英语写作Ⅱ-expository-essaysppt课件

1、Expository Essays,Unit Three,Objectives,After Studying the unit, the student should be able to,Learn how to write an expository essay; Master the skills and methods of explaining a process or what something is, for instance, comparison and contrast, classification, cause and effect, and definition,2

2、012年四级作文真题：The Dragon Boat Festival(端午节) 2008年四级作文真题：The Benefits of Volunteering（参加志愿活动的好处） 2003年四级作文真题：The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood（保持好心情的重要性） 2002年四级作文真题：The Best Way to Stay Healthy（如何保持健康,Expository Essay,Introduction to an expository essay Exposition means explaining. Expository writi

3、ng in most cases requires a rather impersonal attitude,Expository Essay,What is an expository essay? There are 2 kinds 1. “how”-it explains a process, how to do sth. eg. How to cook a dish How to learn English well How to write an essay 2. “what”-it explains an idea, a phenomenon, etc. eg. The benef

4、its of volunteering The importance of keeping a good mood The best way to stay healthy,The Difference between Argumentation and Exposition,1. purpose exposition-to inform; make sth known to readers argumentation-to convince; try to make the readers agree on its point of view and support it,2.The aut

5、hor of argumentative essay assumes the position of a debater. They usually have an opponent, sometimes open and sometimes implied. And they usually emphasize their opinion using such expression as “believe”, “should” etc,Expository Essay,Structure 1. Introduction: lead into the subject and state the

6、sis statement. It is advisable to state the thesis in the first paragraph. 2. Body: develop the thesis statement 3. Conclusion: summarize the previous discussion; restate thesis statement; propose a solution; predict a result, etc,Developing Methods Illustration Illustration is the use of example to

7、 illustrate a point. It is the most common, and often the most efficient, pattern of exposition. Good examples help to clarify a writers thought by making the general specific, and the abstract concrete. They also add interest and help to persuade or convince the reader,A successful illustration pap

8、er depends on a wise selection of sufficient examples which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant-personal or second-hand from reliable sources,Model Language and Culture Once a group of Chinese were visiting the home of a fairly well-to-do American. As they were shown around the house,

9、 they commented, “you have a very nice home. Its so beautiful.” The hostess smiled with obvious pleasure and replied in good American fashion “Thank you”which caused surprise among some of her Chinese guests. Later, while conversing at the dinner table, the host remarked to the Chinese interpreter,

10、a young lady who had graduated not long ago from a Chinese university, “Your English is excellent. Really quite fluent.” To this she said, “No, no. My English is quite poor”an answer that he had not expected and found a bit puzzling. Was the American hostess reply immodest, as it seemed to some of t

11、he Chinese? Was the young Chinese interpreters remark insincere, as it sounded to the Americans? In both cases the answer is no.,Thesis Statement: The same words or expressions may not mean the same thing to people of different languages and cultures,2. Classification It is used to classify one subj

12、ect into several categories according to a common quality. eg. courses in college: elective and required those taught in the native language and those offered in foreign languages. The same group of things may be classified according to different principles,when using classification in your writing,

13、 keep in mind the following guidelines: Choose an appropriate principle A body of students may be classified into male and female, or majors of natural sciences, social sciences, etc. Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. eg. It is faulty to classify delegates at a

14、 conference into Europeans, Africans, Canadians, Chinese and blacks,3. Comparison and Contrast A comparison explains how things are similar, and a contrast, how they are different,Only items of the same general class can be compared/contrasted. eg. There is no sense in comparing a computer with an a

15、pple. It is reasonable to compare computer with human brain,A comparison/contrast essay usually follows one of the two patterns: subject-by-subject pattern or point-by-point pattern. In subject-by-subject pattern, the writer discusses the various points of one subject before going on to the other. I

16、n point-by-point pattern, the writer discussed both subjects under each of the various points,Model: subject-by-subject pattern Thesis statement: A is a better school than B. A 1.student body 2. teaching staff 3. library and other facilities 4. campus B 1. student body 2. teaching staff 3. library a

