关于汽车造型设计的英文文献(最新整理)

1、developing a vehicle is an arduous process of design and evaluation, trial and error - constant improvement and adaptation. initial design concepts go through a range of stages to bring them closer to realisation and modelling is key to evaluating a design at each stage.modelling can take several fo

2、rms. traditionally, clay models have been used at various scales to help understand and resolve the form and proportions of a vehicle. to varying degrees, this has been supplemented, sometimes even replaced, by cad modelling. whilst clay is still a medium used to evaluate predominantly visual charac

3、teristics, cad systems can additionally help evaluate other factors such as aerodynamics, impact scenarios and other physical considerations clay modellingclay modelling is one of the most established 3d visualisation techniques used in the automotive industry.clay modelling is one of the oldest a n

4、d most traditional methods used in car design. studios are divided in their preferences relating to cad or clay but many believe that it remains one of the best ways to visualise developing designs in three-dimensionsgm modellers use renderings, sketches and tape drawings as reference to create a 1/

5、4 scale half model. using a mirror in this way enables modellers to produce results more quickly. with full proportioned models, substantial time is spent balancing one side with the other.in this view it is possible to see the rig beneath the clay. in the rear wheel arch the base can be seen along

6、with the core of light blue modelling foam.clay has been used since the earliest stages of car design and emphasises the strong links between three-dimensional automotive styling and sculpture. working on the form of a vehicle in clay is a very tight form of sculpture, reliant upon a expert eye and

7、an advanced perception of form and proportion.clay modellers work on the holden fj many decades ago. this practice is still common today. the modellers shown here are using, amongst other things, gauges to measure height and depth (to balance both sides) and profile guides to ensure the model corres

8、ponds to the design.manual methodwith the rig configured, clay is applied. using a system of 10-lines, reference points are transferred from the drawings to the model. clay is built up to match the profile from the drawings and is then added to fill out all the proportions.from here, designers can e

9、ither rigidly follow their drawings, creating guides and templates to help develop the model from the package drawing, or they can begin to experiment and develop the form freely. the beauty of automotive styling clay is its ability to be reworked and continually adjusted. this freedom of form devel

10、opment is rarely matched by computer.chevrolet designers work on a full scale corvette model. dynoc has been applied to give the impression of real glass and upper body paintwork. real wheels add to the effect whilst designers make final adjustments to the surfacesautomated methodinstead of designer

11、s and modeler labouring over a clay for weeks, many car firms are now in the habit of sending a cad model directly to a specialist milling machine. the machine can precisely mill out the form and proportions of the 3d computer design in a relatively short period of time, although humans may still be

12、 called in to finish the surfaces or make slight adjustments. although most aspects of a design can be resolved on computer, especially with the aid of virtual reality evaluation, almost all companies will still produce a full size clay towards the end of the process. the cold light of day can produ

13、ce suprie that manufacturers want to be aware of beforea vehicle enters tooling and production phases.once a vehicle is completed, one of several next steps may be taken. if the vehicle is to be shown as a concept, it might be painted and detailed but will more likely become the template for hard mo

14、dellers to use to create a production look-a-like with individual panels, real glass and details as well as an interior.if the vehicle is ready for production, it will usually be scanned using 3d digital equipment which will in turn create a new cad wireframe model. this will be tweaked by cad speci

15、alists to remove imperfections before being passed on to engineers who will begin the arduous process of creating panels, componentry, drivetrain and propulsion based on the design.of course, if a vehicle was simply an in-house research project, as many are, it may never be seen by the public; in fa

16、ct the clay may be reused in later projects. these holden models give an idea of the processes involved and their purpose. both vehicles are full-size clays that give an accurate representation of the proposed vehicles. applying a neutral coloured paint and sitting the model outside in a typical wor

17、king environment is about the most accurate way to assess a concepts visual impact without actually building it.the vehicle in the upper image appears to be in the later stages of development. details such as light graphics, shut lines and dynoc to imitate glass allow designers to quickly and effect

18、ively evaluate the model.sketchingthe earliest stage of the design process is the creation of initial concept sketches. the sketches are a relatively quick way to visualise ideas, themes and styles. in a typical design studio, a team of designers may be asked to submit initial ideas for a vehicle wh

19、ich will subsequently be narrowed down and further developed. often, a dozen or so initial ideas will be evaluated, with further development of two or three before a final solution is chosen. at each stage, designers whose work is not chosen will be redeployed to assist in the development of the cho

