EducationalsystemsintheRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStates

1、Educational systems in the Republic of China and the United StatesCultureAccording to Slavin, culture refers to the shared norms, traditions, behaviors, language, and perceptions of a group (Slavin, 2006).Culture plays a huge role in education, on the behalf of the students as well as the teachers.W

2、hen comparing the Republic of China and the United States of America, the relationship between culture and education can be evaluated further.I will start by providing background information on the United States of America.根据斯莱文，文化是指共同的准则、 传统、 行为、 语言和看法一群 （斯莱文，2006年）。文化在教育中，学生的教师代表发挥巨大的作用。相比中国的共和国和美

3、利坚合众国等国，可以进一步评价文化与教育之间的关系。我将开始通过提供关于美利坚合众国的背景信息。The cultural values of the United States promote an educational system that entails more than just traditional education; reading, writing, and arithmetic are not the only subjects that are taught in the United States.The educational system ensures the

4、 physical as well as mental well being of the students.There are numerous programs that the U.S. have that other schools dont have, there are lunch programs that are setup for children to provide the nourishment that they might not get at home, there are drama and art programs that allow children to

5、 be more creative, there are even programs such as D.A.R.E, that teach the elementary school children to stay away from drugs.One other thing that the United States has to account for is the challenge of educating a diverse group of students.In the article comparing the U.S. and German Education, No

6、ack states, “schools have taken on many other functions beyond the teaching of the three Rs, such as melting-pot socialization (the blending of diverse ethnicities, races, creeds, and cultures); recreation and avocation (extracurricular clubs and sports); vocational education (small classes and ofte

7、n expensive equipment); special interest classes (art, music, theater); special interest classes (Noack, 2000).The influence of culture on education in china is a little different (the movie Schools of Thought). 美国的文化价值观促进教育的体系，需要更多只是传统的教育 ；阅读、 写作和算术不都是在美国教会的唯一科目。教育系统确保学生的身体以及精神福祉。有众多美国有其他学校没有的节目，有为

8、小孩提供养料，他们可能不会在家里设置的午餐计划，有戏剧和艺术的程序，让孩子们成为更有创意，有教小学的孩子们远离毒品的甚至程序 （如 D.A.R.E。另一件事，美国不得不考虑是教育多元化的一群学生的挑战。在这篇文章比较美国和德国教育、 Noack 国家学校都已采取很多其他功能超越教学的三个 R，如大熔炉社会化 (blendi.Chinese culture shapes their education in many different ways.One well-known thing is that the school year in China is longer than that o

9、f the U.S.The teachers there are stricter and more authoritative (the movie Schools of Thought).Students in China engage in more open-ended questions.In the culture of Chinese teachers they allow the children to partake in critical thinking by answering in ways other than multiple choice (Cheng, 200

10、4).The idea “practice makes perfect” is a firm belief in China (the movie Schools of Thought). 中国文化在许多不同的方式塑造了他们的教育。众所周知的是这学年在中国是比美国的更长的时间那里的教师正在更严格、 更有权威 （电影学校的思想）。学生在中国从事更不限成员名额的问题。语文教师文化中它们能让儿童参加批判性思维，通过回答选择题 （城，2004年） 方式。熟能生巧理念是中国 （电影学校的思想） 坚定的信念。Parents and teachers encourage school children to

11、 work hard to ensure a positive outcome, unlike the U.S. where children often attribute their ability to perform in certain subjects such as math to inert abilities that cannot be altered (the movie Schools of Thought).Slavin describes this as being an internal locus of control, and children who hav

12、e higher levels of locus of control tend to work harder than those who have external locus of control (Slavin, 2006).This is discussed in the Haynes and Chalker article, when Indo Chinese refugee children come to the United States and score higher than U.S. counterparts.“The refugee students worked

13、harder, and their parents supported them, believing that education would lead to success in life” (Haynes, and Chalker, 1997).This is a prime example of how cultural values can enhance resilience in individuals that are in an unfamiliar country.Looking at the end result of education as being influen

14、ced by culture is one aspect, but looking at how culture has developed provides another valuable perspective. 家长和教师鼓励学生努力工作，以确保取得积极的成果，与美国不同，在那里孩子们往往把原因归结他们的能力来执行对某些学科，如数学到惰性的能力，不能改变 （电影学校的思想）。斯莱文描述这作为内部控制点，并有较高的心理控制源的儿童往往会比那些有外控型 （斯莱文、 2006年） 更努力工作。这是在海恩斯和乔的文章中，讨论，当印中国难民儿童来到美国得分显著高于美国同行。难民学生努力学习，和他