17、nd other facilities 4. campus,Model: point-by-point pattern student body 1.A 2. B teaching staff 1. A 2. B library and other facilities 1. A 2. B campus 1. A 2. B,Students are suggested to use point-by-point method as the similarities or differences are more impressive and striking. The comparison/c

18、ontrast should be balanced; the two subjects are to be given equal treatment. All aspects of the two subjects should be discussed in the same order. Use transitional expressions,Model Though my father and I look like each other, we are very different in many things. First, my father is a workaholic;

19、 he works more than then hours a day. He doesnt care for music, sports, sightseeing or TV. Unlike him, I always finish my assignments as quickly as I can in school, and then I spend most of my after-school hours in the playground. I play all kinds of ball games. Sometimes I go to nearby parks with f

20、riends or go to see movies. Second, my father is known for his tidiness both at the office and at home. He puts everything in its proper place and he will be rather upset if anyone, even my mother, moves them form their usual place. In contrast, Im often scolded for leaving things everywhere. My roo

21、m is always a mess: books and magazines are on the table, bed, sofa and floor. Last, as far as intelligence goes, my father is very good at science. In fact, he is an expert in electronic engineering. But I often get only passing grades in math and physics and am always scared to death when the chem

22、istry teacher writes incomprehensible formulas on the blackboard. Obviously, the proverb “Like father, like son” is not true with my father and me,4. Cause and Effect A cause-effect essay explains why something happened or what are the consequences. In a short essay, we focus either causes or on eff

23、ects,Model The Reasons Why College Students Smoke It is widely known that more and more college students nowadays have joined the group of adult smokers. While the whole society is making efforts to stop them from smoking, the young smokers claim that everything that exists is reasonable and try to

24、justify their behavior. Their justification is presented as follows, from a survey conducted among these college smokers,First, they claim that smoking can help them relax. The heavy burden from the stress, hard competitions and various confusions make these young people tired and painful at time. N

25、aturally they resort to cigarettes and try to find some comfort to divert them in another direction, as is often the case with the adults. Second, smoking gives an appearance of physical maturity. They admire the adults, who gain independence and are able to act on their own will. They get an excell

26、ent feeling of maturity from the adult smokers. Third, smoking makes the smokers attractive. It is not surprising that some boys want to be in the limelight when there are girls around and for some girls, a boy with a cigarette between his lips or fingers is more ideal a figure. To win girls attenti

27、on and admiration, they believe the money spent on cigarettes is worth its while,Regarding the behavior of smoking cigarettes, it is generally accepted that it is a bad habit, a waste of money and, more importantly, does harm to ones health. One may have one thousand reasons to smoke, but which is m

28、ore important, the short time pleasure on the one hand, or the health on the other,5. Definition Definition is to explain the meaning of a term. common problems in writing a definition 1) circular definition: it means one defines a term with the term itself. eg. Literature study is the study about l

29、iterature,2) over-restricted definition: it means one explains a term in a way that only one aspect, or one part, or one side of the item is covered. eg. A table is a piece of furniture at which one eats. (read, write,3) Overextended definition: it means one uses a word that can be applied to more t

30、hings than just the term being defined eg. Coke is a refreshing drink. (Pepsi, milk, lemonade) Analysis of sample 13 on page 66,6. Showing a Process it instructs readers how to do something. it involves a series of steps. Therefore, the steps must be organized in chronological order. use transitiona

31、l words,英语说明文的语言特点,1.时态相对较为统一：多用现在时态(present tense) 由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释，而这种客观的介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间变化而改变的. 比如：说明早锻炼的好处，介绍猫的胡子的功能，解释臭氧层对人类生活的影响等等，是不受时间和空间影响的。因此，尽管有时为了特殊表达的要求，会在个别地方采用其他时态，英语说明文的基本时态还是一般现在时,2.采用客观表述，避免主观色彩(objective) 由于在很多情况下，说明文是对客观存在的说明与介绍，因此语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉，比如： （1）I think that

32、 getting up late is not always a bad thing. （2）It is said that getting up late is not always a bad thing,相比之下，例（2）的语言要比例（1）的语言客观一些，容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动： （3）Getting up late is not always a bad thing， according to Franklin Smith， a well-known psychologist in Stanford University,引进著名人士作为信息的来源，可以使想要说明的