20、sen ideas or posted to another project. typically, one team is responsible for the interior whilst another takes charge of the exterior.as the sketches develop, more time will be spent on creating resolved an accurate views. these drawings will form the basis for a simple package and, in the later s

21、tages, will be developed alongside a scale model clay or cad model.the interior rendering above is a hand-drawn, highly finished view of the dashboard of the avantime. following initial ideas, after resolving the view, proportions and perspective a rendering like this is produced. it is drawn lightl

22、y in pencil before colour is added using markers. this illustration uses mainly light yellows and cool greys. the metallic effect is achieved by banding white with very light blues. additional light, shade and line definition is added with coloured pencil. light mapping lines (as visible vertically

23、on the drivers door) are sometimes used to help illustrate changes in form in addition to colour and tone. image courtesy & renault.this illustration of fords mustang gt coupe concept has most likely been developed from a sketch and then reworked in a programme such as adobe photoshop. the image is

24、particularly powerful because of its crisp lines and blurred movement effect. creating this effect is arduous with traditional airbrush techniques but is far more straight-forward in photoshop. first of all, an image is scanned in and cleaned up, removing unwanted elements and adjusting the brightne

25、ss and contrast. to create the airbrushed effects, a path is drawn around an area - accurately demarcating the section to be airbrushed.then, the path is made into a selection marquee, a new layer is created and the desired brush tool can be used within the specific area. this can be repeated and ad

26、justed until the right result is achieved.each section in turn is treated this way; this is not the only process involved, but it is the most significant.cad modellingcomputers are now used to accelerate virtually every aspect of vehicle development. computer aided design (cad) modelling allows desi

27、gners and engineers to resolve increasingly large amounts of a vehicle before even the first model is made.cad - computer aided designcomputers have been used in the design of cars for many years. the automotive industry has been one of the leading forces for cad development alongside aerospace and

28、the military. in fact, some years ago, the british military research unit - dera - and ford initiated a joint development programme to investigate new computer design technologies.as with all the things in the world of computers, things started big and expensive and eventually became cheaper and sma

29、ller. although design studios may now have large cad walls to visualise developing vehicles, it is also possible to work on the design of a car from a single pc. there are a few, core systems and programmes used in the automotive industry. in this section, we look at the key features of each ranging

30、 from specifications to usage.key cad programmes1 alias autostudioalias began in the early 80s in toronto as alias research. in 1995, silicon graphics (sgi) bought alias research of toronto and wavefront technologies of santa barbara forming alias wavefront. in 2003, twenty years after its inception

31、, the company took the name alias.alias produces the leading automotive design software autostudio. autostudio is a programme to design and visualise full scale automotive projects. it is accompanied by a range of hardware and software products including sketching tools and advanced rendering and vi

32、sualisation functions. autostudio customers include: bmw, fiat, ford, general motors, honda and italdesign.what it doesalias autostudio allows a user to access a range of features which assists them in everything from concept sketches to class-a surfacing.principle features sketching concept designc

33、loud data processing advanced modelling advanced surface evaluation visualisationcad integration in briefuser interactiona user interface that enables creativity and efficiency sketchinga complete set of tools for 2d design work tightly integrated into a 3d modelling environment 2d / 3d integrationt

34、ake advantage of your sketching skills throughout the design process. add details and exploreideas quickly by sketching over 3d forms before taking the time to model them.modelling (modeling)industry-leading, nurbs-based surface modeller. advanced automotive surfacing toolssurface creation tools tha

35、t maintain positional, tangent or curvature continuity between surfaces - for high quality, manufacturable results.reverse engineeringtools for importing and configuring cloud data sets from scanners for visualising, as well as extracting feature lines and building surfaces based on cloud data.evalu

36、ation toolstools to analyse and evaluate the styling and physical properties of curves and surfaces interactively, while creating and editing geometry.renderingcreate photorealistic images using textures, colours, highlights, shadows, reflections and backgrounds.animationanimations can be used for h

37、igh quality design presentations, design analysis of mechanisms, motion and ergonomic studies, manufacturing or assembly simulation.data integrationsupport for industry-standard data formats and a wide range of peripheral devices.2alias surfacestudioalias surfacestudio is a technical surfacing produ

38、ct designed for the development of class-a surfaces. it offers advanced modeling and reverse engineering tools, real-time diagnostics and scan data processing technology. surfacestudio is comprised of a complete suite of tools for creating surface models to meet the high levels of quality, accuracy