15、们的父母支持他们，相信教育将会导致在生活中的成功（海恩斯和乔，1997年）。这是一个典型的例子的文化价值观如何可以提高个人在一个陌生的国家的复原能力。看教育的最终结果，由于不受文化是一方面，但看起来.The different cultures of the United States and China are due largely to their diverse histories.The history of the United States is largely based on the principles of a Democratic government and Chin

16、a is based on a communist government.The presence of politics can alter the agenda of a countries educational system.Some of chinas earlier leaders perceived education as a way to keep a country moral and to have a better legal system.For this reason leaders of China concluded that it was good to ho

17、ld teachers in high regard (Mingyuan, 1998).According to some Chinese leaders becoming a teacher was just a step before becoming a leader or an emperor.As in North America, in China the relationship between the student and the teacher were once equal as in the United States, but as means of the ruli

18、ng class to maintain power, they enforced the teacher as an authoritative figure (Mingyuan, 1998).The teachers then prepared the students to take a civil service exam, and if they passed the exam in a convincing fashion then they could attain a higher role in society (Mingyuan, 1998).These are early

19、 implications of the strict testing policies and the valuable role of the teacher in China.In a literature review of the satisfaction of teachers in China and the United States, teachers in China were unlike American teachers in that they viewed their jobs as being something of importance or prestig

20、e, not just a simple occupation ( Ouyang and Paprock).The cultural goals of the United States are much different than that of China.美国和中国的不同文化都是很大程度上归功于其不同的历史时期。美国的历史很大程度上基于一个民主政府的原则，中国基于一个共产主义的政府。政治的存在可以改变一个国家教育制度的议程。一些中国的早期领导人认为教育作为一种方式维系一国道德，并有一个更好的法律制度。为此中国领导人得出结论很高兴举行教师在高方面 （明远，1998年）。根据一些中国的领导

21、人成为一名教师是成为一个领导者或皇帝之前只是一个步骤。在北美地区，在中国学生与老师之间的关系曾一度平等在美国，但作为统治阶级的维持权力的手段，他们强迫老师作为一个权威人物 （明远，1998年)。老师然后准备学生参加公务员考试，如果他们过时.The United States is a democratic country and the culture reflects that.The United States is composed of many different ethnicities and backgrounds.People come from all over the wo

22、rld to live in the United States in hopes of becoming free, voice their own ideas and to attain great wealth.In attempt to carry Americas beliefs, it is important to establish a diverse educational system as stated earlier.One other problem created by a democratic government is educating students eq

23、ually amongst classes.Slavin further explains the problem by saying, “Though we usually think of cultural diversity within the United States as between the United States and other industrialized nations.The life of a middle-class family in the United States or Canada is probably more like that of a

24、middle-class family in Italy, Ireland, or Israel than it is like that of a low-income family living a mile away”(Slavin, 2006).With this being said the mainstream groups dont honor the cultural differences between classes in America as much as they value cultures from different countries (slavin, 20

25、06).Teachers are often from the higher SES groups that are valued by society, and the kids from the lower SES groups dont benefit because they dont value the same cultural behaviors (Slavin, 2006).Children from lower SES backgrounds tend to work in groups and children from middle to upper SES backgr

26、ounds value an individual competitive learning style.One other problem is that lower SES parents are not able to spend a lot of time teaching their kids things that they could otherwise teach them if they did not have to work as much.Some of the problems of the education system that are linked to SE

27、S are accounted for in Chinese education. 美国是一个民主国家和文化反映了这一点。美国被由许多不同种族和背景。人们来自世界，生活在美国想变成自由，表达自己的想法，获得巨大的财富。在尝试执行美国的信念，是重要的是建立多元化的教育体系，如上文所述。由一个民主政府的另一个问题教育学生均分到类。斯拉温进一步说明了这个问题，说：尽管我们通常认为的在美国境内的美国和其他工业化的国家之间的文化多样性。在美国或加拿大的中产阶层家庭的生活是可能更像是在意大利、 爱尔兰或以色列的中产阶层家庭比起来，低收入家庭生活英里客场（斯拉温，2006年）。与此说主流群体不尊重文化差异.

28、The idea of the teacher in China having a more authoritative role and being that of role model has positive affects on students.The teachers are more aggressive and take on more so of a demanding role than teachers in the United States. Tsang (1996), as cited in Ouyang and Paprock (2006), discussed

29、that the teachers in China do not teach as much as teachers in other countries, but they spend time doing other important things such as tutoring, meeting with parents, or conducting lesson plans with other teachers.The teachers even go as far as broadcasting important information with other teacher

30、s through television networks (Cheng, 2004).According to McMullen et al. (2005) China has an early child education system, which requires an extensive educational background for teachers of kindergarten classes.This shows that China puts an emphasis on educating children earlier.On the contrary McMu

31、llen et al. reported there are no early education programs in the United States and there is not a common criteria for the educational background for early education teachers.Although the teachers role in China is beneficial in ways, it still lacks in some areas, as does the teachers role in the Uni

