2021年原始数据 PRIMARY SOURCES论文

1、原始数据 Primary Sources论文 Worksheet for Analyzing Pri _ry Sour _s People living in the past left _ny clues about their lives. Historians bine all of these cluesor “pri _ry sour _s”together in order to fashion a historical record. What is a Pri _ry Sour _? Pri _ry sour _s are the original documents or _

2、terials produ _d by the people involved in the subject that is under historical investigation. Sour _s can include written and oral _terials (gover _ent documents, newspaper articles, _ps, memoirs, speeches, literature, court transcripts, lectures, letters, interviews), visual _terial (paintings, ph

3、otographs, drawings), and _terial objects (tools, furniture, sculpture, buildings, coins); they are the _in building blocks for learning about and interpreting the past, pie _s of eviden _ that show what people thought, how and why they acted, and what they _naged to aomplish. Historians use pri _ry

4、 sour _s to provide deeper, broader and more textured contexts to the events and people that they write about. Often, close stu _s of sour _ _terial provides color and flavor to historical understanding that is absent from secondary sour _s (historical texts produ _d by scholars who did not live in

5、the time or pla _ of the _tter under investigation, like history textbooks or a professors lecturesbasically, a historians prepared presentation of his/her reconstruction and interpretation of the past). It is assumed that the careful examination of pri _ry sour _s can provide clues as to how and wh

6、y events took pla _, what actions were taken, and the significan _ of these events and action. However, a clue is not “proof”; historians must also be aware of the sour _s limitations and be critical of the sour _s available by looking for falsehoods, forgeries, errors, inconsistencies, shades of me

7、aning, and the historical actors motives for producing the document, i _ge, or object under scrutiny. In the pro _ss of sifting through _terials, historians usually have some tentative conclusions already in mind that guide the search for and research in sour _ _terials. Analyzing sour _s is an acti

8、ve pro _ss that introdu _s you to how historians craft history from the eviden _ and interpretations. Among other things, pri _ry sour _s expose the historian to crucial insight into the importan _ of multiple perspectives on great issues of the past and present. History, after all, deals with _tter

9、s that were furiously debated by the participants; interpretations of the past are furiously debated as well, among historians, policy _kers, politicians, and ordinary people. By dealing directly with pri _ry sour _s, historians ask questions, think critically, _ke in _igent inferen _s, and develop

10、reasoned explanations and interpretations of events and issues in the past and present. In addition to aiding you in understanding the past, this assig _ent _y also provide you with skills helpful in engaging with instan _s of eviden _, event, and meaning in your present circumstan _s. This exercise

11、 will help you to better understand the tasks and challenges that historians fa _ when they strive to discover what people thought and did in the past and provide you with insight into how historys stories are shaped by the kinds of questions historians ask, the sour _s that they use, and the method

12、s (and methodologies) used to synthesize the eviden _ with a historians ideas. Analyzing Sour _s: Before your work as a historian begins, ask yourself six basic questions. The answers to these questions allow you to critically evaluate what can be learned from the sour _ under _ysis: What is this so

13、ur _? (letter, diary, treatise, photograph, etc.) Who recorded or produ _d it? When was it recorded or produ _d? Where was it recorded or produ _d? How was it recorded or produ _d? Was it created through a spur-of-the-moment act, a routine transaction, or a thoughtful, deliberate pro _ss? H ow did i

14、t e to be preserved? What are three important things that the produ _r of the sour _ sought to municate? Then, take your investigation to a deeper level by asking more substantive, probing questions:.51lunwen/liu _lunwen/ Why do you think this document was written? What eviden _ in the document help

15、s you know why it was written? Quote from the document. Who was the intended au _n _? Was it a personal diary intended to be kept private? Was the document, i _ge or object prepared for public scrutiny or use? What questions does this sour _ raise for you? Is it a reliable sour _? Why or why not? Di

