英文论文写作常用词汇及句型_精编版

1、 精编范文 英文论文写作常用词汇及句型温馨提示：本文是笔者精心整理编制而成，有很强的的实用性和参考性，下载完成后可以直接编辑，并根据自己的需求进行修改套用。英文论文写作常用词汇及句型 本文简介：英文论文写作常用词汇及句型一、经典替换词1.individuals,characters,folks替换people.2.positive,favorable,rosy,promising,perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superio英文论文写作常用词汇及句型 本文内容：英文论文写作常用词汇及句型一、经典替换词1.individuals,charac

2、ters,folks替换people.2.positive,favorable,rosy,promising,perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替换good.3.dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill替换bad(如果bad做表语, 可以有belessimpressive替换。)4.anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,amultitudeof,ahostof,ifnotmost替换many.5.asliceof,quietafew替换some.6.harbortheideatha

3、t,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat替换think.7.affair,business,matter替换thing.8.shared替换common.9.reaphugefruits替换getmanybenefits.10.formypart,frommyownperspective,等等替换inmyopinion.11.Increasing(ly),growing替换moreandmore(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用inc

4、reasing/growing修饰形容词, 副词用increasingly)12.little,ifanything或littleornothing替换hardly.13.beneficial,rewarding替换helpful.14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser替换customer.15.overwhelmingly,exceedingly,extremely,intensely替换very.16.hardlynecessary,hardlyinevitable替换unnecessary,avoidable.17.indispensable替换nece

5、ssary.18.sthappealstosb,sthexertsatremendousfascinationonsb替换sbtakeinterestin/sb.beinterestedin.19.captureonesattention替换attractonesattention.20.facet,demension,sphere替换aspet.21.beindicativeof,besuggestiveof,befearfulof替换indicate,suggest,fear.22.giveriseto,leadto,resultin,trigger替换cause.23.Thereares

6、everalreasonsbehindsth替换reasonsforsth.24.desire替换want.25.pourattentioninto替换payattentionto.26.bearinmindthat替换remember.27.enjoy,possess替换have(注意process是过程的意思)。28.interaction替换communication.29.frownonsth.替换beagainst,disagreewithsth.30.asanexample替换forexample,forinstance.31.nextto/virtuallyimpossible替

7、换nearly/almostimpossible.32.regarding/concerning替换about.33.crucial/paramount替换important.34.第一(inthefirstplace/thefirstandforemost);第二(thereisonemorepoint,Ishouldtouchon,that);第三(thelastbutnottheleast).35.assiduous替换hard-working.36.arduous替换difficult.37.underdeveloped/financially-challenged替换poor(因为p

8、oor通常含有贬义).38.demonstrate/manifest替换show.39.invariably替换always.40.perilous/hazardous替换dangerous.41.formidable替换difficult.42.quintessential替换typical(举例时常用, 例如：aquintessentialexampleshouldbecitedthat=forexample;forinstance).43.distinguished替换famous.44.feasible替换possible.45.consequently,accordingly替换so

9、.46.通常, 由数据推断出一定的结论, 用Resultsindicate,infer,suggest,implythat47.最常见的引述别人观点的词汇Muchoftheresearchinsexualselectioninthelasttwodecadeshasexaminedhowafemalespreferencethatdoesnotinfluenceherimmediatereproductivesuccesscanstillevolveifitisgeneticallycorrelatedwithanothercharacterunderdirectselection.(不要每次

10、写到研究时总用study, 可以用些其它的词汇, 比如examine, work。)Twohypothesesforfemalepreferenceevolutionrunawaysexualselectionandgoodgenesselectionstatethatpreferencesevolveindirectlybecausetheyaregeneticallycorrelatedwithmaletraitsthatareunderdirectselection;thatis,thepreferencesthemselvesarenotunderdirectselection.(在引