32、ted States.老师在中国有一个更具权威的角色，角色模型的想法对学生有正向影响。教师更加激进，承担更多这样的富有挑战性的角色，比在美国的教师。曾荫培 (1996 年)，如述欧阳和 Paprock （2006 年），讨论我国教师不像在其他国家，教师一样教，但他们花时间做家教、 会见家长，或与其他教师进行教案等其他重要的事情。老师们甚至去尽量在广播与其他教师通过电视网络 （城，2004年） 的重要信息。根据麦克马伦等人 （2005 年） 中国有早期儿童教育体系，这就需要一个广泛的教育背景为幼儿园班的老师。这表明中国强调早些时候教育孩子。相反 麦克马伦等人报告说有没有早期教育计划，在美国还有.

33、The teaching systems of the United States and of China both have their pros and cons.When taking a quick glance at the advantages and disadvantages of education in China and America, it easy to make suggestions about how to make changes (Noack, 2000).An example of this would be when Mingyuan discuss

34、es the advantages and disadvantages of teachers roles in China and America (Mingyuan, 1998).He states, the role of an authoritative teacher is good in that it requires the children to respect them but it might be at the expense of the childs creativity or their ability to do things on their own.On b

35、ehalf of the United States, the teachers do not allow the students to create their own questions, so they are not actively involved in learning things of interest to them (Mingyuan, 1998).In an ideal world we could say that it makes since to tell the teachers in China to be more motivational and to

36、encourage the children to take initiative, and American teachers should command respect from students and place higher demands.However it is important to note that some things about each educational system cannot be easily changed, nor should they be changed.It is very important to keep in mind the

37、goals of the system at hand.Certain goals of education might not be shared by the United States and the Republic of China.As stated earlier by Noack, the educational goals of the United Sates are due to the diverse population (Noack, 2000).One other thing that should be taken into consideration when

38、 discussing education is the population differences amongst countries.The population is approximately 1.3 billion in china 教学系统的美国和中国都有其优点和缺点。当考虑一瞥的利与弊在中国和美国的教育，它容易使建议关于如何使改变 (Noack，2000年）。一个这样的例子会明远讨论教师角色在中国和美国 （明远，1998年） 的利弊时。他指出，权威的教师的角色是好的它需要孩子们尊重他们，但它可能会导致孩子的创造力或者它们的能力来做自己的事情。美国，老师不让学生来创建他们自己的问

39、题，因此他们并不积极参与学习兴趣对他们 （明远，1998年） 的东西。在理想的世界中，我们可以说使得自告诉要更能激发员工，鼓励孩子们积极主动，我国教师和美国教师应尊重. (/english/doc/2004-01/30/content_303898.htm).To compensate for this overwhelming population China encourages people to have only one child, and this in turn lead to the abundance of boys i

40、n China.This could also have a huge effect on temperament of the boys in the classrooms.In comparison the population of the United States is roughly 298,444,215 为了弥补这种压倒性的人口中国鼓励人们有只有一个孩子，这反过来导致丰富的中国男孩。这也可以在教室里有气质的男孩子们巨大的影响。相比之下，美国的人口大约是 298,444,215 (/cia/publications/factbook/geos/

41、us.html#People).Extra programs that are held in the United States might be more difficult to fund in a country that has over one billion more people.在美国举行的额外程序可能更难筹集资金在更多的人已超过 10 亿的国家。Difference Between Chinese and Western Culture Categorized underCulture,Miscellaneous|Difference Between Chinese and

42、 Western CultureChinese vs Western CultureThemain difference between Chinese and Western culture is that China is an oriental country, and its traditional culture is completely different from western heritage. Chinese culture is older than 5000 years, and Chinese people have developed their own musi

43、c, musical instruments, painting techniques, traditional Chinese medicine, and not to forget, cooking methods etc completely different and unique when compared to Western culture. Chinese believe in healthy eating, and have a holistic approachhealth. The Western culture is more advanced, and loves a

44、dventure and exploration. The Chinese focus more on collective gain instead of individual gain by making the right decisions, and believe in adopting a middle way to avoid extremism. 中国和西方文化之间的主要区别是中国是一个东方的国家，和它的传统文化是完全不同于西方的文化遗产。中国文化是 5000 年以上和中国人民有发展自己的音乐，乐器，绘画技法，传统中药，并没有忘记，烹饪方法等等 完全不同和独特的与西方文化相比。

45、中国相信健康的饮食，并有一个通盘的健康。西方文化更先进，和喜欢冒险和探索。中国更注重集体而不是个人才能获得的增益，作出正确的决定，并相信采取一个中间的方式来避免极端主义。Westerners find the Chinese culture complex, and hard to understand, as the Chinese culture has its own values, background and belief system. The Chinese are very friendly and helpful to a stranger, compared to West