39、and precision required in automotive styling.key featurescloud data processingdirect, patch-based modelling procedural, curve based modelling real-time diagnostic feedback dynamic surface evaluationcad integration in briefuser interactiona user interface that enables creativity and efficiency sketch

40、inga complete set of tools for 2d design work tightly integrated into a 3d modelling environment modelling (modeling)industry-leading, nurbs-based surface modeller. advanced automotive surfacing toolssurface creation tools that maintain positional, tangent or curvature continuity between surfaces -

41、for high quality, manufacturable results.reverse engineeringtools for importing and configuring cloud data sets from scanners for visualising, as well as extracting feature lines and building surfaces based on cloud data.evaluation toolstools to analyse and evaluate the styling and physical properti

42、es of curves and surfaces interactively, while creating and editing geometry.data integrationsupport for industry-standard data formats and a wide range of peripheral devices.3icem surficem surf is an industry standard in automotive a-class surfacing. in the final stages of a vehicle design, icem su

43、rf is used to clarify and fully resolve vehicle surfaces before beginning tool and die fabrication. designers can use icem surf to create extremely accurate computer visualisations, through static and dynamic renderings as well as 3d virtual reality views using stereo mode.in order to facilitate end

44、-stage design evaluation and development, icem surf can process data from digitised physical models which can in turn be modified, corrected, balanced and otherwise resolved as required.key featuresit is possible to create and modify aesthetic free-form surfaces directly and in real-timevirtual clay

45、 modelling can be performed by direct modelling and diagnosis of point clouds or facet data without prior surface generationdirect surface modelling is possible through stereo, shaded display and real-time renderer modessafety analyses (head impact diagnoses) allow for early detection and resolution

46、 of possible safety issuesicem surf is used for class a surfaces for automotive exterior and interior design as well as consumer goods, structural surfaces (body-in-white) and free form surfaces in tool and die design.digitised physical model or cad data can be used to create free-form surfaces with

47、 automated smoothing and approximationsurface models can be quickly developed from ordered or unordered (point clouds) digitised datafully feasible, high-quality aesthetic designs can be developed quicklwith the global modelling feature, whole detailed models can be modified in total, interactively

48、and dynamicallythe rendering process is independent; rendering can be computed in the background or remotely whilst work continues4icem stylestyle is icems designer-orientated vehicle creation programme. style builds on icems existing expertise in the field of advanced cad surfacing and provides the

49、 user with a more direct transition from the design stages through to advanced surface preparation and ultimately tooling.key to the appeal of icem style is the programmes abilities for real-time visualisation. no longer are third-party, stand-alone visualisation products required to visualise the c

50、omplete design, nor a time-consuming wait for a static rendering to be generated.the nature of icem styles interoperability with the down-stream icem surf means that input from designers can be taken from tablet sketches, through preparatory stages and full scale models ready in anticipation of fina

51、l a-class surfacing. this simplifies the flow of work, eliminating certain transition stages which in turn saves time and translation discrepencies. icem surf can then be used earlier to resolve a design and finalise production quality surfaces5catiacatia is an integrated suite of computer aided des

52、ign (cad), computer aided engineering (cae), and computer aided manufacturing (cam) applications for digital product definition and simulation. it is ideal for true integration of people, tools, methodologies and resources within an enterprise. catia provides advanced 3d product lifecycle management

53、 (plm) solutions for collaborative product development.made up from many different elements, or products, catia can perform a range of tasks depending upon its configuration. within the automotive industry these tasks include class a surfacing, body-in-white template design, body-in-white fastening

54、design and many more. some of the main applications are listed below. shape design talks directly to peoples heart. successful products in the market are usually those with designs that elicit positive emotional response from their consumers. creative designers must be equipped with software tools t

55、hat enable them to easily craft and adjust the products emotional content through their designs, all while collaborating with the engineering department to ensure proper coverage of product functional scope.vehicle synthesisanalysis and decision support throughout the vehicle development process bod

56、ythe full body in white process from the first stylist idea to tool generation chassissuspensions and steering wheels, integration of the chassis in the vehicle. powertraincatia is used to design and evaluate the full spectrum of powertrain components and is used to design the processes and tooling

57、required for manufacture.electrical and electronicssoftware to manage the electrical behavior of components and their integration into the 3d digital mock-up.interior and exterior trimautomotive interior process is handled by the whole dassault systemes v5 line of product, covering all aspects of automobile plastic parts conception from design to manufacturing.some of the available catia automotive productsautomotive body-in-white fastening 3 (abf) is dedicated to the design of automotive body in white fasteners. it supports we