11、述别人的观点时, 如果不能完全同意, 使用state比show更加中立些。)Studiesofreceiverbiasessuggestthatsuchanalogiesmightnotbebroadlyapplicable.(suggest,又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。)Burleyarguedthatthepreferenceforredbeaksisadaptivebecauseitindicatesmalehealth,andthispreferenceisthentransferredtoleg-bandcolor.(argue,引用别人观点的又一表述。)Accordingt

12、otheanti-monotonyhypothesis,habituationplaysanimportantroleintheevolutionofcomplexvocalizationsinsongbirds:Increasedsongcomplexityreduceshabituationofneighboringmalesandcourtingfemales.(根据)Previousstudiesofacousticandbioluminescentinteractionshademphasizedpotentialadvantagestogroup-signalingorganiza

13、tion,suchasminimizingpredation,preservingspecies-specificsignalcharacters,orincreasingtheattractivenessofthegroup.(带有小小的强调)48.常见的连接词有, However,also,inaddition,consequently,afterwards,moreover,Furthermore,further,although,unlike,incontrast,Similarly,Unfortunately,alternatively,parallelresults,Inorder

14、to,despite,Forexample,Comparedwith,otherresults,thus,therefore用好连接词能使文章层次清楚, 意思明确。比如, 叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献, 最早的文献可用AAadvocateditforthefirsttime。接下来可用ThenBBfurtherdemonstratedthat, 再接下来, 可用Afterwards, CC如果还有, 可用MorerecentstudiesbyDD二、常用句型Beginning1.Inthispaper,wefocusontheneedfor2.Thispaperproceedsasfollow.

15、3.Thestructureofthepaperisasfollows.4.Inthispaper,weshallfirstbrieflyintroducefuzzysetsandrelatedconcepts5.TobeginwithwewillprovideabriefbackgroundontheIntroduction1.Thiswillbefollowedbyadescriptionofthefuzzynatureoftheproblemandadetailedpresentationofhowtherequiredmembershipfunctionsaredefined.2.De

16、tailsonxxandxxarediscussedinlatersections.3.Inthenextsection,afterastatementofthebasicproblem,varioussituationsinvolvingpossibilityknowledgeareinvestigated:first,anentirelypossibilitymodelisproposed;thenthecasesofafuzzyservicetimewithstochasticarrivalsandnonfuzzyserviceruleisstudied;lastly,fuzzyserv

17、iceruleareconsidered.Review1.Thisreviewisfollowedbyanintroduction.2.AbriefsummaryofsomeoftherelevantconceptsinxxxandxxxispresentedinSection2.3.Inthenextsection,abriefreviewofthe.isgiven.4.Inthenextsection,ashortreviewofisgivenwithspecialregardto5.Section2reviewsrelevantresearchrelatedtoxx.6.Section1

18、.1brieflysurveysthemotivationforamethodologyofaction,while1.2looksatthedifficultiesposedbythecomplexityofsystemsandoutlinestheneedfordevelopmentofpossibilitymethods.Body1.Section1definesthenotionofrobustness,andarguesforitsimportance.2.Section1devotedtothebasicaspectsoftheFLCdecisionmakinglogic.3.Se

19、ction2givesthebackgroundoftheproblemwhichincludesxxx4.Section2discussessomeproblemswithandapproachesto,naturallanguageunderstanding.5.Section2explainshowflexibilitywhichoftencanbeexpressedintermsoffuzzytimewindow6.Section3discussestheaspectsoffuzzysettheorythatareusedinthe7.Section3describesthesyste

20、mitselfinageneralway,includingthe.andalsodiscusseshowtoevaluatesystemperformance.8.Section3describesanewmeasureofxx.9.Section3demonstratestheuseoffuzzypossibilitytheoryintheanalysisofxx.10.Section3isafinedescriptionoffuzzyformulationofhumandecision.11.Section3,isdevelopedtothemodelingandprocessingof

21、fuzzydecisionrules12.ThemainideaoftheFLCisdescribedinSection3whileSection4describesthexxstrategies.13.Section3and4showexperimentalstudiesforverifyingtheproposedmodel.14.Section4discussesapreviousfuzzysetbasedapproachtocostvarianceinvestigation.15.Section4givesaspecificexampleofxxx.16.Section4istheex

