专四虚拟语气总结(打印

1、专四语法（虚拟语气）概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。真实条件句主将从现eg. If he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意： 1）

2、 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般 现在时的动词形式。非真实条件句从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间 if从句谓语形式主句谓语形式与现在事实相反动词过

3、去式(be 用 were不分人称)would / should / might / could + 动词原形与过去事实相反had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形eg. If I were you, I would not go there.n If I had time, I would do it again.n If I had known of yo

4、ur arrival, I should have met you at the station.n If she had further considered the problem, she might have come to the correct conclusion.真题举例：1. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd people there.（00, 49） CA. werent B. hasnt been C. hadnt been D.wouldnt be

5、 2. If your car _ during the first 12 months,take it to an authorized dealer. （98, 43）BA. shall need B. should need C. would need D. will need 3. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier to learn. (09, 52) BA. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been 4. _ for the fac

6、t that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (02, 60） AA. Had it not been B. Hadnt it been C. Was it not D. Were it not5. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _ able to advise you much better than I can. (05, 51) AA. would be B. will have been C. was D. were6. I was to h

7、ave made a speech if _. (97, 51) C A. I was not called away B. nobody would have called me awayC. I had not been called away D. nobody called me away错综时间条件句当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。n Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our compa

8、ny would not be so thriving as it is.n (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)n Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.n (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)真题举例：1. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she _ much better results now. (08, 52) DA. would be getting B. could have go

9、t C. must get D. would get2. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand ?(04,54) AA. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprisedC. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised识别事实和假设混合句n Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination ha

10、d you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)n I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)真题举例：1. He would have finished his college education, but he _ to qu

11、it and find a job to support his family. （07, 60） CA. had had B. has C. had D. would have2. _ you _ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. (05, 63) CA. If, had B. Have, had C. Should, have D. In case, had3. If your car _ any attention during the first 12 months, take it

12、to an authorized dealer. (98, 43 ) BA. shall need B. should need C. would need D. will need含蓄虚拟条件句有时句中并未出现条件句，其假设情况是由上下文含蓄地提供的，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。eg. A more careful student wouldnt have made such glaring mistakes.With his aid you would have succeeded in it.But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant jo

13、urney.She must have been ill, otherwise she would have come to school.n (1) 连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：n A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.n Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; oth

14、erwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.n I used my calculator; otherwise Id have taken much longer.n (2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：n But for your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.（94年）n The storm delayed us. But for

15、the storm we would have been in time.n Supposing I accepted this offer, what would you say?n Without your timely help, my daughter would have drowned.n (3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were +不定式完成式或 had intended / meant / planned / hoped / wished +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。n 如：I intended to have calle

16、d on you, but I was busy at that time.n (4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：n I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.真题举例：1. You _ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business. (00, 48) AA. neednt have told B. neednt tell C. mustnt have told D. mustnt tell 2. Arent you tired? I _ you

17、had done enough for today. (09,61) A A. should have thought B. must have thoughtC. might have thought D. could have thought3. You _ Mark anything. It was none of his business. (98, 52) AA. neednt have told B. neednt tellC. mustnt have told D. mustnt tell虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if

18、省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 注意： 在虚

19、拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用 “were”，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题：_ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常

20、将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Werent I to do.例1: _ for the fact that she broke her leg，she might have passed the exam.（2002:50）A. Had it not beenB. Hadnt it been C. Was it not D. Were it not例2: _, he would not have recover

21、ed so quickly.（199565）A. Hadnt he been taken good care of B. Had he not been taken good care ofC. Had not he been taken good care of D. Had he been not taken good care of例3: _ their help, we would not have succeeded。 （1992:55）AHadnt been for B. Had it not been forC. It hadnt been for D. Had not it b

22、een for例4: _ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.（1994-62）A. if I realizedB. Had I realized C. I realized thatD. As I realized例5: _ you _ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. （200563）A. If, had B. Have, had C. Should, have D. in case, had名词性从句中

