句子成分基本句型-语言基础

1、英语语言基础知识责任编辑：王焕成 2010-9-16一.判定词性三法不是通过死记来确定一个单词的词性,大体上有以下三种途径:其一, 从词类概念的本身出发去分析单词的词性。 举个简单的例子,cake 这个词,中文意思：蛋糕，是一种食品的名称，ok 了,不用再去背 cake 名词 cake 名词。这一方法的运用需要你把对单词中文意思的了解和对十大词类概念的理解两者结合起来才能运用自如, 如果你连单词词义都不知,那么就没办法了。 附件词类英语名称作用例词名词n.(c,u)表示人，事物名称fighter,gun动词v.(vi,vt)表示动作，状态fight,know形容词a.adj.表示人，事物特征b

2、rave,big数词num. 表示数目，顺序nine,ninth代词pron.代替名词，数词等they,many副词adv.表示动，状特征bravely,very冠词art.用在名称前，帮助说明其意a,an,the介词prep.在名，代前，说明关系for,from连词conj.连接词；句子and,if感叹词interj.表示情感，口气oh,ah其二,从单词的构词法入手来判断词性,构词法即构成单词的方法,其中一种是派生法,是通过加前后缀来构成单词的,英语中相当一部分单词是通过这种方法构成的,一般来说,前缀是表明单词的词义,后缀表明单词的词性(词类), 因此, 从后缀我们大致可以判断出单词的词性.

3、例如一般来讲加ly的形容词都是副词:quickly badly really completely 等等。 附件 构词法： 派生，合成，转化 派生 Pre-reading,reuse,equipment, worker, unlawfully,hurriedly,jokingly 合成 someone,spaceship,half-understand,safe-guard, first- class, good-looking, five-year-old 转化 1.It has a good taste. It tastes very good. 2.please keep the cla

4、ssroom tidy and clean.You have to clean the classroom after class. 3.Can hard work change a person that much? It is said that that is all that he said.其三, 从句子成分来分析（两者互逆）. 实际上学习词类和确定词类是为了分析句子成分,反过来,当我们学会句子分析后,我们还可以确定单词的词性(对一词多种词性的单词非常有用), 就是说可以逆推, 如:He works in that factory 这句话中work处于谓语的位置， 很显然是动词. 练

5、 习 一） 根据对词类的概念的理解，指出下面单词的词类： 1 deep 2 finger 3 fly 4 papers 5 pass 6 refuse 7 size 8 spoon 9 delicious 10 thick 11 town 12 map 13 myself 14 and 15 on 16 sheep 17 ship 18 mine 19 important 20 an 21 catch 22 first 23 laugh 24 third 25 leave 26 here 27 fly 28 home 29 round 30 sing 31 blind 32 but 33 ei

6、ghth 34 about 35 bad 36 yours 37 child 38 against 39 ah 40 with 41 cinema 42 Tuesday 43 cheap 44 advice 45 two 46 they 47 able 48 for 49 say 50 quickly 51 if 二）. 根据常见的后缀辨别下列单词的词性。 1 scientist 2 singer 3 conversation 4 beautiful 5 loudly 6 famous 7 government 8 dangerous 9 instruction 10 careful 11 l

7、ively 12 safeties 13 national 14 traditional 15 illnesses 16 wonderful 17 competitions 18 information 19 successful 20 natural 21 illnesses 22 lovely 23 really 24 friendly 25 usually 26 yearly 27 advertisement 友情提示:1.一个单词多种词性是很普遍的现象, 这里的词性是指常见的词性 2.本题中加ly并不都是副词，小心为好！ 三）. 判断下列句子中单词的词性。 1、Mary dances

8、well. 2 His father is reading. 3 Tom is looking for his watch. 4 He often plays violin after school. 5 Mr. Green works in a university. 6 The teacher taught us an English song. 7 I have bought this pen for two years. 8 Nothing can live without water. 9 You may keep this dictionary for two weeks. 10

9、You cant agree with me . 老师说：句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种：主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。附件 句子是写作的基本单位，那么什么是句子的基本单位？ 词组 现代英语语法的五个基本层次 词素，词，词组，分句，句子 句子 Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys I know. 分句 Paul is one of the