16、d the recorder wish to inform or persuade others? Did the recorder have reasons to be honest or dishonest? see section below on reliability and bias What do we not know about this sour _? What other sour _s might help answer our questions about this one? What kinds of sour _s would you like to have

17、(in a perfect world) to pare with this one? Are there other sour _s in existen _ like this one that can be used for parison? What other infor _tion do we have about this document? What else do we need to know in order to understand the eviden _ in this sour _? Identifying Reliability & Bias : Some p

18、ri _ry sour _s _y be judged more reliable than others, but every sour _ is biased in some way. Every document has a creator, and every creator has a point of view, blind spots, and biases. A sour _s creator had opinions or interests that probably influen _d how and what was recorded. As a result, hi

19、storians read sour _s skeptically and critically. They also cross-check sour _s against other eviden _ and sour _s. To judge the quality of a pri _ry sour _s reliability, historians use what some call the time and pla _ rule. This rule says that the closer in time and pla _ a sour _ and its creator

20、were to an event in the past, the better the sour _ will be. Based on the time and pla _ rule, better pri _ry sour _s (starting with the most reliable) might include: Direct tra _s of the event; Aounts of the event, created at the time it ourred, by firsthand observers, witnesses, and participants;

21、Aounts of the event, created after the event ourred, by firsthand observers, witnesses, and participants; Aounts of the event, created after the event ourred, by people who did not participate or witness the event, but who used interviews or eviden _ from the time of the event. The historians second

22、 rule to check reliability is the bias rule. It acknowledges that every sour _ is biased in some way and the total objectivity is an epistemological impossibility. Documents _ us only what the creator of the document thought happened, or perhaps only what the creator wants us to think happened. As a

23、 result, historians follow the following guidelines when they review eviden _ from the past for built in bias: Every pie _ of eviden _ and every sour _ must be read or viewed skeptically and critically. No pie _ of eviden _ should be taken at fa _ value. The creators point of view must be considered

24、. Each pie _ of eviden _ and sour _ must be cross-checked and pared with related sour _s and pie _s of eviden _. A Note on I _ges, Visual Documents & Visual Records: Visual documents include photographs, films, paintings, and other types of artwork. Because visual documents capture moments in time,

25、they can provide eviden _ of changes over time. Visual documents include eviden _ about a culture at specific moments in history: its customs, preferen _s, styles, special oasions, work, and play. Like other pri _ry sour _ documents, a visual document has a creator with a point of view - such as a p

26、ainter, sculptor, or film _ker. Even photographs were created by photographers using film and cameras to create desired effects. Think about the creators point of view when you review visual document s. What was the creators purpose? Why this pose? Why that perspective? Why that framing? Why this di

27、stan _? Why this subject? What was included? What was excluded? Using visual documents as pri _ry sour _s requires careful _ysis of the content and the point of view of the creator. YOUR PRIMARY SOURCE ASSIGNMENT FOR HIS 101 .51lunwen/liu _lunwen/ (SUMMER SESSION: due before noon Aug 14th ) Choose a

28、 sour _. You can do this by poking around on these sites ( _ny sour _s are cross-listed to other pages, so there _y be some repetition of sour _s. There are lots of links on these pages to other sour _s, like the history of scien _, that I havent listed below but you can find easily): -Ancient Histo

29、ry Sour _book: .fordham/halsall/ancient/a _ook.html (the blue box on the left side of the page breaks down different regions and topics) -Me _val History Sour _book: .fordham/halsall/ _ook.html (the green box on the left side of the page breaks down different regions and topics) -Modern History Sour

30、 _book: .fordham/halsall/mod/mod _ook.html (the green box on the left side of the page breaks down different regions and topics) -The African History Sour _book: .fordham/halsall/africa/africa _ook.html (scroll down for the breakdown of regions and topics) -The Indian History Sour _book: .fordham/halsall/india/india _ook.html (scroll down for the breakdown of regions and