英国文学史上-The-18th-Century：Enlightenment

1、The 18th Century：Enlightenment（启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架， 并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。） 1) A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy. 2) The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance (促进、成长) of the Rena

2、issance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) 3) The 18th century in English literature is an age of prose. 4) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised. Realistic novel现实主义小说；Go

3、thic novel哥特式小说mystery, horror, castles (from middle part to the end of century) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731 P148（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）l He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial (白话通俗的) and mostly vernacular（方言的）, and he is the founde

4、r of realistic novel. Works: 鲁宾逊克鲁索 P149 (Full name: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robinson Crusoe)It praise the fortitude (不屈不挠、勇气) of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless (天真朴实的) youth into a shrewd and hardened (坚定的) man, tempered（磨练）by numerous t

5、rials（考验）in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. The story may come straight from a sailors logbook.Figures and thin

6、gs mentioned:Alexander Selkirk 塞尔扣克（the story based upon his experience） Cannibals 食人者 Friday (Robinson names the man Friday to commemorate the day of his rescue)Savage 野人 Captive 俘虏Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745 P161Reference: Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in the 18th century who criticized th

7、e new bourgeois-aristocratic (资本家-贵族)society of his age.Works：1）格列佛游记(fictional work) Doctor Lemuel Gulliver P163 Lilliput小人国 厘厘普特(船出事而冒险，后跟商船回英国) Brobdingnag大人国 勃罗白丁拉格（He is a pygmy侏儒there.）（船出事而冒险，后跟船回英国） Flying Island (Laputa)拉普特飞岛(虚无缥缈的发明Its a bitter parody拙劣的模仿on scholastics and projectors.) （遇

8、到海盗而冒险） Houyhnhnm马岛(GoodHouyhnhnm 骏马胡已姆 badYahoo, they possess every conceivable evil.)2) 一个小小的建议 P181n(This is made to English government to relive the poverty of Irish people ) Joseph Addison约瑟夫艾迪生 1672-1719 P192(英国散文家、诗人、剧作家以及政治家。艾迪生的名字在文学史上常常与他的好朋友理查德斯蒂尔（Richard Steele）一起被提起，两人最重要的贡献是创办两份著名的杂志闲谈

9、者（Tattler）与旁观者（Spectator）)Works: Sir Roger at Church P196 Sir Roger at the Assizes P199 法庭上的罗杰乡绅 Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754 P203（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a“Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structu

10、re and style. Works:弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事P205 Thomas Gray 托马斯格雷 17161771 P212Works: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌 P213Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗哥尔德斯密斯 17281774 P220Works: The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师 P221Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利谢里丹17511816 P225Works: 造谣学校 P226William Blake威廉布莱克17571827Referenc

11、e: Romantic poetWorks: 1）天真之歌（A happy and innocent world from childrens eyes. 2）经验之歌（A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy(忧伤的)tone from men eyes. Include: 扫烟囱的孩子P247伦敦 P244 老虎 P245Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity , tyger is a symbol of dread（恐惧）and violence. (

12、老虎中的手法：ellipsis省略, metaphor)3） 天堂与地狱的婚姻(satire, fable)Definitions of important literary terms:Symbol: Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes an range of additional meaning and significance. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯

13、17591796 P248The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Works Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect: 1）My Hearts in the Highlands 我的心呀在高原 P250 (patriotic one) 2）John Anderson, My Jo 约翰安徒生，我爱 P2513）A Red, Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰 P252 (hypobole, metaphor) 4) To a Mouse 致小鼠 P253(belongs to Poems Chiefly i

14、n Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗，其中还包括The Cotters Saturday Night农民星期六晚上, To a Mountain Daisy致山中雏菊, Man Was Made to Mourn悲哀的人, Address to the Devil魔鬼誓言等) 5) Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长 P255Definitions of important literary terms:1) rhyme: 韵律Likeness of the terminal末端 sounds of words, frequently used in versification诗律 eithe