10、 nicest schoolboys (主句） I know（从句） 词组 one of the nicest schoolboys of the nicest schoolboys the nicest schoolboys Is one of the nicest schoolboys Know (whom) 词 Paul， is ，one ，of， the， nicest schoolboys ，I， know 词素 Paul ，is， one， of， the， nice，-est ， school ,boy -s, I , know 附：词组 一.名词词组： a boy, the o

11、ld man, many interesting stories written for children, the new gas stove in the kitchen which I bought last month 二.介词词组： across the coutry before liberation instead of doing that in spite of the fact that三.形容词词组very brightextremely sorryvery much happier than before四.副词词组very carefullyfairly wellpr

12、etty soonmore politely than Bob (does)五.动词词组(The hunter)killed a tiger(He)is going abroad(I)have been living in Shanghai for thirty yearsto take the examination on Mondayhaving told me what to dowritten by Tom二.英语的句子成分：一） 主语：Walls have ears. ( )He will take you to the hospital. （ ）Three plus four eq

13、uals seven. （ ）To see is to believe. （ ）Smoking is not allowed in public places. （ ）Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. （ ）二）谓语动词由动词担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 三）

14、表语 它的位置在系动词之后。是用来说明主语的.My father is a professor. ( )Whos that? Its me. ( )Everything here is expensive. ( )The match became very exciting.( ) The story of my life may be of help to others.( )Three times five is fifteen. ( )His plan is to seek work in the city. ( )My first idea was that you should hi

15、de your feelings. ( )四）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后也会跟宾语。 She covered her face with her hands.( ) We havent seen her for a long time. ( ) Do you mind opening the window? ( ) Give me four please. ( ) He wants to dream a nice dream. ( ) We need to know what others are doing. ( ) We should care

16、more about our friends. ( )五）定语 是修饰名词或代词的.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。They are women workers. （ ）Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. （ ）Mary is a beautiful girl. （ ）The play has three acts. ( )This is her first trip to Europe. ( )China is a developing country. ( )I have nothi

17、ng to eat. ( )Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. ( )六）状语 状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。 The best fish swim near the bottom. ( ) I left the village five years ago. ( ) I arrived late because of the traffic jam .( ) Well send a car to fetch you. ( ) The fish can eat a person in

18、two minutes , leaving only bones.( ) The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing.( ) If he goes, so will I . ( ) Though he is a child, he knows a lot. ( ) 七）宾语补足语英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。 They elected me captain of the team. ( ) We try to make our country

19、 strong. ( ) We found everything in good order there. ( ) I should advise you to get the chance. ( ) I saw him going upstairs. ( ) 八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语 I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.三、简单句的五种基本句型一）主语 + 系动词 + 表语1）Our city is at the crossing

20、 of some important railways. 主语 系动词 表语2）The city will become rich.主语 系动词 表语在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： 1. be动词类： am、 is、are、was、were, become,2. 表示变化类：become、 get、 turn、 grow、go (bad) ,turn3. 感官动词类: 眼（look ）耳 (sound) 鼻(smell) 舌(taste) 身(feel) 4. 表示延续性的动词：remain、stay、keep二）主语 + 谓语1）Building has started. 主语 谓语2）Th

21、e train leaves at 7:40.主语 谓语The teacher teaches well. The child walks very slowly.The girl looked at the picture. The children ran to the forest.三）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语1）The boss employed five more workers.主语 谓语 宾语 2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3）Few students like taking exams.4）He forgot t

22、o close the door.5）I hope I can speak English fluently. 四）主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语1）He has fetched us some new textbooks.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.可接双宾语的常见动词有：

23、ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise 五）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil. 4）She let me stay in the company. 5）We kept the room clean. 6）We heard the gi

24、rl singing the song. 7）He gad his hair cut short. 分析句子成分1. Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.2 Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life. 3.They wake up the other family members. 4. The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves. 5. Air and water i

25、s necessary to us all. 6. The Olympic Games is held every other year. 7.The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing. 8.He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.9. They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.10.I think to

26、be a childrens doctor is very rewarding11.Listen to the radio.81. Can you hear anything exciting? 12.What does he write a letter with? 13.He often gives me some help. 14. I found the job rather difficult. 15. He became a doctor after he left high school. 16. The rubber wheels are over there 17. He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold. 18. Miss Smith teaches English very well. 19.Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) 20. I am only in