33、内容更具有说服力。 如果我们将例（3）中的always再改为necessarily，就可使整个句子更客观、委婉，便于为读者接受： （4）Getting up late is not necessarily a bad thing， according to Franklin Smith， a well-known psychologist in Stanford University,在英语中，采用被动语态，引进权威的信息来源以及选用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩，增加客观性，从而为读者接受的重要语言手段,Expository Essay,writing task How I Overcom

34、e My Difficulties in Learning English My view on Income Gap,How I Overcome My Difficulties in Learning English,I, like many other English learners, have encountered various difficulties in my learning process. But I managed to overcome most of them and made much progress,Firstly, meaning and usage o

35、f words can be hard for a beginner to master. At the beginning, I just copied them again and again, only to find it inefficient. Then I was advised to memorize them as parts of the whole sentence, together with other words ahead or after with which they collocate. Learn the chunk, not the isolated w

36、ord, imitate and practice the usage. This is my experience. It helped me a lot,Secondly, I found grammar particularly difficult. It is so even now. I have tried to learn the rules by heart. But just reading lots of grammar books is of little help. Then I read interesting books and magazines in Engli

37、sh. The sentences and structures in them familiarize me much better than what is said in the grammar books. They give me better insight into and keener sense of the English language,Thirdly, I had a little difficulty in translation. I had a wrong conception of translation and usually were content wi

38、th using the Chinese counterparts to replace the English words. It make the whole sentence unnatural and unsmooth. Gradually, I realized that words of the same meaning in different languages are not completely equivalent, and different languages have different sentence structures. Now I first unders

39、tand the general idea of the whole sentence or passage and then transform the meaning into the corresponding English expressions, which, of course, are available in mind,To learn English well needs fortitude. We must keep practicing the skills of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating

40、 all the time. Thats why I can beat my difficulties and make progress,2008年四级作文真题：The Benefits of Volunteering Direction： December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help

41、those in need. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering,Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: The Benefits of Volunteering You are to write in three parts: In the firs

42、t part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction

43、s may result in a loss of marks,写作指南： 本文要求说明“志愿活动的好处”，主体部分可以着重论述志愿活动对社会的好处，也可以论述志愿活动对志愿者本人带来的好处，还可以兼顾两方面。构思立意时要从多个角度论述自己的观点，并对所有者材加以整合、归纳,以讨论“对志愿者自己的好处”为例，可以讨论如下好处： 第一，在交际、沟通能力方面的好处（包括扩大交际面，与不同的人打交道，协调不同的关系，理解不同的立场等）。 第二，提高工作能力、增加技能的好处（主要谈对自己知识、技能的提高有什么作用，包括学校知识的运用，实际能力的提高等，注意与前面的“交际能力”有所区分）。 第三，为志愿

44、者带来成就感，获得必理上的满足（获得尊敬与承认，实现自我价值,The Benefits of Volunteering Volunteering has grown into a fashion these years, with volunteers ranging from college students to white collar workers. It is reported now China has 4.5 million registered volunteers having provided more than 4.5 billion hours of voluntee

45、r work. Why would so many people like to do volunteer work? Are there any benefits of volunteering,The answer is absolutely yes. First of all, through volunteering we can gain more experiences. Whatever volunteering work we do, either being a volunteer teacher for a village school or a volunteer wor

46、ker in a retired house, we can taste different lifestyles and broaden our horizon,Secondly, through volunteering we can acquire the sense of being needed. Many people feel frustrated with travails in life and empty with the cycling of working and resting. They gradually become numb, losing the sense

47、 of being needed. By joining the volunteer group and offering help voluntarily to people who need it, we may feel happy and fulfilled again,Thirdly, through volunteering we can learn more good qualities. Volunteer work is team work, which needs good cooperation. We can know people with different per

48、sonalities and different background joining in the volunteer group and devoting to the volunteer work together. From our co - volunteers we can absorb many good qualities that could help us be better persons,In conclusion, volunteering is of great benefit in that we can gain more experiences, acquir

49、e the sense of being needed and learn more good qualities,2003年四级作文真题：The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood Direction： People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances,Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood You are to write