23、的虚拟语气名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：advise, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, vote.eg. I move that he be discharged for his serious mistak

24、e.n She demanded that we attack at once.n The job would require that he be at the factory at 7 oclock every morning注意： 如suggest, insist不表示建议 或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:（错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对

25、) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错)I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对)I insisted that you were wrong. (2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, best, better, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, insistent, natural, necessary, preferable, strange, urgent, vit

26、al.advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested, surprised.eg. The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.n It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.n It is best that workers have a pleasant

27、 place to relax.n It is desirable that the meeting be held as soon as possible.真题举例：1. It is absolutely essential that William _ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.(07,65) CA. will continue B. continued C. continue D. continues2. It is imperative that the government _ more investment i

28、nto the shipbuilding industry.(06.59) CA. attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to attract3. It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time. (o4, 56）AA. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in4. It is necessary that he _ the assignment without delay. (10, 60) AA. h

29、and in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in5. I am surprised _ this city is a dull place to live in. ( 2006, 57) AA. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking辨析：The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that.

30、( 2003,57)A. for us to be prepared B. that we are preparedC. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared 【详解】在It is essential/important等结构中，可以用不定式结构或从句，但从句必须用虚拟语气，因此四个选项中只有A符合要求。B项的谓语动词如改为“be prepared”或“should be prepared”则正确。(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：advice, decision, desire, importance, insist

31、ence, instruction, motion, necessity, preference, proposal, order, recommendation, request, requirement, resolution, suggestion.eg. The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 10:30.n Fathers advice that John wait until next week is quite reasonable.n They keep telling us it is of utm

32、ost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.例子：He left orders that nothing _ touched until the police arrived here.(97, 43) AA. should be B. ought to be C. must be D. would be 虚拟语气的其他表示法1. I wish + that 句型 用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况Wish后从句

33、动作与主句动作同时发生现在时过去时（be的过去式为 were） 从句动作先于主句动作发生过去时过去完成时（had + 过去分词） 将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时would / could / might / should + 原形动词例子：I wish I were as tall as you.I wish I knew the answer to your question.He wished he hadnt said that. She wished that she could have been there yesterday.I wish it would rain tomorr

34、ow. 2. would rather (sooner)1) would rather (sooner)+不带to 的不定式，表示个人的选择，或谈论别人的选择，它可以指现在: eg. I would rather have coffee than tea.Hed rather not go by car.也可以指过去：eg. John would rather not have gone to class yesterday.2）would rather (sooner) that.,从句部分要求用虚拟语气。i）would raher (sooner ) that + 主语+动词过去式，表示与

35、现在事实相反eg. He would rather that it were winter now.Id rather she sat next to me.ii) would rather (sooner ) that + 主语+动词过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反eg. Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.Id rather he had told me about it.I would just as soon you didnt drive the car while Im gone3. If it were no

36、t for (与现在事实相反) If it had not been for (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.例子：_ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (02, 60）AA. Had it not been B. Hadnt it been C. Was it not D. Were it not4. 以as if

37、/as though引出的状语从句，有时要用虚拟语气。eg. He smiled, as if he were reading my thoughts.n 他会心地笑了，仿佛猜透了我的想法。n He smiled, as if he had read my thoughts.n 他会心地笑了，仿佛早已猜透了我的想法。* 如果as if/as though用在连系动词look, seem, taste, smell等后面表示某种可能性，从句常常采用陈述语气。eg. It looks as if it is going to rain.n It sounds as if it is raining

38、.n as if/as though 后面还可接动词不定式或分词，实际上是从句的省略形式。n eg. He opened his lips as if to say something. (=as if he were going to say something.)5. If only（要是.就好了）谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。eg. If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. n If only it would stop raining

39、.n If only the explosion had not happened!6. Its (high/about ) time + 主语+动词过去式eg. Its time (that) we got up.n Its high time he was taught a lesson真题举例：1. If only the patient _ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (07, 54) AA. had received B. received C. should receive D. were receiving2. If only I _ play the guitar as well as you! (06