22、perimentalstudytomakeafuzzymodelofmemoryprocess.17.Section4containsadiscussionoftheimplicationoftheresultsofSection2and3.18.Section4appliesthisfuzzymeasuretotheanalysisofxxandillustrateitsuseonexperimentaldata.19.Section5presentstheprimaryresultsofthepaper:afuzzysetmodel.20.Section5containssomeconcl

23、usionsplussomeideasforfurtherwork.21.Section6illustratesthemodelwithanexample.22.VariouswaysofjustificationandthereasonsfortheirchoicearediscussedverybrieflyinSection2.23.InSection2arepresentedtheblockdiagramexpressionofawholemodelofhumanDMsystem24.InSection2weshalllistacollectionofbasicassumptionsw

24、hichaschememustsatisfy.25.InSection2ofthispaper,wepresentrepresentationanduniquenesstheoremsforthefundamentalmeasurementoffuzzinesswhenthedomainofdiscourseisorderdense.26.InSection3,wedescribethepreliminaryresultsofanempiricalstudycurrentlyinprogresstoverifythemeasurementmodelandtoconstructmembershi

25、pfunctions.27.InSection5isanalyzedtheinferenceprocessthroughthetwokindsofinferenceexperimentsThisSection1.Inthissection,thecharacteristicsandenvironmentunderwhichMRPisdesignedaredescribed.2.Wewillprovideinthissectionbasicterminologiesandnotationswhicharenecessaryfortheunderstandingofsubsequentresult

26、s.NextSection2.Thenextsectiondescribesthemathematicsthatgoesintothecomputerimplementationofsuchfuzzylogicstatements.3.However,itiscumbersomeforthispurposeandinpracticalapplicationstheformulaewererearrangedandsimplifiedasdiscussedinthenextsection.4.Thethreecomponentswillbedescribedinthenexttwosection

27、,andanexampleofxxanalysisofacomputerinformationsystemwillthenillustratetheiruse.5.WecaninterprettheresultsofExperimentsIandIIasinthefollowingsections.6.ThenextsectionsummarizesthemethodinafromthatisusefulforargumentsbasedonxxSummary1.Thispaperconcludeswithadiscussionoffutureresearchconsiderationinse

28、ction5.2.Section5summarizestheresultsofthisinvestigation.3.Section5givestheconclusionsandfuturedirectionsofresearch.4.Section7providesasummaryandadiscussionofsomeextensionsofthepaper.5.Finally,conclusionsandfutureworkaresummarized6.Thebasicquestionsposedabovearethendiscussedandconclusionsaredrawn.7.

29、Section7istheconclusionofthepaper.Chapter0Abstract1.Abasicprobleminthedesignofxxispresentedbythechoiceofaxxrateforthemeasurementofexperimentalvariables.2.Thispaperexaminesanewmeasureofxxinxxbasedonfuzzymathematicswhichovercomesthedifficultiesfoundinotherxxmeasures.3.Thispaperdescribesasystemforthean

30、alysisofthexx.4.Themethodinvolvestheconstructionofxxfromfuzzyrelations.5.Theprocedureisusefulinanalyzinghowgroupsreachadecision.6.Thetechniqueusedistoemployanewlydevelopedandversatilexxalgorithm.7.Theusefulnessofxxisalsoconsidered.8.Abriefmethodologyusedinxxisdiscussed.9.Theanalysisisusefulinxxandxx

31、problem.10.Amodelisdevelopedforaxxanalysisusingfuzzymatrices.11.Algorithmstocombinetheseestimatesandproduceaxxarepresentedandjustified.12.Theuseofthemethodisdiscussedandanexampleisgiven.13.Resultsofanexperimentalapplicationsofthisxxanalysisprocedurearegiventoillustratetheproposedtechnique.14.Thispap

32、eranalysesproblemsin15.Thispaperoutlinesthefunctionscarriedoutby16.Thispaperincludesanillustrationofthe17.Thispaperprovidesanoverviewandinformationusefulforapproaching18.Emphasisisplacedontheconstructionofacriterionfunctionbywhichthexxinachievingahierarchicalsystemofobjectivesareevaluated.19.Themain

