is not present, paraformaldehyde is formed. On storage, first turbid solutions, and then white colloidal deposits are formed. 如果没有甲醇存在，会形成多聚甲醛。贮

23、存时，首先变成混浊液，然后会有白色的沉淀形成。36 Formalin solutions with a 37-41% content of formaldehyde by volume are usually stabilized with 6-12% methanol according to the storage temperature. 含量为(37-41)%体积浓度的甲醛溶液依贮存温度的不同常用（6-12）%的甲醇来稳定。37 Commercial UF resins are generally manufactured by using formalin solutions whi

24、ch contain less that 1% methanol and which are stored in heated tanks at +60C. 商用脲醛树脂一般上由含有少于1%甲醇并贮存于60C以上温度的贮罐中的甲醛溶液制造。38 The molar ratio of urea to formaldehyde used in UF resin manufacture is in the range 1:1.4-1:1.6, with the formaldehyde in the form of an aqueous solution. 脲醛树脂制造时所用尿素与水溶液形式甲醛的摩

25、尔比是在1:1.4-1:1.6范围内。39 This formaldehyde aqueous solution always contains some formic acid and is therefore neutralized with an alkali or ammonia before the urea is added. 甲醛水溶液总是含有一定量的甲酸，所以在尿素加入前要用碱或氨水中和。40 The most important method for the preparation of commercial UF resin adhesives is the additio

26、n of a second amount of urea during the preparation reaction. 制备商有脲醛树脂胶粘剂的最重要的方法就是在制备过程中加入第二次尿素。41 As soon as the right viscosity is reached, the resin solution is cooled to about 25-30C. 一达到要求的粘度，树脂溶液就冷却到大约25-30C.42 More urea (called second urea) is added to consume the excess of formaldehyde, unti

27、l the molar ratio of urea to formaldehyde is the range 1:1.4-1:1.7. 填加更多的尿素(称为第二尿素)，使尿素与甲醛的摩尔比达到1:1.4-1:1.7范围以消耗过剩的甲醛。43 After this addition of urea, the resin is left to react at 25-30C for as long as 24 hr. 加完尿素后,使树脂在(25 30)C下保持反应24小时。44 The excess water is eliminated by vacuum distillation until

28、a resin solids concentration of 64-65% is reached, and the pH adjusted to achieve suitable shelf life or storage life.多余的水通过真空蒸馏并使树脂固体含量达到（64 65）%，调整pH到适当值以保证有适当的贮存期。45 Some UF resins used for joinery are also produced without any final, or second, urea addition. 一些用于细木工脲醛树脂的生产没有最终或第二次尿素的补加。46 The p

29、H used during the condensation reaction (not the methylolation) is generally in the range 4.8- 5.0. 缩聚反应中使用的pH值(不是羟甲基化)一般是在4.8 - 5.0范围内。47 The chemical constitution of UF resin (which can be influenced by molar ratio, type and degree of condensation, and hydrogen-bonding ability) is an important fac

30、tor relating to the durability of UF adhesive wood bonds. 尽管可能受到受到摩尔比、缩聚反应类型和缩聚程度及氢键的影响，脲醛树脂的化学结构是与脲醛胶接木制品耐久性相关的一个重要因素。48到Other factors, such as the degree of cure and the type and quantity of hardener, have also been reported to affect the water resistance of UF resins. 其他因素,如硫化程度和固化剂的种类和数量,也被报道影响脲

31、醛树脂的耐水性。49 In addition, an increase in the amount of second urea added to resins containing filler improves the durability of the lower molar ratio resins significantly, especially the 1:1.4 ratio resins. 此外,树脂中加有填料的二次尿素数量的增加使较低摩尔比树脂的耐久性明显改善，特别是对摩尔比为1:1.4的树脂。50 As the percentage of second urea is in

32、creased, the initial formaldehyde/urea molar ratio present during resin synthesis also increases . 随着第二尿素的百分比的增加, 树脂合成时第一次的甲醛/尿素摩尔比也增加。51 In all cases, the higher molar ratios resins tend to exhibit an overall better initial bond quality所有情况下较高摩尔比树脂表现出初粘性更好的趋势。52 The control of the pH during the rea

33、ctions of urea or melamine with formaldehyde is of paramount importance. 在尿素或三聚氰胺与甲醛的反应中pH值控制是至关重要的。53 The urea-formaldehyde solutions obtained are clear and may be further condensed to the desired viscosity. 获得的尿素-甲醛溶液是清澈的并可以进一步缩聚到预定的粘度。54 Careful pH control during the reaction of urea or melamine

34、with formaldehyde done in combination with repeated tests for solubility and viscosity are the methods used to control the molecular weight of the resins. 结合溶解性和粘度，小心进行尿素或三聚氰胺与甲醛反应过程中pH值的调整是树脂分子量控制的常用方法。55 The increase of molecular size can more easily be seen in UF resins than in MF resins. 可见，脲醛树脂

35、的分子量增加比三聚氰胺甲醛树脂更容易。56 After the desired viscosity has been reached, the pH is raised to 7.5-8.0 by adding diluted caustic soda. 达到所需的粘度后，用稀烧碱调高pH值到7.5 - -8.0。57 Gel time is also strongly dependent on molar ratio of the resin components; UF resins with a molar ratio of 1:1.4(U/F) have much slower gel

36、 times than 1:2(U/F) resins at the same gel temperature. 凝胶时间是还强烈依赖于树脂成分的摩尔比率，摩尔比1:1.4（U/F）脲醛树脂的凝胶时间比摩尔比为1:2（U/F）脲醛树脂的凝胶时间长得多。58 Many substances have been suggested as curing agents. These include boric acid， phosphoric acid and acid sulfates许多物质都可以作为固化剂，这些物质包括硼酸、磷酸和硫酸盐。59 Many inorganic and organic

37、 fillers have been tested, but the most suitable are wood, wheat and corn flours, and cellulose fillers, which give a translucent, milky appearance to the resin. 许多无机和有机填料已经测试，但最适合的是木材、面粉和玉米粉及纤维素填料，可以得到半透明、乳白色的树脂。60 First, 100 parts by mass of 46-47% formalin solution and 51 parts of urea are placed

38、 in a reaction vessel furnished with high-torque mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and condenser. 首先将100份质量浓度为(4647)%的甲醛和51份尿素投入带有机械搅拌器，温度计和冷凝器的反应釜，61 Then a 10% HC1 solution is added to bring the pH down to 5.1. 然后用10%的HCl溶液将pH值调到5.1。62 The mixture is heated again at 80C and the ensuing condensation

39、 reaction is checked by frequent viscosity measurements. 混合物再被加热到at 80C并确保频繁测定粘度以检查缩聚反应的进行程度。63 At a viscosity of +85 cp the reaction mixture is cooled and neutralized with +50% sodium hydroxide solution. 当粘度不低于85 cp时冷却并用50%的氢氧化钠溶液中和反应液。64 The total reaction time is approximately 150 min. Water is removed under vacuum at 40C to give +60% solids. 总的反应时