46、erners who would never entertain a stranger. Western culture has a wealthy and luxurious lifestyle, but Chinese mostly have a modest way of living, for example, on average, the Chinese may have no more than 40 sq. feet of living space. Chinese use sir names, and are strictly moral to avoid public di

47、splays of affection. The Western culture has the freedom to express them freely. When compared to Western culture, the Chinese culture differs a lot, as they value relationships more than their Western counterparts. 西方人认为中国文化复杂，和难以理解，作为中国的文化有其自身的价值观，背景和信仰系统。中国人是非常友好和乐于助人，对于一个陌生人来说，相比，将永远不会接受一个陌生人的西方

48、人。西方的文化有着一个富有和奢华的生活方式，但中文主要有适度的生活方式，例如，平均，中国可能会有不超过 40 平方公尺的生存空间。中国使用先生的名字，并严格道德以避免公共炙热的感情。西方的文化有自由表达他们的自由。与西方文化相比，中国的文化很多，不同作为他们价值的关系，比他们的西方同行。There is a vast difference between the major philosophies of eastern and western life. Westerners believe in self dedication to achieve theirgoals of succes

49、s and happinesses etc., whereas the Chinese have behavioral ethics, and are dependent on their inner world and perceptions of eternal recurrence. The Western approach is to search outside of yourself, whereas the Chinese prefer to adopt a systematic approach, and search within themselves. 有东部和西部生活的主

50、要理念的巨大区别。西方人相信自我奉献来实现其目标的成功和幸福等等，中国具备行为的道德，而是依赖于他们的内心世界和永恒轮回的观念。西方的方法是搜索在你自己，而中国人喜欢采取系统的办法，并在自己内搜索。The real happiness in Western society is based upon a materialistic approach, whereas the Chinese believe that true happiness is achieved by inner intervention, as the truth is the key to eternal bliss

51、 and happiness. The Western society believes in individualism, whereas the Chinese culture believe in collectivism and fundamental connections with others. A Westerner is overwhelmed by pragmatic, materialistic and emotional approaches in comparison to the Chinese, who have a more missionary and spi

52、ritual approach towards life. The Westerner analyzes and the Chinese meditate. The Chinese believe in virtues and Westerners believe in value ethics. 在西方社会中真正的幸福基于一种唯物主义的方法，而中国人认为真正的幸福通过内部的干预，如果说真理是永恒的祝福和幸福的关键。西方社会信奉个人主义，而中国的文化相信集体主义和与他人的基本连接。一个西方人是务实的、 唯物的、 情感的方法相比，中国人有一更传教和精神的生活态度，被淹没的。分析了西方人和中国冥想

53、。中国人相信美德，西方人相信价值伦理。Summary:1. Westerners believe in individualism, and Chinese believe in collectivism.2. The Western culture has the freedom to express affection freely, whereas the Chinese culture is puritanical.3. Western and Chinese philosophies are unique and entirely different to each other.4.

54、 The Chinese believe in relationships, and searching for inner bliss and happiness through meditation.5. The Western culture believes in a materialistic approach, and has a pragmatic and emotional attitude. 1.西方人相信个人主义，和中国人相信集体主义。2.西方的文化有自由，表达感情的自由，而中国的文化是清教徒。3.西方哲学是独一无二的彼此完全不同。4.中国人相信关系和寻找内在的喜悦和幸福，

55、通过冥想。5.西方文化认为在物欲横流的方法中，并以务实和情感态度。Read more:Difference Between Chinese and Western Culture | Difference Between | Chinese vs Western Culture/miscellaneous/difference-between-chinese-and-western-culture/#ixzz3VM4gu0OUSocietal, Institutional, and Value Differences between

56、 Chinese and AmericansAdapted from Bridging US-China Cross-Cultural Differences Using Internet and Groupware Technologies, Zhouying Jin, Robert M. Mason, and Peter P. YumSocietal and Institutional DifferencesAspectsChinaUnited StatesEthnic Culture Centered around relationships Reclusive, each mindin

57、g his/her own business (especially with strangers and people outside of the relationship network) Centered around individuals Messianic: lets save the worldBe Different andMake a Difference!Source ofTrustTrust those around you; dont lose face and credibility by failing to live up to written or oral

58、agreementsTrust the contract; dont get into legal hassles by not fulfilling the agreementBusiness CultureQuiet and reserved; clumsycommunicatorsOutspoken; eloquent;effective communicatorsNegotiationStyleGroup decision; final say by the bossMore individual authority and distributeddecision makingDealing with Business CounterpartsIndirect; courteous; take things personally; long memory for both favors and humiliationsDirect; more matter-of-fact