33、emphasisisplacedontheproblemofxx20.Ourproposedmodelisverifiedthroughexperimentalstudy.21.Theexperimentalresultsrevealinterestingexamplesoffuzzyphasesof:xx,xx22.Thecompatibilityofaprojectintermsofcost,andxxarelikewiserepresentedbylinguisticvariables.23.Adidacticexampleisincludedtoillustratethecomputa

34、tionalprocedureTime1.Overthecourseofthepast30years,.hasemergedformintuitive2.Technologicalrevolutionshaverecentlyhittheindustrialworld3.Theadventofsystemsforhashadasignificantimpactonthe4.Thedevelopmentofisexplored5.Duringthepastdecade,thetheoryoffuzzysetshasdevelopedinavarietyofdirections6.Theconce

35、ptofxxwasinvestigatedquiteintensivelyinrecentyears7.Therehasbeenaturningpointinmethodologyinaccordancewiththeadventof8.Amajorconcernintodayistocontinuetoimprove9.Axxisalatecomerinthepartrepresentationarena.10.Atthetimeofthiswriting,thereisstillnostandardwayofxx11.Althoughalotofeffortisbeingspentonim

36、provingtheseweaknesses,theefficientandeffectivemethodhasyettobedeveloped.12.Thepioneerworkcanbetracedtoxx1965.13.Todate,noneofthemethodsdevelopedisperfectandallarefarfromreadytobeusedincommercialsystems.Objective/Goal/Purpose1.Thepurposeoftheinferenceenginecanbeoutlinedasfollows:2.Theultimategoaloft

37、hexxsystemistoallowthenonexpertstoutilizetheexistingknowledgeintheareaofmanualhandlingofloads,andtoprovideintelligent,computeraidedinstructionforxxx.3.Thepaperconcernsthedevelopmentofaxx4.Thescopeofthisresearchliesin5.Themainthemeofthepaperistheapplicationofrulebaseddecisionmaking.6.Theseobjectivesa

38、retobemetwithsuchthoroughnessandconfidenceastopermit7.Theobjectivesoftheoperationsstudyareasfollows:8.Theprimarypurpose/consideration/objectiveof9.Theultimategoalofthisconceptistoprovide10.Themainobjectiveofsuchasystemisto11.Theaimofthispaperistoprovidemethodstoconstructsuchprobabilitydistribution.1

39、2.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,anxxmustmeetthefollowingrequirements:13.Inordertotakeadvantageoftheirsimilarity14.moreresearchisstillrequiredbeforefinalgoalofcanbecompleted15.Inthistrial,theobjectiveistogenerate16.forthesakeofconcentratingonresearchissues17.Amajorgoalofthisreportistoextendtheutili

40、zationofarecentlydevelopedprocedureforthexx.18.Foranillustrativepurpose,fourwellknownORproblemsarestudiedinpresenceoffuzzydata:xx.19.Amajorthrustofthepaperistodiscussapproachesandstrategiesforstructuring.methods20.Thisillustrationpointsouttheneedtospecify21.Theultimategoalisbothdescriptiveandprescri

41、ptive.22.Chapter2.LiteratureReview23.Awealthofinformationistobefoundinthestatisticsliterature,forexample,regardingxx24.Aconsiderableamountofresearchhasbeendone.duringthelastdecade25.Agreatnumberofstudiesreportonthetreatmentofuncertaintiesassociatedwithxx.26.Thereisconsiderableamountofliteratureonpla

42、nning27.However,thesestudiesdonotprovidemuchattentiontouncertaintyinxx.28.Sincethen,thesubjecthasbeenextensivelyexploredanditisstillunderinvestigationaswellinmethodologicalaspectsasinconcreteapplications.29.Manyresearchstudieshavebeencarriedoutonthistopic.30.Problemofxxdrawsrecentlymoreandmoreattentionofsystemanalysi